1996年考研英語真題及解析

SectionⅠClozeVitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif43ismissingadeficiencyesVitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements-usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin47oneormorespecificfunctionsinthe48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingonthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitamin

內47承擔一種或多種具體功能。[A]either(也 [B]so(所以 [D]never(從不]]][Bsothat]]]]

]]]]]][C]sometimes[C]suchthat[Dexceptthat[C]ys擔當,承[D]performs]]compound[kCun]n.混合物,化合物a.混合的,化合的；復合的vt.混合（com全部+pounddeficiencyfFns]n.缺乏不足缺點缺陷（de不+fic做做得不夠lntna[inn.nutritional[njU:trInla.營養(yǎng)的；滋養(yǎng)的（nutrition+al形容詞后綴）g[kmeettheneed滿足……41.答案 deficiencyfFns]n.缺乏不足缺點缺陷（de不+fic做做得不夠lntna[inn.nutritional[njU:trInla.營養(yǎng)的；滋養(yǎng)的（nutrition+al形容詞后綴）g[kmeettheneed滿足…… now,socanwe.（他們現(xiàn)在可以離開了，我們也能。nor也可以引導倒裝句，并可用在否定notnor...（既不…也不…）固定結構，如：Youcan’tdoit,norcanI.（你不能做nevermylifehaveIheardsuchnonsense.（我一輩子都沒聽這樣的無稽之談。所以C為正確選 考點→習慣搭配+動詞辨析解題技巧→空格所在句子的含義是“需要維生素將食 為能量，以維持身體的健康（能量）的轉變是一種質的改變，因此，D符合句意。干擾項排除→shiftinto搭配，如：Thewindshiftedtothesouth（風轉向南吹；transfeinto搭配，如：Hisemployertransferredhimtoanotheroffice.（老toolarge;theymustbealtered.（這些衣服太大，得修改。因此以上三個詞都不能表示事物質 解題技巧→[Aanyanyofthemany一般用于否定或疑問句中，做主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)，如：Anyofthehuntersisabletocatchthetigersingle-handed.（任何一個獵人都能單獨抓住。因此答案只能選A。空格設置→andTherearethirteenormoreofthemthemvitaminsif引導的條件狀語從句，意為“如與something 干擾項排除→serious、severe和fatal這幾個詞都表示程度嚴重，甚至危及生命。但上下文沒 解題技巧→usually是頻度副詞，選項也應是頻度副詞。選項中，mostly和partially不是頻率副詞，而是強調事物部分與整體的關系，如：Theaudienceconsistedmostlyofwomen.（觀眾主要是婦女）；Thedriverispartiallytoblamefortheaccident.（對那次應負部分責系的but。所以只有sometimes為正確選項。全句意為“通常是碳、氫、氧，有些時候還有空格設置→本句破折號后舉例說明維生素的組成成分：碳、氫、氧和氮，and表明各成分之間為并列關系，那么，選項應與usually相呼應。 關系并連接原因狀語從句的短語。只有inthat后面接原因，并且空格前面的different與介詞in連用，表示“在哪一方面不同”。所以[A]是正確的。干擾項排除→選項中，exceptthat不表因果，sothatsuchthat 解題技巧→四個選項中能與function搭配的只有performperformafunction（具有……的功能，發(fā)揮……的作用），Thebrainperformsaveryimportantfunction:itcontrolsthenervoussystemofthebody.（大腦具有非常重要的功能，它控制著身體內的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。在文空格設置→本空格設置的考查是動詞與function干擾項排除→functionfulfill、serve等。其它選項的常用搭配有：undertakeamission/task/project承擔使命/任務/工程；holdashare持有；yarole/part扮 解題技巧→根據(jù)上下文判斷，空格處的動名詞的邏輯主語是thebody。這樣，動名詞所表示的動作必須是thebody發(fā)出來的，又能接enoughvitamins做賓語。選項中，Supplying，Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供，供應動作的發(fā)出者不是“身體。句子表達的含義是身體需要獲取維生素的營養(yǎng)，而不是“提供，因此只有Getting（獲取，獲得）符合?？崭裨O置→本題空格所在句子是一個含讓步狀語從句的復合句： enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor vitamins，其中空格部分和名詞的邏輯主語也就是后面although引導的讓步狀語從句中的主語。要指提供一些基本的必要物品，可譯為“配備”，如：furnishthenewapartment(為新房間配provide物品，為…做準備”，它常和介詞for，with和against搭配。provide...with...意為“給…提forhisoldage.(他努力賺錢以防老)。 furtheruseforit.（我不再需要它了。因此，根據(jù)所在從句的含義，考生需判斷對什么的維生素”；剩下兩個選項中，exceeding用來指被修飾的成分超出了一般的限度，如：exceeding， 項應該是一個表示轉折關系的詞，因此nevertheless為正確答案。整個句子意為“盡管獲取 、、 、、 、、、 、、 ；能只停留在對文字的表面理解上，真正意義上讀懂文章。文章是一篇介紹求職前應進行準備工作的說明文。文章先“所想”與“所得”兩個概念，并實現(xiàn)“所想”的關鍵是做事前要制定計劃，進而具體到找工作前準備簡歷的重 (1)Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”(2)Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.(2)Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,wenthe,makeashoplist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchnningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.(2)Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlynwheretosellyourservices.(1)Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.(2)Suchanaccountisvaluable.(3)Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulin alinterviews.(4)Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisyedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.(1)Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.(2)Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.(3)Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.(4)Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.(5)Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.(6)Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjob

(1)你可以在頭腦里勾畫出愿望的藍么菜等，這樣的籌劃對于舉行的宴須“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理(1)當你為自己的能力和愿望仔細地推銷了。(2)那時你就準備去找工作。(3)息。(4)對工作和公司的詳情，留Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouYou'llcertainlygetwhatyouIt’snouseYoushouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouIt’sessentialtosetagoalforAblueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageasanillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforaanindicationofhowtosecureagoodaguidelineforjobaprincipleforjobAccordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajob thatisthefirststeptopleasethethatistherequirementoftheitenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisitshim eclearlyawareofWhenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhave definitetoimaginarytopracticaltodesirabletonkaunt.敘述，說明；賬目，賬 vi.說明，解釋n.記述，描述，賬戶，付blueprint[lu:rnt]n.藍圖，設計圖，計劃;vt.likewiselkwz]ad.同樣地,照樣地;又,也,而且（like相像+wise→同樣地psychologyskClV]n.心理學;心理,心理特點;f[rfrn n.提及,涉及;參考,參考書目;證明書（人），介紹信，推薦書tie[ru:ti:n.例行公事,常規(guī);手續(xù)，程 a.常規(guī)的,例行的；平淡的，乏味的[otight-lippedtItlt]a.緊閉嘴巴的;守口如瓶的;沉默寡言的,tangible[nbl]a. 需反復琢磨句意，并注意選項中將whatyouwant和whatyouget具體化后的含義。 者的寫作意圖。此外，要熟悉段落關聯(lián)詞和短語的用法，如：likewise表并列，暗示不同成干擾項排除→[B]、[C]和[D]goodjob、jobdescription、jobevaluation這些都 解題技巧→根據(jù)題干beforestartingtofindajob定位到第四段第二句。該句中foryouhavetooffer與 eawareofhimself一致。細節(jié)的因果關系是?？键c。本題的考點是換成了when。文章第五段第四句提到寫明個人情況只是利于雇主做出選擇，并非取悅，因 解題技巧→sell在四個選項中分別換成了同義詞offer、provide、supply和presenttangible一詞的理解?？陕?lián)干擾項排除→[B]容易排除，Practical意為workable,useful（可行的，有用的，計劃藍圖中It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyou主 表anythingbutmad.(他一點兒也不生氣)。asyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouseYoucanmakeamentalblueprintofadesire↑,andeachofusiscontinuallymaking主語謂 賓 并列主 謂 賓blueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeveryday解析→此句是用and連接的兩個并列句 一個分句中，又用as引導了一個比較狀語makeablueprintofadesire與makeablueprintofahouse作比較。第二個分句的主干是：eachofus...ismaking...blueprints...Para.3,SentenceWhiletalkingtoyou,↑yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,and主 謂 賓語從qualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyourwaresandabilitiesmustbe yedinorderlyandreasonablyconnected解析→句子的主干是…yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhether...andyourwaresandabilitiesmustbedisyed...。前一個分句中while引導伴隨狀語從句，whether引導賓語從句，youreducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications，謂語部分為pay，Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourown寫作應用→Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Thenyoucanfindsomethingofrealvalue.（保持耳目靈敏,并且運用自己的判斷。這樣你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)真正有價值點：如果知道自己想要什么，并且要求合理，就能實現(xiàn)。兩段都圍繞“所想”和“所得兩個概念展開論述。

Passage本文了BBC（英國）的現(xiàn)狀及的問題。文章從現(xiàn)狀入手，接著話鋒一轉進入，談到目前在范圍內一場針對BBC應該保持原樣還是進行的爭論，最后作者必須進行。本文是典型的夾敘夾議的文章，敘述和說理論證相結合。(1)WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation'snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.(2)AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostation.(3)Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogramsand forannuallicensefeeof83poundsperItisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years—yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.Thedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC-includingordinarylistenersandviewers—tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomake(1)DefendersoftheCorporation-ofwhomtherearemany—arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain'tbroke,don'tfixit.”(2)TheBBC“ain'tbroke”,theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword'broke',meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels—TVand

BBC（英國）國際電道的開播，現(xiàn)在亞洲和美洲數(shù)以百的電視了。(2)當然，英國聽眾和觀眾可以收到兩個BBC電道，五個BBC廣播電臺和幾十個地方電臺。每戶每年交83英鎊的收視費便可收看體育、喜劇、戲劇、音樂、、教育、、議會、兒童及。機構的生存下去，但它的作用、規(guī)模和類型卻成了全英國爭論的話題。 請每一位對BBC有看法的人——包括普特許證于1996年到期， 定是讓公司維持原狀還是進行歡的：“如果沒壞（brokebroken（（么還要自找麻煩去改變它呢？(長難句(1)然而BBC將不得不進行，業(yè)電道——ITV和第四頻道——應4-wererequiredbytheThatcherernment'sBroadcastingActto emorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.(3)Butitisthearrivalofnewsalitechannels—fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers'subscriptions-whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.

撒切爾廣播法案的要求進一步商業(yè)化，彼此競爭業(yè)務，降低成本，裁減的是新的頻道的出現(xiàn)，它們的部分資金來自收入，部分來自用戶收視費。TheworldfamousBBCnow [A]theproblemofnew [B]anuncertain[C]inquiriesbythegeneral [D]shrinkageofInthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthekeyExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarProgramsasthesubjectofanation-wideItsexistenceasabroadcastingTheBBC's"royalcharter"(Line4,Paragraph3)stands thefinancialsupportfromtheroyaltheprivilegesgrantedbytheacontractwiththeauniquerelationshipwiththeroyalTheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan [A]theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels[B]theenmentofBroadcastingActby [C]theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsand[D]thechallengeofnewsalitecommercial[k:Fl]a. （com+merc+ial形容詞后綴→共同的→商業(yè)的coverage[kQv]n.]quote[kw?ut]v. ,援引；引述，引證（quot數(shù)目+e動詞后綴→列舉數(shù)目說明→引證）slogan['sl?uɡ?n]n.標語， （s）logstretch[stretF]v.伸展，延伸；伸出,伸過n.拉長；伸展；一短時間.charter[F:]vt.特許；包租；發(fā)給特許執(zhí)照;n.；執(zhí)照；特許狀parliamentary[,pɑ:l?'ment?ri]a.議會的；國會的；議會制度的subscription[sskrFn]n.訂閱；捐獻；訂金；簽署stretchback世界著名的BBC現(xiàn)在 解題技巧→文章第一、二段描述BBC自開播以來其接收范圍和類型已經(jīng)非常廣泛，這兩段間用and相連，表明一種順承、并列關系，都介紹了BBC令人樂觀的一面。接著第三段首句用yet表明與前兩段有轉折關系，yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt（BBC前景不明）說明了它現(xiàn)在的情況。因此，[B]選項為正確答案，其中原文的future和indoubt對應選項中的prospect和uncertain。議 關系的關聯(lián)詞或短語，如：although，though，but,yet,however等，從而把握作者的思路。BBC值得驕傲的方面，而不是“問題”，故排除[A]選項。第四段提到， 查，即邀請人們對BBC做出評價。而[C]選項則成了公眾對BBC的 下列選項中，哪個沒有作為BBC的關鍵問題被提到? 的內容；無法對號的即是答案。文章只提到BBC自身的，而未涉及國際合作問題。故C選項為答案。FarEast就是西方國家對亞洲最東部國家的稱呼。BDBBC的“royalcharter（第四段第四行）指的 解題技巧→第四段末句提到進行的原因是：theBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitisortomakechanges，可見，royalcharter和BBS的存在大有關聯(lián)。解此題的關鍵是了解runout的含義。runout多表示“被用完，到期”之意，能和它構成主謂搭配的只有C選項。英國是君主立憲制國家，與簽約表明BBC是國家辦的，而非私營企業(yè)。 解題技巧→文章第六段首先BBC不得不進行，接著陸續(xù)給出原因：它周邊的廣播與選項中的foremost同義。因此D選項是正確答案。因果關系中的主要原因也是?？键c?？忌枰诒姸嘣蛑斜鎰e主次，注意詞匯（如mainlychief）和句型結構（如強調句）的Para.1,SentenceTheyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sreligion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogramsand foranannuallicensefee￡83per解析→句子的主干是Theyarebrought…，謂語是語態(tài)，由bring接雙賓結構即bringthemsth.轉化而來，直接賓語由sport,comedy,drama等一串并列名詞構成，foranannual…作狀Para.2,Sentenceatleastforthetimebeing,Thecorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,↑butitsrole,主 謂 主sizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebatein系動 表解析→該句是由but連接的兩個轉折關系的分句。前半句為Thecorporationwillsurvive干可以表達為AarethesubjectofB（A是B的對象。Para.3,SentenceThedebatewaslaunchedbythe主 謂 主語補足whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC—includingordinarylistenersandviewers—tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee.解析→句子的主干是Thedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment，后面是由which引導的非限定性定語從句修飾ernment。這個從句的主干是：whichinvitedanyone...tosay...。在anyone進行補充說明。tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation和whethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeeven表進一步強調。Para.4,Sentencebywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),定語從句TheBBC“ain’tbroke”,theysay,↑sowhybothertochange解析→該句調整句序后應為：Theysay,theBBCain’tbrokesowhybothertochangeit?。主分是由so連接的兩個因果關系的分句。前一分句中which引導定語從句，修飾“ain’ttodosth.是反問句，屬非正式用法。知識點補充：注意作者改正了俚語中broke的錯誤用法，認為應該是broken（破損應該與broke加以區(qū)別，因為作者認為broke的意思應該是“”。Para.5,Sentence—fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewerssubscriptionsButitisthearrivalofnewsalitechannels↑,whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchanges主語系動 真正的主thelong解析→句子的主干是itisthearrival...which...，是一個強調句，被強調的部分為主語thearrivalofnewsalitechannels，所不同的是該強調句使用的是which的引導詞。破折號中間AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.第四段：發(fā)起對BBC的這場爭論的原因：特許權1996年到期。第五段：BBC支持者的觀點。第六段：再次出現(xiàn)yet轉折點出作者觀點，即，BBC必須，因為世界在發(fā)生變化

Passage(1)Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and"labor"wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.(2)Manyanoldfirmwasrecedbyalimitedliability withabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.(3)Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.(4)Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromandstate-ownedbusiness.(5)Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.(6)Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.(1)Thegrowthofthelimitedandmunicipalbusinesshadimportant(2)Suchlarge,im almanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.(3)Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.(4)TownslikeBournemouthandEastboumespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheir andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.(5)Ontheotherhand"shareholding"meantleisureanddomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreat(1)The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythe inwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.(2)Thepaidmanageractingforthe inmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliar knowledgeoftheworkmenwhichthe

成其管理機構。(3)這種通過聘用這種低效率使得許多舊式企業(yè)在手中。(4)而且這也是公司擺脫創(chuàng)造力，向集體化和市營、國舊企業(yè)大不相同了。(6)與此同時，大城市的市也開始涉足實業(yè)界，為提供照明、電車及其他(1)公司及市政企業(yè)的業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個人大大地其重要性:他們在國民生活中代表著不承擔責任的，與土地及土地所美洲、非洲、、澳洲及歐洲的部和自由，后期許多人視之為(1)這種股東不了解他們所持股響。(2)領取后代表公司經(jīng)營的經(jīng)employerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.(3)Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuch alrelationsimpossible.(4)Fortunay,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.(5)Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.式企業(yè)的家長制中的雇主那樣熟會的和組織在日益壯大，至少在與雇用他們的公司經(jīng)理們處于It'strueoftheoldfamilyfirms theywerespoiledbytheyoungertheyfailedforlackofindividualtheylackedefficiencycomparedwithmodemtheycouldsupplyadequateservicestotheThegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresulted theseparationofcapitalfromtheownershipofcapitalbytheemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwotheparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipal61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexcept theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsofthetheoldfirmownershandabetterunderstandingoftheirthelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunthetradeunionsseemedtoyapositiveTheauthorismostcritical familyfilm [B](C) [D]bureaucracy[urCkrs]n. dictate[dik'teit]v.口授;(使)聽寫;指令,指示,命令,支配,擺布,限定(dict說話+ate動詞后綴→口].engage[nV]v.（in）從事,著手;約定;使訂婚;保證;雇用，保證;擔保；吸引（注意力（eenlarge[nl:V]vt.擴大,放大,增大；擴充，擴展enrich[nrt]v.使富足;使肥沃;裝飾;加料于;濃縮；充實，使豐富initiative[nFtv]a.創(chuàng)始的,起始的n.第一步,創(chuàng)始,主動精神,主動權；率先，（in進municipal[mju:'nisip?l]a.市（立,政）的;地方性的,地方自治的（muni+cip頭+alcollectivism[k?'lektiviz?m]n.集體主義（制度lockout[lt]n.manipulationmnjulFn]n.操作； n.市民；市政 [uFnpatriarchal[etr:kl]a.家長的，族長的 形容詞后綴→家長的shareholder[Fhul]n.股東；持有onmodernlines 限責任公司代替。這一變化防止了效率的下降，而在過去這種低效率使得許多舊式企業(yè)在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代手中。由此可以推知舊式企業(yè)缺乏干擾項排除→[A]選項屬于過度推理，文中提到的是declineinefficiencycommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirms，可見企業(yè)敗壞在晚輩手中的根本原因還是效率低下。該段句(4)表明，（由企業(yè)到 此推知企業(yè)并不缺乏個人獨創(chuàng)精神，故[B]選項與原文不符。[D]選項屬于張冠李戴，該 解題技巧→第二段前兩句， 企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個人大大地增加了作為一個的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。他們在國民生活中代表著非責的，與土地和土地所有者責任分離，幾乎也同的發(fā)展引起了或資本與經(jīng)營管理分離；投資者并不實際參加經(jīng)營，而是坐吃紅利（dividends）或有時參加些間接管理；真正的管理者未必再是公司的擁有者。因此[A]選項因此，[C]選項也不對。[D]選項與原文不符:從第二段倒數(shù)第二句可知，股東們只是享受紅 解題技巧→對于正誤判斷題，可以采取排除法解題。Except類型的題目可能涉及一段或數(shù)][A]企業(yè)業(yè)主 解題技巧→通觀全文，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章花了許多筆墨描述股東階層。如第二段句(4)中說他們是畫腳，shareholding意味著悠閑和自由；第三段首句也提到股東不了解工人們的生活、思想Para.1,SentencebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementThechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewage↑andpreventedthe主 謂 賓 并列謂 賓inthatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.定語從句解析→Thechangemetrequirements...andpreventedthedecline...and連接了met和preventmet后是by引導的介詞詞組做方式狀語；thedeclineinefficiencythat引導的定語從句，注意thesecondandthirdgeneration在這個定語從句的時間狀語中，并不是spoiled這一動作的實施者，真正的實施者是thedeclineinPara.2,SentenceSuchlarge,imalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthe主 謂 賓andimportanceofshareholdersasaanelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.同位解析→句子的主干是Suchlarge,imalmanipulation…increasedthenumbersandimportanceasaclassanelementinnationallife是一個同位語，指的就是持股人這shareholdersasaclassrepresenting是現(xiàn)在分詞做后置定語；兩個detached過去分詞均修飾irresponsiblewealth。likeBournemouthandEastbourneTowns↑spranguptohouselarge“comfortable”主 謂 目的狀 whohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictateorderstothemanagement.解析→句子的主干是Towns…sprangupto…。在主語后由like引導的介詞短語對主語舉例解釋；tohouselarge“comfortable”classes表示目的；接著兩個who引導的并列的定語從句修飾classes。actingforthe定Thepaidmanager↑wasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheir主 謂 賓butevenhehadseldomthat alknowledgeofthe主語謂 賓 whichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.定語從句解析→句子的主干是Thepaidmanager…wasin…relationwith…,but…h(huán)ehadthatfamiliar后是現(xiàn)在分詞結構對其進行解釋。buthehadknowledge，which引導的定語從句對knowledge進行修飾；nowpassingawaytheoldfamilybusiness的修飾成分。Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.寫作應用→Thecommonenemybroughtthetwousedtoberivalcountriestorespecteachstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffair使之集體化和市營、國營化。第三段： 這些股東對勞資關系沒有積極的影響，因為他們對工人的情況不甚了解但工會的日益發(fā)展使情況有所好轉。

Passage本文是一篇介紹早期發(fā)明創(chuàng)造熱的文章。一開始用設問的形式給出全文 (1)WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica-breakthroughssuchastheegraph,the boatandtheweaving(1)Amongthemanyshafactors,I

(1)在早期，像電報、汽船和織在諸多形成因素中，特別指singleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborthat edthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.WhymentiontheelementaryBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliteandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.(2)AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.(2)"thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.(2)Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.(2)AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."(1)Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.(2)RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”(1)Whenallthesesha s—schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,andageniusfor

的做法；尤其 人在處理技(1為什么要提小學教育？(2)正是(1目光敏銳的外國觀察家把勢聯(lián)系起來。(21853個英國團成員所的那樣，“由于有了學校徹底訓練過的頭腦，小伙(1推動發(fā)明的另一刺激因素來自這種做法于國外，做法是為發(fā)明者頒發(fā)獎章、獎金和其他。(1在，大量新發(fā)明的獎品發(fā)。(2)人紛紛涌向這些集市和博覽(1有了這種對技術革新的樂觀態(tài)度，工人很快便習慣了機械技術需正如尤金·弗格森曾的：“技術人員 富饒的大陸上相互作用時，便造就了人的特點——競爭。(2)今天這個spatialthinking—inctedwithoneanotherontherichU.S. ,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.(2)Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.(3)Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameand

（而在早期，它卻意味著為名譽和優(yōu)Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto[A]elementary [B]enthusiastic [D]aspecialwayofItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanbenefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalshedlightondisciplinedschoolwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhomeowedalottothetechnological65.AtechnologistcanbecomparedtoantheyarebothwinnersoftheyarebothexpertsinspatialtheybothabandonverbaltheybothusevariousThebesttitleforthispassagemightInventive [B]Effective [D]Outpouringof arithmetic[?riθ'metik]n.算術，四則運算；演算，計算（arithmet計算+ic→算術）commissionFnn. 派（com共同＋miss+ion→共同送出選出的人→ ]大量geometry[VCtr]n.幾何(學incentive[in'sentiv]n.刺激;動力;鼓勵;誘因;動機， （in進入＋cent唱＋ive名詞后綴→把 ].（一捆+ate動詞后綴→同時用手做一堆事情→巧妙處理）]spatial[sila.空間的，有關空間的（spat空間+ial形容詞后綴→空間的adaptiveness[?'d?ptivnis]n.適應性，適應能力（adaptive名詞形式beneficence[bi'nefis?ns]（n.）行善、饋贈；beneicial（.～（to）有利的，有益的emulationjlIFn]n.仿效，競爭，競賽；emulate（v.）仿效，努力趕上或超過nonverbal[ v:l]a.非言辭、語言的；non-前綴表示“非，無，不”stimulus['stimjul?s]n.刺激；激勵；刺激物trigonometry[trnCt]n.三角法unambiguous[Qnmbus]a.shafactors成因singleout挑出 號后的aboveall（最重要）一詞，與題干中的inalargepart同義，顯示它后面的內容與前面 解題技巧→中 adapvenessandnventiveness指出：敏銳的外國觀察家將人的適應能力和創(chuàng)新能力與這個教育優(yōu)勢（thisduatonladvantae）聯(lián)系在一起。解題的關鍵在于找到“這個教育優(yōu)勢”指的是什么。This作為代詞，術（rithetic（onmery.知）進行斷章取義。[B]選項的干擾來自第四段末句，該句提到徹底的學校訓練（school 解題技巧→第七段中EugeneFerguson的話說明技術專家以非語言的方式進行思考。第 Para.3,SentenceBecausethankstotheseschools↑ourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,主 地點狀 系動generally teandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryand表 狀解析→句子的主干是...ourearlymechanics...,weregenerallyliteandathomein…。主語earlymechanics進行地點上的補充說明。表語后的in短語表示“在……方面”。thePara.5,SentenceAfurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”主 謂 賓 whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.定語從句引導的非限制定語從句，修飾premiumsystem；從句的主干是whichpreceded...and..如：Hiswordsalwaysrunparallelwithhisaction.（他說到做到。Para.6,SentenceAmericansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithin主 謂 賓 目的狀beneficenceoftechnological解析→句子的主干是Americansflockedtothesefairsto…，后面接的兩個動詞不定式toadmire...andthustorenew...做謂語的目的狀語。知識點補充：flocktoStudentsareflockingtosuchfieldsasgeneticsandfairPara.7,SentenceGiventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,↑theAmericanworkerstookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbal主 謂 賓 requiredinmechanical解析→句子的主干是...,theAmericanworkerstookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinking...，Given...是過去分詞作條件狀語的結構，requiredthatspecialkindofnonverbalthinking。如：HetooktoLatinasaducktakestowater.（他學拉丁文就像鴨子嬉水一樣毫不費力。Para.7,SentenceAsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbetounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”并列句：atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthattheyaredealtwith...by...that引導定語從句修飾objects，后一分句用語態(tài)，其中的they指代前面的objects。第二個句Thedesignerandtheinventor...areableto...that引導的定語從句修飾devices。Among...,Iwouldsingleout...;alaborthat...;thepracticeof...;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfor...RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringt