閱讀理解之說明文 議論文（含答案 解析 ） 三年(2020-2022年)新高考英語真題

閱讀理解之說明文議論文考點研究考點研究 試卷類型年份考頻話題考點分布新高考I卷20223B篇文章介紹了我們日常生活中的食物浪費現象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費而采取的努力。C篇主要講述了旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況的項目。D篇主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現了新的語音。推理判斷題細節(jié)理解題詞義猜測題主旨大意題新高考II卷20222C篇為解決司機在開車時使用手機造成“分神”，引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信監(jiān)控器）的技術來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機。D篇主要講的是鍛煉對于心臟的好處。推理判斷題細節(jié)理解題詞義猜測題主旨大意題新高考I卷20212C篇本文講述了美國鴨票的故事。D篇文章介紹了情商的定義以及對有關于情商未來研究的期望。細節(jié)理解題詞義猜測題主旨大意題推理判斷題新高考II卷20211文章講述了澳大利亞一名教授正在開發(fā)一種機器人，用于監(jiān)測放牧牛的健康狀況。細節(jié)理解題新高考I卷20201最近的研究表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費習慣都會影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個實驗的過程。細節(jié)理解題詞義猜測題推理判斷題新高考II卷20202C篇主要講述了對彼得羅斯基博士的書《原諒設計：理解失敗》的評論，工程設計可能會因為某些原因帶來失敗，但失敗才能帶來進步。D篇熱帶雨林被稱為“世界上最大的藥房”，因為超過25%的現代藥物是由其植物提煉。熱帶雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美譽，因其植物的光合作用凈化地球空氣的能力尤為強大。細節(jié)理解題主旨大意題推理判斷題真題剖析真題剖析2022年新高考I卷之B篇Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.【答案】24.B25.B26.D27.A【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了我們日常生活中的食物浪費現象以及華盛頓【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了我們日常生活中的食物浪費現象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費而采取的努力?！?4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我們大多數人一樣，我努力關注那些被浪費的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但隨著時間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過講述芝麻菜的故事來表明我們有時會無意間浪費食物。故選B?！?5題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生產沒人吃的食物會浪費用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費成為一個環(huán)境問題。事實上，羅伊特寫道，“如果食物浪費是一個國家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國?！?”可知，根據文中的說法，浪費食物的一個后果是對環(huán)境的危害。故選B?！?6題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據倒數第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵的農產品，收回了超過807500磅的食物，否則這些農產品就會在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D?！?7題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每個人都可以在減少浪費方面發(fā)揮作用，無論是在每周的購物中不購買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說)”可知，科廷建議人們只買需要的東西來避免浪費食物。故選A。2022年新高考I卷之C篇Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes. B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch. D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills. B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory. D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve. B.Oppose. C.Begin. D.Evaluate.31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived. B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itishighlyprofitable. D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.【答案】28.D29.B30.C31.A本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況的項目。本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況的項目?！?8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing(該項目由當地一家慈善機構構想，旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況)”可知，這個項目的目的是為了提高老年人的幸福。故選D?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第五段““It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”(有不同的關注點很好。人們把自己的孩子帶進來看母雞，居民們也來外面坐著看它們。我喜歡創(chuàng)造性的活動，做一些有用的事情的感覺很好)”可推知，RuthXavier通過該項目獲得了一種成就感。故選B?！?0題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據文章倒數第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及劃線處前的“oneofthefirst(第一批人之一)”可知WendyWilson是著手這項工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項：“Begin(開始)”含義相近。故選C?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章倒數第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”(“諾丁山路徑”的負責人林恩·劉易斯說:我們很高興能參與這個項目。它將通過共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動真正幫助我們的居民聯系起來)”可知，該項目的反響很好。故選A。2022年新高考I卷之D篇Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結構),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution. C.Itsquantity. D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現了新的語音?！敬鸢浮?2.D33.C34.A35.C本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現了新的語音。【32題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前，學者CharlesHockett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見。現在，瑞士蘇黎世大學的DamianBlasi領導的一組研究人員發(fā)現了這一趨勢產生的方式和原因。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重點是在語言的演變上。故選D項?！?3題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他們發(fā)現，古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結構，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因為古代成年人的下顎結構使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項?！?4題詳解】主旨大意題。根據第五段中的“AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（對語言數據庫的分析也證實，在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然沒有發(fā)現）”可知，第五段主要是通過列明數據分析結果來進一步證明研究結果。故選A項?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小組成員StevenMoran說:“自從人類出現以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現的各種語音都是生物變化和文化進化等復雜相互作用的產物?！保笨芍?，StevenMoran認為語音是一個復雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項。2022年新高考II卷之C篇Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair.9.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom. B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing. D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-【答案】8.A9.B10.D11.B本文一篇說明文。為解決司機在開車時使用手機造成本文一篇說明文。為解決司機在開車時使用手機造成“分神”，引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信監(jiān)控器）的技術來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第一段中“Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.”（在過去的七年里，大多數州都禁止司機發(fā)短信，公共服務活動也嘗試了各種各樣的方法來說服人們在開車時放下手機。）以及第二段中“Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.”（然而，無論以何種標準衡量，這個問題似乎都在惡化。）可知，大多數州使用了各種各樣的方法說服司機們在開車的時候放下手機，可是情況卻越來越糟糕。所以各種方法是無效的。A選項ineffective意為“無效的”，與此相符。故選A?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據倒數第二段中“Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.”（這項技術可以確定司機是否發(fā)了短信、發(fā)了郵件，或者做了紐約免提駕駛法不允許的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能夠確定的是司機是否使用了手機發(fā)短信、郵件以及其他駕駛法不允許的行為。B選項意為“是否司機使用了手機?！迸c此相符，故選B?！?0題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我們需要一些能改變人們行為的東西，）可知，something是能夠改變人們的行為的事情。根據下文的“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”（他說，如果Textalyzer法案成為法律，“人們會更害怕拿起手機。）可知，人們的行為會改變的條件是當Textalyzer法案成為法律。收到法律的約束和懲罰，司機們才不會在開車的時候使用手機。故something指代的是法律。故選D?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題?？v觀全文，第一段和第二段闡述的是“雖然大多數州已經嘗試了各種各樣的方法來說服人們在開車時放下手機。可是問題卻越來越嚴重”。第三段中“Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore.”（部分原因是開車的人越來越多）可知，解釋了該行為產生的部分原因。第四段至第五段講述的是為了解決該問題是紐約立法者提出了一個新的想法即利用Textalyzer技術，來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機。最后一段講述的是：相關人士呼吁該項技術能夠成為真正的法案由此才能真正的改變人們的行為。故B選項TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer（發(fā)短信還是在開車？防范短信監(jiān)控器。）適合文章的標題。故選B。2022年新高考II卷之D篇Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(無氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.12.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising. B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit. D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.13.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan. B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype. D.Previousphysicalcondition.14.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.15.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】12.D13.C14.A15.C本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是鍛煉對于心臟的好處。本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是鍛煉對于心臟的好處。【12題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第二段的“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一開始，它是靈活的，但把它放在抽屜里20年，它就會變得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克薩斯大學的心臟專家本·萊文博士說。這就是心臟的變化。)”可知，萊文想通過提到橡皮筋來解釋心臟的老化過程，故選D?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicexercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.(第一組每周參加三次非有氧運動——平衡訓練和重量訓練。第二組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。)”可知，兩組在研究設計上的不同在于運動類型的不同，故選C?！?4題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(第二組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。兩年后，第二組的心臟健康狀況有了顯著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.(萊文說:“我們把這些50歲的心臟的時鐘撥回30或35歲的心臟?！?”可知，萊文的研究發(fā)現了通過有氧運動，中年人的心臟會變得更年輕，故選A?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但這項研究的規(guī)模很小，需要在更大的人群中重復進行，以確定日常鍛煉的哪些方面會產生最大的影響。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建議進行進一步的研究。故選C。2021年新高考I卷之C篇WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.28.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands. B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers. D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export.C.Destroy. D.Distribute.30.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown. B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting. D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStory B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】28.A29.C30.D31.A本文是一篇說明文。本文講述了美國鴨票的故事，由于美國移民的大量流入，對于農地和住房的急需大量的水禽棲息地被破壞導致美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了鴨票，狩獵者只有購買了鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護了水禽。本文是一篇說明文。本文講述了美國鴨票的故事，由于美國移民的大量流入，對于農地和住房的急需大量的水禽棲息地被破壞導致美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了鴨票，狩獵者只有購買了鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護了水禽?！?8題】細節(jié)理解題。根據第一段“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.”可知，上百萬公頃的濕地被抽干用作農地或者修建住房，極大地減少了水禽的棲息地，故可知，棲息地的減少導致了水禽數量的下降，故選A?！?9題】詞義猜測題。根據前一句“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.”可知，北美的土著人把這些珍貴的自然資源保護的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句與上一句形成了轉折，前一句陳述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句闡述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破壞了這些自然資源，故畫線詞意思是“破壞”。A.Acquire獲得；B.Export出口；C.Destroy破壞；D.Distribute分配。故選C?！?0題】推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.”可知，自1934年起，超過5億美元進入到了這個基金會，購買了超過500萬公頃的水禽棲息地，故可以推出，通過發(fā)行鴨票，美國政府獲得了大量的資金，故選D?！?1題】主旨大意題。根據全文可知，由于之前不恰當的發(fā)展導致美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了鴨票，狩獵者只有購買了鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護了水禽，故可知，本文講述美國鴨票的故事，故選A。2021年新高考I卷之D篇Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepub