12四級真題新浪微博文學(xué)習(xí)室2014年6月第3套

A)Checktheircomputer C)StudyacomputerMakesome D)AssembleaQuestions9to12arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Itallowshimtomakealotof C)ItenableshimtoapplytheorytoItrequireshimtoworklong A)ItisinlectuallyItrequireshimtodowashing-upalltheItexposeshimtooilysmokealldayItdemandsphysicalenduranceandA)Ina C)AtaAtacoffee D)InahoA)Gettingalongwellwith C)nningeverythingin D)KnowingtheneedsofQuestions13to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)ThepocketmoneyBritishchildren C)ThethingsBritishchildrenspendmoneyTheannualinflationratein D)TherisingcostofraisingachildinA)Itenableschildrentolive C)ItoftenriseshigherthanItgoesdownduringeconomic D)Ithasgoneup25%inthepastA)Saveupfortheirfuture C)BuytheirownshoesandPayfor al D)MakedonationswhenSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to19arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)District C)Sales A)ThesupportprovidedbytheregularsTheinitiativeshownbythesalesTheurgencyofimplementingthe’sTheimportantpartyedbydistrict C)OnethirdofthemwereseniorFiftypercentofthenwere D)MostofthemwereratherA)Heusedtoomany C)HedidnotkeeptotheHewasnotgender D)HespenttoomuchtimeonQuestions20to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Stateyourproblemtothehead C)AsktoseethemanagerpoliybutDemandadiscountonthedishes D)AskthenameofthewaitingYoudon’tknowifyouarecominingattherightYourcomintmaynotreachtheinYoucan’tlhowtheon isA)Demandaprompt C)SenditbyexpressProvideallthe D)SticktotheQuestions23to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Fashiondesigner. C)Citynner. A)Dosomevolunteer D)GobacktoherpreviousItwilladdtofamily’sfinancialAbaby-sitterisnorecementforaThechildrenwon’tgetalongwithababy-SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralideal.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofilltheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Almosteverychild,onthefirstdayhesetsfootinaschoolbuilding,issmarter,more_26_,resourcefl的）persistentand_28_thanhewilleverbeagaininhisschooling—orunlessheisveryunusualandveryluckyfortherestofhislife.Alreadybypayingcloseattentiontoand_29_theworldandpeoplearoundhim,andwithoutanyschool-typeformalinstruction,hehasdoneataskfarmoredifficult,complicatedand_30_thananythinghewillbeaskedtodoinschool,orthananyofhisteachershasdoneforyears.Hehassolvedthe_31_oflanguage.Hehasdiscoveredit—babiesdon’tevenknowthatlanguageexists—andhehasfoundouthowitworkslearnttouse_32_.Hehasdoneitbyexploring,byexperimenting,bydevelohisownmodelofthegr oflanguage,by_33_andseeingwhetheritworksbygraduallychangingitand_34_ituntilitwork.Andwhilehehasbeenngthis,hehasbeenlearningotherthingsaswell,includingmanyof_35_thattheschoolsthinkonlytheycanteachhim,andmanythataremorecomplicatedthantheonestheydotrytoteachhim.PartIII ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingThefactis,theworldhasbeenfindinglessoilthanithasbeenusingformorethantwentyyearsnow.Notonlyhasdemandbeen_36_,buttheoilwehavebeenfindingiscomingfromcesthatare_37_toreach.Atthesametime,moreofthisnewly_38_oilisofthetypethatrequiresagreaterinvestmentto_39_.Andbecausedemandforthispreciousresourcewillgrow,accordingtosome,byover40percentby2025,fuelingtheworld’seconomic_40_willtakealotmoreenergyfromeverypossiblesource.Theenergyindustryneedstogetmorefromexistingfieldswhilecontinuingtosearchfor_41_.Automakersmustcontinuetoimprovefuelefficiencyandperfecthybrid（混合動力的vehicles.Technologicalimprovementsareneededsothatwind,solarandhydrogencanbe_42_partsoftheenergyequation.ernmentsneedtoformulateenergypoliciesthatpromote_43_andenvironmentallysounddevelopment.Consumersmustbewillingtopayforsomeofthesesolutions,whilepracticingconservationeffortsoftheirown.Inactionisnotan_44_.Solet’sworktogethertobalancethisequation.Wearetakingofthe_45_neededtogetstarted,butweneedyourhelpSectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.ICry,ThereforeIIn2008,ataGermanzooagorilla（大猩猩）namedGanagavebirthtoamaleinfantwhodiedafterthreemonthsPhotographsofGanalookingstrickenandinconsolable（傷心欲絕的）attractedcrowdstothezooSadasthescenewasthehumansnotGanaweretheonlyonescryingThenotionthatanimalscanweephasnoscientificbasisYearsofobservationsbythebiologistsDianFossey,whoobservedgorillas,andJaneGoodall,whoworkedwithchimpanzees（黑猩猩）,couldnotprovethatanimalscrytearsfromemotion.It’struethatmanyanimalsshedtears,especiallyinresponsetopain.Tearsprotecttheeyebykeeitmoist,butcryingasanexpressionoffeelingisuniquetohumansandhasyedanessentialroleinhumanevolutionandthedevelopmentofhumancultures.Withintwodaysaninfantcanimitatesadandhappyfaces.Ifaninfantdoesnotcryout,itisunlikelytogettheattentionitneedstosurvive.Around3-4months,therelationshipbetweenthehumaninfantanditsenvironmenttakesonamoreorganizedcommunicativerole,andtearfulcryingbeginstoserveinteralpurposes;thesearchforcomfortandpacification（撫慰）.Aswegetolder,crying esatoolofsocialinction:griefandjoy,shameandpride,fearandmanipulation.Tearsareasuniversalaslaughter,andgriefismorecomplexthanjoy.Butalthoughweallcry,wedosoindifferentways.Womencrymorefrequentlyandintenselythanmen,especiallywhenexposedtoemotionalevents.Likecrying,depressionis,aroundtheworld,morecommonlyseeninwomenthaninmen.Oneexnationmightbethatwomen,whodespitedecadesofadvancesstillsufferfromeconomicinequality,discrimination（）andeven,mighthavemoretocryabout.Mennotonlycryforshorterperiodsthanwomen,buttheyalsoarelessinclinedtoexintheirtears,usuallyshedthemmorequietly,andtendmorefrequentlytoapologizewhentheycryopenly.Men,likewomen,reportcryingatthedeathofalovedoneandinresponsetoamovingreligiousexperience.Theyaremorelikelythanwomentocrywhentheircoreidentities—asprovidersandprotectors,asfathers—arePeoplewhoscoreonalitytestsasmoresympatheticcrymorethanthosewhoaremorerigidorhavemoreself-control.Frequencyofcryingvarieswidely:someshedtearsatanynovelormovie,othersonlyahandfuloftimesintheirlives.Cryinginresponsetostressandinthehome,orafteremotionaltrauma（）,lastsmuchlongerthantearsinducedbyeverydaysadness—whichinturnlastlongerthantearsofdelightandjoy.Sadnessisourprimaryassociationwithcrying,butthefactisthatpeoplereportfeelinghappieraftercrying.Surveysestimatethat85%ofwomenand73%ofmenreportfeelingbetteraftersheddingtears.Surprisingly,cryingismorecommonlyassociatedwithminorformsofdepressionthanwithmajordepressioninvolvingsuicidalthoughts.Peoplewidelyreportthatcryingrelievestension,restoresemotionalbalanceandprovides“catharsis,”awashingoutofbadfeelings.Theterm“catharsis”hasreligiousimplicationsofremovingevilandsin;it’snosurprisethatreligiousceremoniesare,aroundtheworld,oneofthemainsettingsforthereleaseoftears.Cryingisanearlyuniversalsignofgrief,thoughsomemournersreportthat,despitegenuinesorrow,theycannotshedtears—sometimesevenforyearsaftertheirlovedonehasgone.Unliketoday,whentheprivacyofgriefismorerespected,thepublicorceremonialsheddingoftears,atthegravesideofaspouseorthefuneralofakingorqueen,wasonceconsideredsociallyorevenpoliticallyessential.Cryinghasalsoservedothersocialpurposes.RousseauwroteinhisConfessionsthatwhileheconsideredtearsthemostpowerfulexpressionoflove,healsojustlikedtocryovernothing.Theassociationoftearswitharthasancientroots.TheclassicGreektragediesofthefifthcenturyB.C.wereprimarilycelebrationsofgods.Tragedies,likepoetryandmusic,werestagedIhavearguedthatthereareneurobiological（神經(jīng)生物方面的）associationslinkingtheartsandmooddisorders.WhenIlectureoncrying,Iaskmyaudiencetoletmeknow,byashowofhands,whichartformsmostmovethemtotears.About80%saymusic,followedcloselybynovels(74%),butthenthefiguresfallsharply,to43%,forpoetry,and10-22%forpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.Thephysicalactofcryingismainlyoneofbreathinginair,whichiswhywechokeupwhenweweep.Thissuggeststolanguagescientiststhatemotionalcryingevolvedbeforelanguage,perhapsexiningwhytears itestatsofmindandfeelingstatareoftsodifficulttoexpressinwords.Ofcourse,fromanevolutionary,recognitionofemotion(usuallythroughfacialgesture)wasessentialforsurvival.Theearliesthumansarrivedseveralmillionyearsagobutonly150,000to200,000yearsago,didcultureslanguagesreligion,andtheartsarise.Alongthewaytearsbecamemorethanabiologicalnecessitytolubricate(潤滑)theeyeanddevelopedintoasignofintenseemotionandasignalofsocialbonding.Thedevelopmentofself-consciousnessandthenotionofindividualidentity,orego;storylingabouttheoriginsoftheworld,thecreationofhumanityandlifeafterdeath;andtheabilitytofeelothers’sadness—allwerecriticalpartsoftheneurobiologicalchangesthatmadeushuman.Morerecently,we’velearnedfromneurosciencethatcertainbraincircuits（回路）areactivated（激活）rapidlyandunconsciouslywhenweseeanotherinemotionaldistress.Inshort,ourbrainevolvedcircuitstoallowustoexperiencesympathy,whichinturnmadecivilization,andanethicsbasedonsympathy,possible.Sothenexttimeyoureachatissuebox,orsobonafriend’sshoulder,orshedtearsatthemoviesstopandreflectonwhywecryandwhatitmeanstocry.Becauseultimay,whilewelovetocry,wealsocrytolove.NowadayspeoplerespecttheprivacyofgriefmorethanintheThereisnoscientificevidenceasyetthatanimalcanshedtearsfromOurabilitytoexperiencesympathyisessentialtothedevelopmentofPeoplearemoreinclinedtocrywhensufferingminorformsofSometimespeoplecannotcrydespitegenuineMenarelesslikelytogivereasonfortheirCryinghaslongbeenassociatedwithSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughtheQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingHospitals,hotocurbmedicalerror,haveinvestedheavilytoputcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevicesintothehandsofmedicalstaffforinstantaccesstopatientdata,druginformationandcasestudies.Butlikemanycures,thissolutionhascomewithanunintendedsideeffect:doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient,evenduringmomentsofcriticalcare.Apollshowedthathalfofmedicaltechnicianshadadmittedtextingduringaprocedure.Thisphenomenonhassetofanintensifyingindiscussionathospitalsandmedicalaboutaproblemperhapsbestdescribedas“distracteddoctoring”.Inresponse,somehospitalshavebegunlimitingtheuseofelectronicdevicesincriticalsettings,whileschoolshavestudiedremindingmedicalstudentstofocusonpatientsinsteadofdevices.“Youjustifycarryingthedevicesaroundthehospitaltodomedicalrecords,butyoucansurftheInternetordo,andsometimesismoretempting,”saiddoctorPeterPapadakosattheuniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter.“Mygutfeeling（本能的感覺）islivesareindangersaiddoctorDrPapadakoswe’renoteducatingpeopleabouttheproblem,andit'sgettingworse.”Asurveyof439medicaltechniciansfoundthat55percentofthetechnicianswhomonitorbypassmachinesacknowledgedthattheyhadtalkedonsduringheartsurgery.Halfsaidtheyhadtextedwhileinsurgery.Thestudyconcluded,“SuchdistractionshavethepotentialtobeMedicalprofessionalshavealwaysfacedinterruptionsfroms,andmultitaskingissimplyafactoflifeformanymedicaljobs.Whathaschanged,saydoctors,especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretointerruptwiththeirdevices.Thepressurestemsfromamantra（信條）ofmodernmedicinethatpatientcaremustbe“datadrivenandinformedbythelatest,instantlyaccessibleinformationBymanyaccountsthetechnologyhashelpedreducemedicalerrorbyprovidinginstantaccesstopatientdataallprescriptiondetails.Dr.PeterCamel,oftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,saidtechnology“offersgreatpotentialinhealthcare,”butheaddedthatdoctor'sfirstpriorityshouldbewiththepatient.Whydohospitalsequipwiththeirstaffwithcomputers,smartphonesandother Tocopewith D)TosimplifymedicalWhatdoestheauthorrefertoby“distractedThedisservicedonebymoderndevicestodoctors,nurses,aswellasThetendencyofmedicalinstitutionsencouragingtheuseofmodernTheproblemofdevicespreventingdoctorsfromfocusingontheirThephenomenonofmedicalstaffattendingtoalaffairswhileMedicalstudentsarenotadequaytrainedtousemodern Doctorsarerelyingtooheavilyonmodernelectronic eWhydodoctorsfeelincreasingpressuretousemodernPatientstrustdoctorswhousemodernUseofmoderndevicesaddstohospitals’DataisgiventoomuchimportanceinpatientPatients’datahastoberevisedfromtimetoWhatisPeterCarmel’sadvicetoTheyfollowcloselytheadvancesinmedicalTheyfocustheirattentiononthepatient’sTheyobservehospitalrulesandTheymakethebestuseofmodernQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingIhavecloselywatchedmygeneration,knownasTheMillennials,for29yearsnow.JoelSteinwroteanextensivepieceonMillennialsandheremainsratheroptimisticaboutourpotential.Ihesitatetosharehisoptimismbecauseofaparadox（的現(xiàn)象）weseemtoexhibit,namely,thattherearemoreavenuesforustoentertainourselvesthaneverbefore,yetwearemoreboredthaneverbefore.Entertainmenthasneverbeenmorevaried.Wehavemorecablechannels,evisionshows,andmoviesthaneverbefore.Internetprovidersallowinstantviewingofalmostanymovieorevisionprogramevercreated.SocialdrinkingandpartyingarealsowidelyavailableforMillennials.Everygenerationdevelopsthesehabitsatacertainage,butMillennialsseemtobeextendingthisphaseoflifeastheypostponemarriage.SomeofthisisundoubtedlyduetoTheGreatRecession.Millennialsarehavingadifficulttimefindingjobs;only47percentof16-to-24-year-oldsareemployed,thesmallestsharesinceernmentstartedrecordingdatain1948.ButdoMillennialsrespondtotheseeconomictroublesbyngwhateverittakestomakeendsmeet?Hardly.Infact,ofthef