高中英語必修9Module6Period2GrammarandUsage

Module6WhyDoWeNeedDictionaries?PartOne:TeachingDesign第一部分:教課方案Period2:GrammarandusageStep1:Generalintroduction.1.theusageofbyWarmingupbygivingordersTurntopage77part1,readtheexplanationsandwecangetsomeusageofby.Nowlet’slearnmoreaboutit.Summaryabouttheusageofbyby為介詞，表示方式、方法、手法。1)by+n.(名詞前無冠詞)bymail/post/radio/telephone/telegraph/telegramby+doing構(gòu)造Heearnshislivingbyteaching.by+n.(表示交通路線、工具的名詞)by

land/road/train/bus/jeep/bike

bysea/water/ship/boat

byair/plane4)by+n..(表示面積、體積等的名area/volume/weight/length/width/height/depth5)bythe+n.(表示胸懷衡的名詞)hour/day/week/month/year/kilogram/yard/meter

詞

)by

bytheInEngland,sugarissoldbythepound,eggsbythedozenandclothbytheyard.在英國，糖按磅賣，蛋按打賣，布按碼賣。2．主謂一致用法概括●語法一致原則主語的單復(fù)數(shù)決定了謂語動詞形式的單復(fù)數(shù)。比如：Astudentiswaitingforyouinyouroffice.一名學(xué)生正你辦公室等你。Twostudentsarewaitingforyouinyouroffice.（2004浙江）改錯Startingyourcollectionofstampsareeasybecausetheyareeverywhere.(Key:is)youwillprobablywanttojointheStampCollectors’Clubwhichexisttoaddmorestampstoyourcollection.(Key:exists)●意義一致原則1）會合名詞作主語，重申整體時用單數(shù)；重申各個成員時用復(fù)數(shù)。常有會合名詞中，謂語動詞只好用復(fù)數(shù)的有：police，people，public，cattle，population。依據(jù)表達(dá)的實質(zhì)意義來確立的有：family，class，team，group等。比如：Thepolicearesearchingforthemurderereverywhere.警方正在各處找尋殺人犯。Myfamily

is

abigandhappyone.

我家是一個幸福的大家庭。Hisfamily

are

allsittingonthesofawatchingTV.

他全家都正坐在沙發(fā)上看電視。2）all，some，half，most，therest，what從句等作主語時，謂語動詞需依據(jù)實質(zhì)表達(dá)的意義。比如：Iknowthatallaregettingalongwellwiththenewcomer.我知道新來者全部進(jìn)展順利。Allhasbeendonetopreventhimfromsmoking.已想盡方法不讓他抽煙。Whatwereallyneedismoretime.（與表語一致）其實我們所需要的是更多的時間。Whattheyreallyneedaredoctors.（與表語一致）其實我們所需要的是醫(yī)生。3)-s/-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱及news，works做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。比如：Thenewswasveryexciting.這條信息特別激感人心。Mathematicsisofgreatimportancetomiddleschoolstudents.數(shù)學(xué)對中學(xué)生來說特別重要。4）“the+形容詞”表示一類人在句中做主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；表示一類物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，比如：Theold

are

takengoodcareofinoursociety.

老年人在我們的社會中會遇到很好的照料。Thebeautiful

is

notalwaystheuseful.

漂亮的不必定適用。5)and，both

and連結(jié)的主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，但由

and

連接的主語表示同一個人同一件物、同一個觀點時，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式，比如：Thesecretaryandmanagerwaspresentatthemeeting.書記兼經(jīng)理列席了會議。Thesecretaryandthemanagerwerepresentatthemeeting.書記和經(jīng)理都列席了會議。6)兩個單數(shù)名詞各自或前面一個遇到every，each，no，manya修飾時，謂語動詞須用數(shù)形式。比如：Everyboyandeverygirlknowsthateachdayandeachhourbringitsduty.每一個男孩和每一個女孩都清楚自己時時刻刻的責(zé)任。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只工作不嬉戲聰慧孩子也變傻。oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作先行詞，在定語從句中充任主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；theonlyone復(fù)數(shù)名詞作先行詞，在定語從句中充任主語時，謂語動詞則須用單數(shù)。比如：Heis

theonly

oneofthestudents

inourschool

whohas

takenpartintheInternationalOlympicMathematicsContest.

他是我們學(xué)校獨一參加過國際奧林匹克數(shù)學(xué)比賽的學(xué)生。Heisoneofthestudentsinourschoolwho

havetakenpartintheInternationalOlympicMathematicsContest.

他是我們學(xué)校參加過國際奧林匹克數(shù)學(xué)比賽的學(xué)生之一。8)做主語的名詞遇到分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)或表示“很多”的詞及短語修飾時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)取決于該名詞是可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)仍是不行數(shù)名詞，是可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；是不行數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。比如：Two-thirdsofthemoney

is

spentonbooks.Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresent

are

againsttheplan.Agreatdealofmoney

hasbeenspentonbooks.Anumberofthestudents

have

beentoBeijing.9)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，如

means,works,series

等做主語時，根據(jù)觀點，表示單數(shù)時，謂動詞就用單數(shù)形式，表示復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。比如：Thequickestmeansoftravelisbyplane.Agasworksisbeingbuiltnearourschool.●就近一致原則:謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最湊近它的詞語。主要表此刻由or,either

or,neither

nor

,notonly

butalso

等連接主語及

Therebe

,Herebe

句型中，比如：Are

eitheryouorIwrong?NeitheryounorI

amwrong.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacher

wishes

togototheGreatWallforavisitagain.Thereisapenandtwopencilsforyoutochoose.●整體原則主語從句、不定式短語、動名詞短語以及表示時間、金錢、距離等胸懷的詞作主語，視為整體對待，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。比如：Whatyouaredoingisnoneofmybusiness.Collectingstampsismybrother’shobby.Torememberthesenewwordsinfiveminutesisverydifficultforme.Tenyearsisashortperiodinhumanhistory.Fivehundreddollarsisquiteenoughtopayforthesecond-handcar.●附帶原則with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,but,except,besides,without,including,like,unlike,ratherthan等引出的名詞做主語附帶成分時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與其前的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。比如：Thehouse,

including

thegardenandthegarage,

wassold

out.Sunshine,aswellaswater,

is

neededtomakeplantsgrow.Tom,togetherwithhisparents,

is

goingabroadnextweek.Noonebuthertwobrothers

believes

whatshesays.Inthecaraccident,fivepeopleincludingthedriverkilled.Jackaswellashisfriendsisreadytohelpyou.

were3．動詞不定式與動名詞作賓語的狀況：以下動詞后習(xí)慣跟todo作賓語：agreewantwishplan

expectintend

learnpretendmanageafford

decideask

refusebeg

hopeofferpromise

attempt以下動詞后習(xí)慣跟doing作賓語：mindconsidergiveup

enjoyimaginemissfinishappreciatesuggestpractiseunderstandriskavoiddelayescapeputoffkeeponfeellikeinsistonsucceedin以下動詞既能夠跟todo,也能夠跟doing.但含義不一樣：forget

remember

regret

stop

try

mean

want/needgoon

can’thelpbeused

beafraid

besure

besorryStep2:Exercisesforconsolidation1．Multiplechoice(有關(guān)高考題)1.Thenumberofpeopleinvitedfifty,butanumberofthemabsentfordifferentreasons.(NMET1996)A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were2.Eachofthestudents,workinghardathisorherlessons,togotouniversity.SodoI.(1998上海)A.hopeB.hopesC.hopingD.hoped3.Booksofthiskindwell.(1999上海)A.sellB.sellsC.aresoldD.issold4.Themanagerenteredtheofficeandwashappytolearnthatfour-fifthsoftheticketsbooked.(2000上海春天)A.wasB.hadbeenC.wereD.havebeen5.ofthelandinthatdistrictcoveredwithtreesandgrass.(2000上海)A.Twofifth;isB.Twofifth;areC.Twofifths;isD.Twofifths;are6.Asaresultofdestroyingtheforests,alargeofthedesertcoveredtheland.(2001上海)A.number;hasB.quantity;hasC.number;haveD.quantity;have7.Alibrarywithfivethousandbookstothenationasagift.(MET1990)C.areofferedD.haveoffered8.Nobodybutthetwinssomeinterestintheprojecttillnow.A.showsB.showC.haveshownD.haveshown9.Everypossiblemeanstopreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.(2000上海春天)A.isusedB.areusedC.hasbeenusedD.havebeenused10.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.(2002上海春天)A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen11.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMarytiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.(MET1989)A.isB.areC.amD.be12.Eitheryouortheheadmastertheprizetothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.(1994上海)A.ishandingoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandout13.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryyet.(MET1991)A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided14.E-mail,aswellastelephone,animportantpartindailycommunication.(1999上海)A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play15.Theteacher,with6girlsand,8boysofherclassvisitingamuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.(2004北京)A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe16.Alltheemployeesexceptthemangertoworkonlineathome.(2004廣東)A.encouragesB.encourageC.isencouragedD.areencouraged17.Everybodyinourcountryside,menandwomen,youngandold,thisgame.D.arefondof

C.joinsWhoisknockingthedesksandchairssoloudlyintheclassroom?thenaughtyboys.’reC.ThereareD.Itcanbe19.Weeachstrongpointsandeachofusontheotherhandweakpoint.A.have;haveB.has;haveC.has;hashave;has20.ManyaprofessorlookingforwardtovisitingGermanynow.Manyscientistsstudiedanimalsandplantsinthelasttwoyears.A.is;haveB.is;hasC.are;haveD.is;are(Keys:CBABCBADCDBDAAADAADA)2.ExercisesfortheprepFindthemistakeineachsentenceandcorrectit.

D.Accordingsomescientists,scienceinfuturewillchangethe1.wayinwhichwelive,UnderthehelpoftheInternet,itwillbe2.possibleofustosendobjects,includingpeople,fromoneplace3.toanotherwithoutmovingthemthroughspace.Itisintereststo4.hearofthischange.Scientiststhroughouttheworldareworking5.thisproject,buttheresultatpresentisfarfromsatisfaction.With