讀后續(xù)寫和概要寫作課件26-2020高考英語新題型讀后續(xù)寫+概要寫作精選課件（上）(共76張PPT)

以讀助寫·以寫促寫

——以讀后續(xù)寫、概要寫作為例outline敘一己之見薦一種學(xué)法析影響因素聚寫作力點(diǎn)抓寫作要領(lǐng)覓讀后續(xù)寫路線揭概要寫作訣竅1為何是“以讀助寫?以寫促寫”？以讀助寫vs

以讀促寫B(tài)eing“pushed”inoutput…isaconceptparalleltothatofthei+1ofcomprehensibleinput.Indeed,onemightcallthisthe“comprehensibleoutput”hypothesis.(Swain,1985,248-9).SWAINM.1985.Communicativecompetence:somerolesofcomprehensibleinputandcomprehensibleoutputinitsdevelopment[A].InGassSM&MaddenCG.(Eds.).InputinSecondLanguageAcquisition[C],235-253.Rowley,MA:NewburyHouse..促助諸漢英詞典urge,impel,promote,pushhelp,assist,aid諸漢語詞典使加快，催；推動輔助；幫助；協(xié)助；佐1為何是“以讀助寫?以寫促寫”？紈绔不餓死，儒冠多誤身。丈人試靜聽，賤子請具陳。甫昔少年日，早充觀國賓。讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神。……

杜甫(712～770).奉贈韋左丞丈二十二韻.

1為何是“以讀助寫?以寫促寫”？讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神?！臼÷跃洹恳?yàn)椤臼潞蟆恐灰挥小v使讀書破萬卷，未必下筆如有神。拿什么“促”寫？以寫促寫→以寫促學(xué)

如何（參見→）教改要成功，做到兩點(diǎn)即可：學(xué)生有時間自由閱讀；教師過上正常生活。網(wǎng)上書店有售適合：教師學(xué)生家長篇章內(nèi)容：第一章以寫促學(xué)的理據(jù)

第二章以寫促聽

第三章以寫促說

第四章以寫促讀

第五章以寫促寫（書寫、寫作）

第六章詞塊理論與詞塊教學(xué)第七章高中英語語法十要

洪崗教授作序第五章第一部分以寫促書寫第一節(jié)書寫的意義與要求第二節(jié)英文書寫教學(xué)研究概述第三節(jié)不良書寫現(xiàn)象及原因第四節(jié)糾正不良書寫的對策第五節(jié)

對書寫教學(xué)的反思和建議第五章第二部分以寫促寫作第一節(jié)寫作的本質(zhì)第二節(jié)影響寫作的因素第三節(jié)以寫促寫的寫作教學(xué)第四節(jié)書面表達(dá)技能訓(xùn)練第五節(jié)以寫促寫的裨益第三節(jié)·（四）寫作要領(lǐng)指導(dǎo)1.審題立意“三基點(diǎn)”2.寫作過程“三步曲”3.表現(xiàn)手法“三段文”4.質(zhì)量保證“三禁忌”5.提升檔次“三要素”一手三要領(lǐng)第四節(jié)·書面表達(dá)技能訓(xùn)練（一）傳遞信息靠詞匯：練好詞匯基本功（二）表達(dá)心聲靠句子：掌握各種類句型（三）建立篇章意識落實(shí)謀篇布局（四）切中文章主題把握內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)（五）描述分析議論表現(xiàn)手法不同（六）表達(dá)條理分明短文凸顯層次（七）壓縮或擴(kuò)容簡練又充實(shí)（八）如何“按圖索文”——看圖作文寫作要領(lǐng)（九）如何“咬數(shù)嚼文”——表格作文寫作要領(lǐng)（十）如何“據(jù)示擬文”——提綱作文寫作要領(lǐng)前言摘錄課程改革，匹夫有責(zé)。在提出互補(bǔ)教學(xué)法被扼之后，提出了以寫促學(xué)教學(xué)法，并悄然付諸實(shí)施。現(xiàn)將其整理成書，以饗讀者。最后，賦詩一首以觀照本人碌碌教學(xué)生涯。十齡立志題金榜，被迫失學(xué)陷悵茫。半路出家當(dāng)教匠，全程入校伴學(xué)郎。執(zhí)鞭御負(fù)謀蹊徑，應(yīng)試擔(dān)壓困堰梁?；パa(bǔ)之途疑不抵，移情寫記覓良方。網(wǎng)上書店有售適合：教師研究者命題者篇章內(nèi)容：理論研究（“做中學(xué)”不等于“用中學(xué)”；有意記憶詞塊等）調(diào)查研究（英文書寫規(guī)范問題調(diào)查等）課題研究（以寫促讀等）教學(xué)研究（定語從句的陷阱；“指代”的正確理解等）試題研究（以30年高考試題為樣本）【主編語：“數(shù)據(jù)詳實(shí)，難能可貴”?！繀潜净⒔淌谧餍蚋呖加⒄Z試題研究三十年高考英語測試回顧分析三十年高考英語“語音、聽力”試題分析三十年高考英語“單項(xiàng)填空”試題分析三十年高考英語“完形填空”試題分析三十年高考英語“閱讀理解”試題分析三十年高考英語“短文改錯”試題分析三十年高考英語“寫作”試題分析高考英語閱讀理解“文章標(biāo)題”題研究高考英語閱讀理解“指代推斷”題研究高考英語閱讀理解“詞義猜測”題研究前言摘錄值此書稿集成之際，也是本人工作四十年之時，特賦詩一首以為自鑒：少懷步月登云志，豈料鴻鵠斷翅哀。噩夢十年游地獄，寒窗廿歲上瑤臺。一生孜孜求學(xué)力，半世諄諄育將才。教匠嘔心師道悟，校園瀝血李桃栽。2如何“以寫促寫”？文章不是“讀”出來的，是……好文章不是“寫”出來的，是……多寫+多改（只寫不改=低效/原地踏步）高考英語寫作的事實(shí)：對寫作的要求不高考題本身難度不大可得分卻不盡人意（原因何在？）原因何在？語言因素非語言因素教師教學(xué)缺乏系統(tǒng)進(jìn)階；評分信度低（主觀性、時間緊）學(xué)生詞匯量；句法知識；篇章知識；漢語水平書寫規(guī)范性；母語（正/負(fù)）遷移；思維品質(zhì)；寫作習(xí)慣/技能；生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)至少閱三遍：一閱文字質(zhì)量，二閱篇章布局，三閱內(nèi)容表達(dá)試想：若把命題專家給出的范文放在學(xué)生答卷中一起批改，會是什么結(jié)果？PEP中小學(xué)英語課本詞匯量學(xué)段單詞詞組專名小學(xué)4239228初中1537391268高中2473409310合計(jì)44338926062如何“以寫促寫”？規(guī)范書寫（提筆即練字）熟悉句型（五個基本句型+各類從句）模仿寫作（范文默寫、分類仿寫、多寫多改）2書寫規(guī)范與學(xué)習(xí)成績高度相關(guān)高考英語書面表達(dá)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一是：如書寫較差，以至于影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個檔次。（閱卷老師：不止一個檔次）2與學(xué)習(xí)成績的關(guān)系|Z|≥2.58p≤0.01書寫等第ABB3.379**C7.714**5.266**成績平均分差異Z檢驗(yàn)2學(xué)生書寫等第及其平均分

書寫等第ABC人數(shù)82[17.8%]213[46.2%]166[36%]成績平均分123.23119.19112.57折合百分制82.1579.4670.05Ntotal=4612各等第分?jǐn)?shù)段分布及比例

等第分?jǐn)?shù)段ABCN=82%N=213%N=166%100-9056.131.410.689-805769.511152.15030.179-7018227937.1784769-6022.41782917.559-5031.45349-4021.239-3010.6IMPORTANT!高考閱卷老師反饋：凡是得高分的作文無一不是卷面整潔、書寫規(guī)范的答卷。閱卷人喜歡的作文是：字跡工整，卷面整潔；緊扣主題，條理清晰；語言地道，過渡自然；長度適中，一氣呵成。閱卷人討厭的作文是：涂涂抹抹，斑斑點(diǎn)點(diǎn)；層次不清，段落不分；語句不通，無章可循；書寫潦草，卷面不清。要讓學(xué)生明白一個淺顯的道理文章寫得好未必得高分文章寫得不好不可能得高分

文章是自己寫的;分?jǐn)?shù)是別人給的我們能做的就是把自己的事情做好怎樣把自己的事情做好？產(chǎn)出性詞匯量（尤其詞塊，多讀多寫）五個基本句型+各類從句以寫促寫【書寫規(guī)范+寫作技能】

多寫多改（同一篇文章要反復(fù)修改）應(yīng)試：字寫得好比文章寫得好更重要！3新高考寫作題:應(yīng)用文寫作應(yīng)用文寫作：根據(jù)所給情景，寫一篇80詞左右的短文。情景包括目的、對象、時間、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容等；提供情景的方式有提綱、圖畫、圖表等?！緯拧㈦娮余]件、便條、通知、尋物啟事、失物招領(lǐng)、新聞報道、日記、演講稿、請柬】*教育部考試中心.2015.普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明（高考綜合改革試驗(yàn)省份試用）（第一版）[M].北京：高等教育出版社.6-7.“一手三要領(lǐng)”一、審題立意“三基點(diǎn)”

1把握內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；2確定時態(tài)人稱；3理清寫作思路二、寫作過程“三步曲”1起草初稿；2修改潤色；3定稿謄抄三、表現(xiàn)手法“三股文”1描述信息；2分析原因；3簡短評論四、質(zhì)量保證“三禁忌”1一忌“卷面邋遢”；2二忌“漢式英語”；3三忌“表達(dá)不清”五、提升檔次“三要素”

1“高級”詞匯；2多樣句型；3關(guān)聯(lián)詞語年份點(diǎn)數(shù)段數(shù)句數(shù)[單+復(fù)]詞數(shù)用詞/實(shí)詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞*2004未列29[5+4]11266/446[6+0]2005226[4+2]11578/5910[8+2]20063310[5+5]13671/539[5+4]20073311[8+3]11778/577[4+3]310[8+2]11964/425[2+3]2008338[5+3]11871/477[3+4]2009338[4+4]12281/555[4+1]2010227[5+2]10775/543[1+2]2011318[5+3]11783/594[3+1]2012228[6+2]11680/557[4+3]2013238[4+4]12083/558[6+2]2014未列49[5+4]11285/637[6+1]2015229[5+4]11370/436[6+0]27[3+4]11968/465[5+0]平均by20158.4[5.1+3.3]11775/526.4[4.5+1.9]2018.11.03浙江卷應(yīng)用文寫作假定你是李華，乘坐FL753航班抵達(dá)倫敦后發(fā)現(xiàn)錢包遺失。請給航空公司寫一封郵件說明情況并尋求幫助。內(nèi)容包括：1.行程信息；2.錢包特征；3.聯(lián)系方式。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。apossibleversion:(revised)DearSir/Madam,IamwritingtoreportthelossofmywalletonyourFL753fromShanghaitoLondonyesterday.IclearlyrememberitwaswithmewhenIboardedtheplane.However,onarrivalatHeathrow,Ifounditgone.Itisaleatherone,black,withmyIDcard,2creditcards,andsomecashinit.Asyoucanimagine,thesematteralottome.Pleaseemailmeatxxx@163.comifanyonehappenedtofindit.Thanks!Yourssincerely,LiHua

【86】3新高考寫作題:讀后續(xù)寫/概要寫作讀后續(xù)寫：提供一段350詞以內(nèi)的語言材料，要求考生依據(jù)該材料內(nèi)容、所給段落開頭語和所提示關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行續(xù)寫（150詞左右），將其發(fā)展成一篇與所給材料有邏輯銜接、情節(jié)和結(jié)構(gòu)完整的短文。概要寫作：提供一篇350以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。【要點(diǎn)】*教育部考試中心.2015.普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明（高考綜合改革試驗(yàn)省份試用）（第一版）[M].北京：高等教育出版社.22-23.3.1讀后續(xù)寫：讀后續(xù)寫題與其他寫作題的最大不同之處在于，其答題形式是根據(jù)所給閱讀材料和兩個段落首句（也即主題句）進(jìn)行續(xù)寫。因此，續(xù)寫部分必須與閱讀部分保持高度的“協(xié)同性”。協(xié)同性：續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容要與閱讀短文及所給段落首句高度銜接，續(xù)寫內(nèi)容想象豐富，在語言表達(dá)上恰當(dāng)應(yīng)用較多（5個以上）短文中標(biāo)有下劃線的關(guān)鍵詞語，模仿使用閱讀材料中的詞語和句型較多且使用得當(dāng)，語言表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確流暢，上下文思路連貫。OneweekendinJuly,Janeandherhusband,Tom,haddriventhreehourstocampovernightbyalakeintheforest.Unfortunately,onthewayanunpleasantsubjectcameupandtheystartedtoquarrel.Bythetimetheyreachedthelake,JanewassoangrythatshesaidtoTom.“I'mgoingtofindabetterspotforustocamp"andwalkedaway.Withnopathtofollow,Janejustwalkedonforquitealongtime.Aftershehadclimbedtoahighplace,sheturnedaround,hopingtoseethelake.Tohersurprise,shesawnothingbutforestand,farbeyond,asnowcappedmountaintop.Shesuddenlyrealizedthatshewaslost.“Tom!”shecried."Help!"Noreply.IfonlyshehadnotlefthermobilephoneinthatbagwithTom.Janekeptmoving,butthefarthershewalked,themoreconfusedshebecame.Asnightwasbeginningtofall,Janewassotiredthatshehadtostopforthenight.Lyingawakeinthedark,JanewantedverymuchtobewithTomandherfamily.Shewantedtoholdhimandtellhimhowmuchshelovedhim.Janeroseatthebreakofday,hungryandthirsty.Shecouldhearwatertrickling(滴落）somewhereatadistance.Quicklyshefollowedthesoundtoastream.Tohergreatjoy,shealsosawsomeberrybushes.Shedrankandateafewberries.Neverinherlifehadshetastedanythingbetter.Feelingstrongernow,Janebegantowalkalongthestreamandhopeitwouldleadhertothelake.Asshepickedherwaycarefullyalongthestream,Janeheardahelicopter.Isthatforme?Unfortunately,thetreesmadeitimpossibleforpeopletoseeherfromabove.Afewminuteslater,anotherhelicopterflewoverhead.Janetookoffheryellowblouse,thinkingthatsheshouldgotoanopenareaandflagthemiftheycamebackagain.1.Butnomorehelicopterscameanditwasgettingdarkagain.2.ItwasdaybreakwhenJanewokeup.

*2016年10月浙江高考英語真題續(xù)寫步驟：第一步：審題（讀）1.把握內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)劃線詞語：Jane,Tom,lake,walked,climbed,atadistance,stream,tohergreatjoy,helicopter,yellowblouse（摘抄在草稿紙上）所給首句：1.Butnomorehelicopterscameanditwasgettingdarkagain.（又一個夜晚）2.ItwasdaybreakwhenJanewokeup.

（昨晚得睡著）續(xù)寫步驟：第一步：審題（讀）2.理清寫作思路（“順藤摸瓜”

）吵架→出走→迷路→失聯(lián)→自救→思念→尋路→直升機(jī)→獲救/？段1首句darkagain：Jane又得在荒野度過黑夜。可考慮描寫環(huán)境及Jane的心理活動，如后悔？想念？期待？堅(jiān)持？夜里會不會遇到野獸？這一夜又是怎么度過的？段2首句wokeup：上段應(yīng)有Jane入睡的情節(jié)。醒來后發(fā)生什么？自救成功還是被人所救？抑或遇難？直升機(jī)有無再回來并發(fā)現(xiàn)她？續(xù)寫步驟：第一步：審題（讀）3.根據(jù)要點(diǎn)回想備用詞匯：環(huán)境：forest,rock,valley,cave,waterfall困難：hungry,thirsty,injure,broken,blood,panic,suffer,cold活動：fall,crawl,taste,attempt,makeone’swayto,pickup情緒：breakdown,depress救援：rescueteam,doctor,searchfor,spot品質(zhì)：calm,courage,will評價：amazing,makeit續(xù)寫步驟：第二步：起草（寫）列出每段要續(xù)寫的要點(diǎn)（可先寫出一些關(guān)鍵詞，盡量包括閱讀短文中劃線的詞語），然后拓展成幾個支撐句。擬寫時，注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性，語言的豐富性，并通過正確使用句與句之間過渡詞語使文句連貫。（鼓勵使用短文中句式）續(xù)寫步驟：第二步：起草/段落寫作一個完整的段落通常由三部分組成：主題句、拓展句和總結(jié)句。每個段落的這三部分內(nèi)容只為同一個主題服務(wù)，不同的主題應(yīng)放在不同的段落中表達(dá)。tip:把10個劃線詞語抄錄在草稿旁邊段落的拓展：（1）舉例/列舉法：按重要性遞增的順序排列（2）時空順序法：清楚、連貫

（3）因果分析法：現(xiàn)象，原因，結(jié)果

（4）比較對照法：相同；不同

（5）分類陳述法：闡述“概念”

確保語言連貫流暢的手段：啟用于引出主題句或擴(kuò)展句表“首先”：first，atfirst，firstofall，firstly，inthefirstplace，inthebeginning，tobeginwith…，tostartwith…表“最近、現(xiàn)在”：atpresent，currently，lately，recently，presently表“總說”：generally，generallyspeaking其他：itisclearthat…

，itisself-evidentthat…，thereisnodoubtthat…，thereissomeevidencethat…確保語言連貫流暢的手段：承用于承接主題句或擴(kuò)展句表“遞進(jìn)”：also，besides，furthermore，inaddition，inadditionto…，moreover，themostimportant，what’smore表“事實(shí)、無疑、肯定”：asamatteroffact，ineffect，infact，indeed，nodoubt，certainly，truly表“舉例”：forexample，forinstance，suchas，take…forexample，especially，inparticular“同義復(fù)述”：or，namely，inotherwords，thatistosay,…，likewise，inthesameway，similarly其他：atthesametime，consequently，fromnowon，so，soon，second/secondly，therearemanyreasonswhy…確保語言連貫流暢的手段：轉(zhuǎn)用于表達(dá)語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折表“讓步”：although，despite，inspiteof，nevertheless，regardlessof表“轉(zhuǎn)折”：but，however，yet，whereas，while表“相反、相對”：asopposedto，conversely，inoppositionto，insteadof，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand表“不同、區(qū)別”：otherwise，unlike，thedifferencesareasfollows其他：luckily，fortunately，unfortunately確保語言連貫流暢的手段：合用于總結(jié)、歸納，表示段落的結(jié)束表“總括”：inall，inconclusion，insum，insummary，tosumup，tosummarize表“簡而言之”：inbrief，briefly，inaword，inshort，shortly表“結(jié)果”：asaresult，asaconsequence，inconsequence，consequently，so，hence，therefore，thus，accordingly表“最后陳詞”：atlast，atlength，finally，last，lastly，inthelastplace續(xù)寫步驟：第三步：修改（寫）ACHECKLIST:要點(diǎn)有無遺漏，時態(tài)是否一致，主謂是否一致，文理是否連貫，句型有無變化，詞數(shù)是否符合要求，（少于130扣2分）

拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是否有誤等。要敢于創(chuàng)新，用更精彩的詞、句替換平淡的詞、句，特別注意開頭、結(jié)尾的精彩度，創(chuàng)造亮點(diǎn)。O.Henry式的結(jié)尾最佳續(xù)寫步驟：第四步：謄抄（寫）務(wù)必做到書寫規(guī)范，保持卷面整潔。用下劃線標(biāo)出所用短文中標(biāo)下劃線的詞語。Onepossibleversion:Paragraph1:

Butnomorehelicopterscameanditwasgettingdarkagain.

Janehadtostayaloneintheforestforanothercoldnight.Althoughshefeltalittlesad,shedidn’tgetfearful.ShethoughtaboutTom.“Hemusthavecalledforthosehelicopters.Maybehewasinoneofthemandwillcomebackagain!Ihavetoguidehimtomorrow.”ShefellasleepanddreamedofseeingTom.Paragraph2:

ItwasdaybreakwhenJanewokeup.Sheatesomeberriesandthenwalkedalongthestream,hopingtofindasuitableplacetoguidethehelicopter.Fortunately,shesawahugeflatrockinanopenareaatadistance.Sherushedtotherock,climbedontoitandwaited.Tohergreatjoy,thehelicopterappearedagain.Theneareritgot,themoresheflaggedtheyellowblouse.Luckily,thehelicopterdidn’tmissJanethistimeanditlandednearthebigrockslowly.TomjumpedoffthehelicopterandrantowardsJane.Shebrokedownandburstintotears.

(173詞，8劃線)閱讀部分：續(xù)寫部分：introductionplot1paragraph1:plotn+1paragraph2:plotn+2+conclusionplotnplot…讀后續(xù)寫路線圖：IthadbeenayearsinceSusan,thirty-four,becameblind.Astheresultofamedicalaccidentshewassightless,suddenlythrownintoaworldofdarkness,anger,frustrationandself-pity.Onceanindependentwoman,Susannowbecameapowerless,helplessburdenoneveryonearoundher.Nomatterhowmuchshecriedorprayed,sheknewthepainfultruththathersightwasnevergoingtoreturn.AllshehadtoclingtowasherhusbandMark.MarkwasanAirForceofficerandhelovedSusanwithallhisheart.Whenshefirstlosthersight,hewatchedhersinkintodespairandhebecamedeterminedtouseeverymeanspossibletohelphiswife.Finally,Susanfeltreadytoreturntoherjob,buthowwouldshegetthere?Sheusedtotakethebus,butshewasnowtoofrightenedtogetaroundthecitybyherself.MarkvolunteeredtoridethebuswithSusaneachmorningandeveninguntilshegotthehangofit.Andthatisexactlywhathappened.Fortwoweeks,Mark,militaryuniformandall,accompaniedSusantoandfromworkeachday.Hetaughtherhowtorelyonherothersenses,specificallyherhearing,todeterminewhereshewasandhowtoadapttohernewenvironment.Hehelpedherbefriendthebusdriverswhocouldwatchoutforher,andsaveheraseat.Eachmorningtheymadethejourneytogether,andMarkwouldtakeataxibacktohisoffice.Althoughthatmeanthehadtotravelthroughthecityandtheroutinewascostlyandexhausting,MarkknewitwasonlyamatteroftimebeforeSusanwouldbeabletoridethebusonherown.Hebelievedinher.Finally,Susandecidedthatshewasreadytotrythetriponherown.Monday

morningarrived.Beforesheleft,sheembracedherhusbandtightly,hereyesfilledwithtearsofgratitudeforhisloyalty,hispatience,andhislove.Shefeltshewassoluckyforhehadgivenheragiftmorepowerfulthansight.1.Shesaidgoodbyeand,forthefirsttime,theywenttheirseparateways.2.OnFridaymorning,asSusanwassteppingontothebusasusual,thedriversaid,“Miss,Isureenvyyou.”Curious,Susanaskedthedriverwhy.Paragraph1:Shesaidgoodbyeand,forthefirsttime,theywenttheirseparateways.Shemadeherwaycarefullyupthestepswiththewhitecane.Shepaidthedriverandthen,usingherhandstofeelthelocationoftheseats,settledintoone.Sheplacedherbriefcaseonherlapandrestedhercaneagainstherleg.Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday...,eachdayeverythingonherownwentperfectly.Shewasdoingit!Paragraph2:OnFridaymorning,asSusanwassteppingontothebusasusual,thedriversaid,“Miss,Isureenvyyou.”Curious,Susanaskedthedriverwhy.“Youknow,everymorningforthepastweek,afinelookinggentlemaninamilitaryuniformhasbeenstandingacrossthecornerwatchingyouwhenyougetoffthebus.Hemakessureyoucrossthestreetsafelyandhewatchesyouuntilyouenteryourofficebuilding.Youareoneluckylady,”thebusdriversaid.Whensheknewthefact,tearspoureddownSusan’scheeks,tearsfullofgratitudeandhappinessaswell.Susanknewthatshewouldn’thavemadesuchgreatprogresswithoutMark’shelp.It’sMark’slovethatbroughtlightintodarkness.

AfunnythinghappenedtoArthurwhenhewasonthewaytoworkoneday.AshewalkedalongParkAvenueneartheFirstNationalBank,heheardthesoundofsomeonetryingtostartacar.Hetriedagainandagainbutcouldn’tgetthecarmoving.Arthurturnedandlookedinsideatthefaceofayoungmanwholookedworried.Arthurstoppedandasked,“Itlookslikeyou’vegotaproblem,”Arthursaid.“I’mafraidso.I’minabighurryandIcan’tstartmycar.”“IstheresomethingIcandotohelp?”Arthurasked.Theyoungmanlookedatthetwosuitcases

inthebackseatandthensaid,“Thanks.Ifyou’resureitwouldn’tbetoomuchtrouble,youcouldhelpmegetthesesuitcasesintoataxi.”“Notroubleatall.I’dbegladtohelp.”

Theyoungmangotoutandtookoneofthesuitcasesfromthebackseat.Afterplacingitontheground,heturnedtogettheotherone.JustasArthurpickedupthefirstsuitcaseandstartedwalking,heheardthelongloudnoiseofanalarm.

Itwasfromthebank.Therehadbeenarobbery(搶劫)!

ParkAvenuehadbeenquietamomentbefore.Nowtheairwasfilledwiththesoundofthealarmandtheshoutsofpeoplerunningfromalldirections.Carsstoppedandthepassengersjoinedthecrowdinfrontofthebank.Peopleaskedeachother,“Whathappened?”Buteveryonehadadifferentanswer.

Arthur,stillcarryingthesuitcase,turnedtolookatthebankandwalkedrightintotheyoungwomaninfrontofhim.

Shelookedatthesuitcaseandthenathim.Arthurwassurprised.“Whyisshelookingatmelikethat?”Hethought.“Thesuitcase!ShethinksI’mthebankthief!”

Arthurlookedaroundatthecrowdofpeople.Hebecamefrightened,andwithoutanotherthought,hestartedtorun.[329words]

1.Ashewasrunning,Arthurheardtheyoungmanshoutingbehind,“Stop,stop!”2.ThetaxistoppedinfrontofthePoliceStationandArthur...Onepossibleversion：

Ashewasrunning,Arthurheardtheyoungmanshoutingbehind,“Stop,stop!”

Andalsoatthemoment,Arthursuddenlyrealizedthattheyoungmanmightbethebankrobber.SoArthurdidn’tstop,butcontinuedtorununtilhesawataxi.Hestoppedit,jumpedinwiththesuitcaseandsaidtothedriver,“Gotothepolicestation,please.Themanshoutingbehindisthebankthief!’’Thetaxiracedawaylikethewind.

ThetaxistoppedinfrontofthepolicestationandArthurtoldthepolicewhathadhappened.Obviously,thepolicehadalreadylearnedabouttherobbery.Theyopenedthesuitcaseandtherewasalargesumofmoneyinside,asArthurhadexpected.ThenthepoliceaskedArthurtodescribetheyoungmanandtheothersuitcase.Later,withtheinformation,thepolicecaughttherobber.ThepoliceandthebankboththankedArthuralot.

(153word)3.2概要寫作提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要?！?0考查要求：對原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；上下文的連貫性；對各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。*教育部考試中心.2015.普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明（高考綜合改革試驗(yàn)省份試用）（第一版）[M].北京：高等教育出版社.22-23.第二節(jié)：概要寫作（滿分25分）*

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemerit(好處)ofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea;clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist(免疫學(xué)家)，encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatter(后者)positionisgainingsomeground.[308words]*教育部考試中心.2015.普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明（高考綜合改革試驗(yàn)省份試用）（第一版）[M].北京：高等教育出版社.24.Onepossibleversion:Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(點(diǎn)1)Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(點(diǎn)2)However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(點(diǎn)3)However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(點(diǎn)4）【72詞，5句】

概要寫作原則：1.要點(diǎn)齊全2.準(zhǔn)確簡潔3.獨(dú)立有效（避免抄原句?。┱獞?yīng)具有獨(dú)立性和自明性，擁有與文章等量的主要信息，即不閱讀全文，就能獲得必要的信息。摘要不容贅言，故需逐字推敲。內(nèi)容必須完整、一目了然。

概要寫作過程：【讀+寫】細(xì)心閱讀，提取要點(diǎn)（理解主旨和要義）概括整合，表達(dá)要點(diǎn)替代轉(zhuǎn)換，體現(xiàn)獨(dú)立（避免抄原句！）

……樣例如何確保要點(diǎn)齊全？【訣竅】如何確保要點(diǎn)齊全？【訣竅】劃分段落【不以自然段為單位】段落數(shù)=要點(diǎn)數(shù)說明文的段落劃分1.描述某事物的性質(zhì)功用等:性質(zhì)/定義—功用/功能—應(yīng)用/利好2.針對某問題提出解決辦法或措施:問題—成因—解決方法/措施3.介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因結(jié)果:現(xiàn)象—原因—結(jié)果Thesedaysagreenbuildingmeansmorethanjustthecolorofthepaint.Greenbuildingcanalsorefertoenvironmentallyfriendlyhouses,factories,andoffices.[definition]Greenbuildingmeans“reducingtheimpactofthebuildingontheland”,TarynHolowkaoftheU.S.GreenBuildingCouncilinWashington,D.C.said.AccordingtoHolowka,buildingaccountfor65percentoftotalU.S.electricityuse.Butgreenbuildingcanreduceenergyandwateruse.Also,thebuildingsareoftenlocatednearpublictransportationsuchasbusesandsubways,sothatpeoplecandrivetheircarsless.Thatcouldbegoodfortheenvironment,becausecarsuselotsofgasandgiveoffpollution.Greenbuildingsareoftenbuiltondevelopedland,sothatthebuildingsdon’tdestroyforests.[function]MartyDettlingisprojectmangerforabuildingthatputtheseideasintoaction.TheSolairehasbeencalledthecountry’sfirstgreenhigh-risebuilding.AccordingtoDettling,“We’vereducedourenergyusebyone-thirdandourwaterby50percent,”TheSolairecutsenergyinpartbyusingsolarpower.“Onthefaceofthebuildingwehavesolarpanelswhichchangethesun’senergyintoelectricity,”Dettlingexplained.TheSolairealsohaslightsthatautomaticallyturnoffwhenpeopleleavetheroom.Inaddition,thebuildinghaslotsofwindows,allowingpeopletousethesunforlightduringtheday.TheSolairecutswaterbyreusingit.[application]Noteveryoneiseagertomoveintoagreenbuilding,however.Somepeoplethinkthatthingslikesolarpanelscostmoremoneythanmoretraditionalenergysources.Anyhow,Holowkasaid,“It’sgoingtobebig.”[outlook]Onepossibleversion:①Environmentallyfriendlystructuresarecalledgreenbuildings.②Theycanreduceenergyandwaterusebyaconsiderablepercentage,thuslessenpollutionandavoiddestroyingforestsaswell.③Forexample,thegreenbuildingSolairehassubstantiallyreduceditsenergyandwaterusepartlybyapplyingsolarpowerandreusingwater.④Althoughnotallpeoplelikegreenbuildingyet,itisexpectedtobepopularinthenearfuture.【67詞，4句】議論文的段落劃分三要素：論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論：論點(diǎn)—論據(jù)1……論據(jù)n—結(jié)論

Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethinkthatcraftnolongerexists.Oneofthewaysthesepeoplewronglysupporttheirviewisbypointingto100-year-oldhomeswhicharestillsolid,andarguingthatitisthecraftsmanshipthatisresponsiblefortheirdurability.“Homesinthosedayswerewell-built,”theysay.Nodoubtthesehomeswerewell-built,butwhatthesepeoplehavedoneismixupthequalityofmaterialusedinthehousewiththequalityofthecraftsmanship.Homestodaycouldbebuilttolastjustaslongasthoseoldhomesifpeoplewerewillingorabletopaytheprice.Forexample,morepeoplecannolongeraffordsolidoakstairways,althoughtheywereoncefairlycommoninolderhomes.Norcantheyaffordthehighlaborcostofemployingacarpentertobuildthestairway.Yetifsomeonecanpaythehighcost,therearestillplentyofcarpentersaroundabletomakethosestairways.Andnotonlywouldthesecarpentersknowhowtobuildthem,theywouldprobablydoabetterjobthancarpentersofold.Onethingthemoderncarpenterhaswhichenableshimtodoabetterjobismuchmoreadvancedtools.Suchtoolsaslaserbeamsandpowerplaneshelpthemlayoutahousebetterandmakemoreprecisioncutsonthewood.Also,itisnotuncommonanymoretofindcarpenterswithcollegedegreesandcarpenterswithasolidknowledgeofmathematics,whichwouldenablethemtodealwithmoredifficulthousedesigns.Theproblemofmodernquality,then,reallyboilsdowntotheproblemofmaterial,forthemoderncarpenterisjustasabletoproducecraftsmanshipasthecarpenteroffiftyyearsago,butonlyifgivenpropermaterial.Onepossibleversion:①Nowadaysamajorityofpeoplethinkthatcraftisdead,becausetheyseecentury-oldhomessoundlystand.②Theybelievethatitisthecraftsmanshipthatcontributestothedurabilityofthebuildings,buttheymistakethequalityofmaterialforthatofthecraftsmanship.③Actually,goodcarpenters,whoaremorelearnedandequippedwithadvancedtools,stillexist.④Sotheproblemofmodernbuildingsliesinthequalityofthematerial.【71詞，4句】記敘文的段落劃分人物、情節(jié)(whodidwhat)

、時間、地點(diǎn)：夾敘夾議者：+觀點(diǎn)/哲理性推論：情節(jié)1—情節(jié)2……情節(jié)n—啟示ThatcoldJanuarynight,IwasgrowingsickofmylifeinSanFrancisco.ThereIwas,walkinghomeatoneinthemorningafteratiringpracticeatthetheatre.Withopeningnightonlyaweekaway,Iwasstilllearningmylines.Iwashavingtroubledealingwithmypart-timejobatthebankandmyactingatnightatthesametime.AsIwalked,IthoughtseriouslyaboutgivingupbothactingandSanFrancisco.Citylifehadbecometoomuchforme.AsIwalkeddownemptystreetsundertallbuildings,Ifeltverysmallandcold.Ibeganrunning,bothtokeepwarmandtokeepawayfromanypossiblerobbers.Veryfewpeoplewerestilloutexceptafewsad-lookinghomelesspeopleunderblankets.Aboutablockfrommyapartment,Iheardasoundbehindme.Iturnedquickly,halfexpectingtoseesomeonewithaknifeoragun.Thestreetwasempty.AllIsawwasashiningstreetlight.Still,thenoisehadmademenervous,soIstartedtorunfaster.NotuntilIreachedmyapartmentbuildingandunlockedthedoordidIrealizewhatthenoisehadbeen.Ithadbeenmywalletfallingtothesidewalk.SuddenlyIwasn’tcoldortiredanymore.IranoutofthedoorandbacktowhereI’dheardthenoise.AlthoughIsearchedthesidewalkanxiouslyforfifteenminutes,mywalletwasnowheretobefound.JustasIwasabouttogiveupthesearch,Iheardthegarbagetruckpulluptothesidewalknexttome.Whenavoicecalledfromtheinside,“AlisaCamacho?”IthoughtIwasdreaming.Howcouldthismanknowmyname?Thedooropened,andoutjumpedasmallred-hairedmanwithanamusedlookinhiseye.“Isthiswhatyou’relookingfor?”h