考研翻譯中常見短語(yǔ)及英漢翻譯的基本方法和技巧

1.英漢翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：忠實(shí)和通順忠實(shí)：忠實(shí)于原文所要傳達(dá)的信息，也就是說(shuō)，把原文的信息完整而準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)出來(lái)，使譯文讀者讀到的信息與原文讀者得到的信息大致相同。Hehadwordswithhim.Haveawordwithsb./havewordswithsb.Weshallnotwantforfood.Want/wantforEverymancan’tbeadoctor.對(duì)主語(yǔ)的部分否定常用否定式謂語(yǔ)Allisnotgoldthatglisters.Youcan’tbetoocarefulwiththem.Hewenttotheseasideonlytobedrowned.onlyto+不定式，常表示與主觀意愿相反的客觀結(jié)果Theydon’thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,thecinema,ortheopera,onlytodiscover,perhaps,thattheshowisdisappointing.通順：是指譯文規(guī)范，明白易懂，沒有文理不通，結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，邏輯不清的現(xiàn)象。Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.歷史上看，城市生活一直是構(gòu)成文明的方面之列Supportersofthe“nature”theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforleaningthatisbiologicallydetermined“天性”論的支持者堅(jiān)持，我們出生是帶有某種學(xué)習(xí)能力，這種學(xué)習(xí)能力是由生物因素決定的。Howcanwedivertherthoughtsfromhersadloss?我們?nèi)绾文馨阉乃枷霃乃吹膿p失中引開。Manyofhisideasareespeciallyinterestingtomodernyouth.他的許多思想對(duì)當(dāng)代青年特別有趣。Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.沒有人能不被科學(xué)幻想小說(shuō)把人帶入的世界所著迷。2.英漢翻譯的過(guò)程

1.快速瀏覽文章，注意主題句和結(jié)論句，把握文章在中心思想熟悉文章主要內(nèi)容2.劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)特別注意句中代詞，慣用搭配。3.直譯，即在細(xì)致分析和深入理解的基礎(chǔ)上，用通順的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)，凡直譯不能通順表達(dá)的部分，可以采用意譯，但必須忠實(shí)原文表達(dá)的含義。4.把譯文和原文逐句對(duì)照，查漏補(bǔ)缺，加工潤(rùn)色，使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbythelackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，得出這樣的結(jié)論是有一定程度的把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠確定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他相比較的另一個(gè)孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子所具備的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。3.研究生英語(yǔ)入學(xué)考試英譯漢試題中常見的短語(yǔ)及句型1）As引導(dǎo)的特殊狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯時(shí)作狀語(yǔ)從句處理Wehopethemeasurestocontrolprices,astheyhavebeentakenbythegovernment,willsucceed.2.“Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofscienceininnumerabledirections.”2）與but構(gòu)成的常考詞組：anythingbut根本不；nothingbut只不過(guò)是；allbut幾乎，差一點(diǎn)；除。。。以外其余都是；butfor要不是；butthat+從句：若不是。。。Aloneinadesertedhouse,hewassobusywithhisresearchworkthathefeltanythingbutlonely.Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind,,itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Sheallbutfaintedwhensheheardthenews.Butfortherainweshouldhaveapleasantjourney.Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthetime.3）“名詞，+or+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中or后的名詞是同位語(yǔ)，應(yīng)譯為“即。。。。；或者稱。。?！盡oreover,technologyincludestdchniqres,orwaystodothings,aswellasthemachinesthatmayormaynotbenecessarytoapplythem.“…,onlyto+動(dòng)詞“意為“。。。，結(jié)果卻。。?！盩heydon’thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,thecinemaortheopera,onlytodiscover,perhaps,thattheshowisdisappointing.4）Notnearly(=bynomeans,farfrom)遠(yuǎn)不Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.5）Notsomuch…as…與其說(shuō)。。。不如說(shuō)。。。Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectnotsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasbusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.6）Muchless,stillless引導(dǎo)的詞組或從句，表示一種追加的否定。Icouldnotagreeto,muchlessparticipateinsuchproceedings.Heknowsalittleofmathematics,andstilllessofchemistry.Ididnotevenseehim,stilllessshakehandswithhim.InoldChina,therearehardlyanymachine-buildingindustry,tosaynothingofanelectricindustry.Atthattimetheycouldnotaffordtheordinarycomfortofife,nottospeakofluxuries.Idon’tknowalgebraorgeometry,nottomentioncalculus.Alltheyhavetodoispressabutton,andtheycanseeplays,films,operasandshowsofeverykind,nottomentionpoliticaldiscussionsandthelatestexcitingfootballmatch.Ican’taddtwoandtwo,letalonedofractions.7）Nomore…than…和…一樣都不…Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.8）MoreAthanB與其A不如BItseems,then,thatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependentandinteracting,andthattheso-calleddivisionbetweenthepurescientistandtheappliedscientistismoreapparentthanreal.Heisamanwhoismorebravethanwise.9）Morethan+從句（句中有can或could）實(shí)在不能…Someofthesuggestionsaremorethanwecanaccept.10）Morethan不僅僅Theyteachverywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentinflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.11）Less…than…與其…不如…Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiescenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeireconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.20世紀(jì)在家庭以外雇傭已婚婦女人數(shù)的增加與其說(shuō)與家務(wù)勞動(dòng)機(jī)械化有關(guān)，與這些婦女閑暇時(shí)間增加有關(guān)，還不如說(shuō)與婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)上的必要性及結(jié)婚率有關(guān)。結(jié)婚率高縮小了過(guò)去在許多在許多情況下雇主常常雇傭的單身婦女工人的來(lái)源。12）Nolessthan簡(jiǎn)直是，實(shí)在是It’snolessthanblackmailtoasksuchaprice.如此索要高價(jià)，簡(jiǎn)直是敲詐。Itisnolessthanascandal.這實(shí)在是一件丑聞。13）Nothingelsethan完全是，實(shí)在是Whatthemansaidwasnothingelsethannonsense.那人講的話完全是一派胡言。Yoursuccesswasduetonothingelsethanyourowndiligent.你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奮。14）Itisnotthat…butthat…這不是說(shuō)…,而是說(shuō)…Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterismuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.這并不是說(shuō)在一種情況下所使用的磅秤和在另一種情況下所使用的天平在構(gòu)造原理上或工作方式上存在差別，而是說(shuō)與前者相比，后者是一種精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必須更加準(zhǔn)確。15）Cannot…too…再…也不過(guò)分.應(yīng)該Wecannotbetoofaithfultoourduties.我們必須盡力終于職守。Youcannotattachtoomuchimportancetothematter.你應(yīng)該十分重視這件事情。16）Other…than或otherthan不同于，非，除了Plantswhichrefinecrudeoresareoftenlocatedincountriesotherthanthoseinwhichthecrudeoresaremined.提煉礦石的廠房通常不是設(shè)在采礦是的國(guó)家而設(shè)在其他國(guó)家。Reactionsotherthanthedesiredoneoftenoccurwhenreactantsarebroughttogether.當(dāng)這些反應(yīng)物放在一起時(shí)，常發(fā)生不希望有的一些反應(yīng)Allpartsofthehouseotherthanthewindowswereingoodcondition.除了窗戶以外，房子的其他部分都完好無(wú)損。17）“…thelast+N.+to動(dòng)詞不定式或定語(yǔ)從句”意為“…最不可能的…”Sewouldbethelastpersontogoalongwiththeschema.他可能會(huì)是最不同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人。That’sthelastthingIexpecttodo.那是我最不期望你做的事情。18）Ifanything（morelikely;instead;rather）若要說(shuō)，說(shuō)起來(lái)，要說(shuō)有什么區(qū)別的話，甚至于還Althoughhehadbeenonadietfortwomonths,helooksfatter,ifanything.雖然他已經(jīng)節(jié)食兩個(gè)月了，但他甚至于更胖。Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraliscentraltothistheory.這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境和我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關(guān)系的話，也是微不足道的。.Theschism(division)betweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury科學(xué)與人文之間的分裂在本世紀(jì)甚至于更加深了。19）Asmuchas與…一樣多，在句中可做狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞，也可以做定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞Scientistsgenerallyagreethattheearth’sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100yearsasmuchasithaswarmedinthe20.000yearssincetheIceAge.作狀語(yǔ)休息warmup科學(xué)家一般都認(rèn)為，地球氣候在今后50到100年內(nèi)變暖的程度將與自冰河世紀(jì)到現(xiàn)在的兩萬(wàn)年內(nèi)變暖的程度相同。20）Than引導(dǎo)的特殊定語(yǔ)從句譯法Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthanexistsinthepublicmindtoday.今天公眾心目中意識(shí)到的得癌癥的危險(xiǎn)性的焦慮遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)應(yīng)有的程度。Heoftensatinasmallbardrinkingconsiderablymorewinethanwasgoodforhishealth.他常在小酒吧喝酒，而且喝得過(guò)量有害健康。）Itisassertedthat…有人斷言…Itisbelievedthat…據(jù)認(rèn)為…Itisconsideredthat…有人認(rèn)為…Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道…Itissupposedthat…據(jù)推測(cè)…Itistoldthat…據(jù)傳…Itisassumedthat…人們以為…英漢翻譯的方法和技巧Joanna1.詞義的選擇a.根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來(lái)選擇詞義Censorshipisforthegoodofsocietyasawhole.Likethelaw,itcontributestothecommongood.Like.prep.“像…一樣”,v.喜歡，想要adj.相同的審查是為了整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益。它像法律一樣維護(hù)公眾利益。b.根據(jù)上下文和詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses(theoperationsofthescientists）,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Operation.n.“開動(dòng)，操作，經(jīng)營(yíng)（不可數(shù)），活動(dòng)，軍事行動(dòng)，手術(shù)”許多人以為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無(wú)法與科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程相比，認(rèn)為這些思維過(guò)程必須經(jīng)過(guò)某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。c.有些英語(yǔ)名詞須根據(jù)其數(shù)來(lái)選擇詞義Aftertheirinterview,hecomparesnottheirexperience,buttheirstatistics.Experience不可數(shù)時(shí)“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，可數(shù)時(shí)“經(jīng)歷”面試以后，他們并不比較他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而是比較他們的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。Ourjourneybycamelwasquiteanexperience.我們騎駱駝旅行正是一次難忘的經(jīng)歷。2.詞義的引申1）It’sallverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.Tiger,優(yōu)質(zhì)汽油；橫沖直撞的司機(jī)Itisallverywellforsb.todosth.,but…“…當(dāng)然可以…但…”當(dāng)然油箱里裝滿優(yōu)質(zhì)汽油倒是好事，但是駕駛室里坐著橫沖直撞的司機(jī)就完全是另一回事2）Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-formedorincompetentusers.divertattentionfrom把注意力從…移開lieswith取決于，歸于Incompetent不勝任，不夠格把測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)榕u(píng)家在抨擊這些測(cè)試時(shí)，沒有考慮其弊病來(lái)自人們對(duì)測(cè)試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。1.引申義必須立足于原詞的基本含義2.引申要依據(jù)原文特定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境3.引申要符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣3.詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortableforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood”.除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”英語(yǔ)中有些表示知覺、情緒、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，可常轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，這類形容詞有：able,afraid,angry,ashamed,aware,anxious,careful,cautious,certain,concerned,confident,doubtful,glad,grateful,ignorant,(不知道)sorry,thankful4.增詞法1）Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunately,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Agreementonthisgeneralgoal“在總體目標(biāo)上一致”增加了“意見”Inaction“任何行動(dòng)”前加“采取”Proceedfrom…to…繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，著手，出發(fā)遺憾的是，過(guò)去我們?cè)谶@個(gè)總的目標(biāo)方向意見是一致的，但涉及到各個(gè)具體目標(biāo)時(shí)，意見就不一致，因而也就根本沒有采取什么行動(dòng)。2）This（困境）willbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinch（缺乏，不足）willmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashion

thatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕作方式繼續(xù)下去了，而這種耕作方式投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可以獲得高產(chǎn)。增詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義上、句法上和修辭上的需要而增加各種詞性，以便使譯文忠實(shí)，通順。5.減詞法1）Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績(jī)的差異是由于黑人往往剝奪了白人在教育和其他環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。英譯漢時(shí)，有些其語(yǔ)法功能的詞常?？梢圆蛔ga.作形式主語(yǔ)和形式賓語(yǔ)的itb.某些物主代詞c.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的it和表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的非人稱itd.不影響主句與從句邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞Nobodyknowsforsure,butmostexpertsthinkitwillsoonbedifficulttoobtainsufficientelectricityfromthesesources.誰(shuí)也無(wú)法確知，但大多數(shù)專家認(rèn)為，不需太久就難以靠這些資源提供充足的電力了。Itistheusestowhichtelevisionisputthatdetermineitsvaluetosociety.電視對(duì)社會(huì)的價(jià)值取決于我們?cè)鯓尤ダ盟?/p>

Moreover,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymakeitdifficultforthelistenertounderstandthemessagewhichisbeingtransmittedtohim.此外，措辭不準(zhǔn)確不確切還會(huì)使聽話人難以理解傳遞給他的信息。6.分譯法英文中有的句子很長(zhǎng)，為了符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，我們常常把英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句拆開來(lái)翻譯，成為若干短句。1）Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreatintellectualdevelopment.Who引導(dǎo)的定