2013年考研英語二真題及答案

英語二完型Giventheadvantageofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatweshouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically_1,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionshavebeen2_fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon“revolutionizethevery3_ofmoneyitself”，onlyto4_itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtocashlesssocietybeenso5_incoming?1.AmoreoverBhoweverCthereforeDotherwise2.AoffBbackCoverDaround3.ApowerBhistoryCconceptDsole4.AreverseBresistCresumeDreward5.AsilentBslowCsuddenDsteady英語二閱讀原文及出處：Text1Inanessay,entitled“MakingItinAmerica,”inthelatestissueofTheAtlantic,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogisthereto1keepthemanawayfromthemachines。”Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentandsaggingmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseofthequantumadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers。Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon?tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan?twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Averageisover。Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Astheysay,ifhorsescouldhavevoted,thereneverwouldhavebeencars.Butthere?sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,“Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyone2outofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappeared。”Andyouain’tseennothin’yet.LastApril,AnnieLowreyofSlatewroteaboutastart-upcalled“ElaCarte”thatisouttoshrinktheneedforwaitersandwaitresses:Thecompany“hasproducedakindofsouped-upiPadthatletsyouorderandpayrightatyourtable.ThebrainchildofabunchofM.I.T.engineers,theniftyinvention,knownasthePresto,mightbefoundatarestaurantnearyousoon....Youselectwhatyouwanttoeatandadditemstoacart.Dependingontherestaurant?spreferences,theconsolecouldshowyounutritionalinformation,ingredientslistsandphotographs.Youcanmakespecialrequests,like?dressingontheside?or?quintuplebacon.?Whenyou?redone,theorderzingsovertothekitchen,andthePrestotellsyouhowlongitwilltakeforyouritemstocomeout....Boredwithyourcompanions?Playgamesonthemachine.Whenyou?rethroughwithyourmeal,youpayontheconsole,splittingthebillitembyitemifyouwishandpayinghoweveryouwant.Andyoucanhaveyourreceipte-mailedtoyou....Eachconsolegoesfor$100permonth.Ifarestaurantservesmealseighthoursaday,sevendaysaweek,itworksoutto42centsperhourpertable—makingthePrestocheaperthaneventheverycheapestwaiter?！?WhattheiPadwon’tdoinanaboveaveragewayaChineseworkerwill.ConsiderthisparagraphfromSunday?sterrificarticleinTheTimesbyCharlesDuhiggandKeithBradsheraboutwhyAppledoessomuchofitsmanufacturinginChina:“ApplehadredesignedtheiPhone?sscreenatthelastminute,forcinganassembly-lineoverhaul.Newscreensbeganarrivingatthe[Chinese]plantnearmidnight.Aforemanimmediatelyroused8,000workersinsidethecompany?sdormitories,accordingtotheexecutive.Eachemployeewasgivenabiscuitandacupoftea,guidedtoaworkstationandwithinhalfanhourstarteda12-hourshiftfittingglassscreensintobeveledframes.Within96hours,theplantwasproducingover10,000iPhonesaday.?Thespeedandflexibilityisbreathtaking,?theexecutivesaid.?There?snoAmericanplantthatcanmatchthat.?”Andautomationisnotjustcomingtomanufacturing,explainsCurtisCarlson,thechiefexecutiveofSRIInternational,aSiliconValleyidealabthatinventedtheAppleiPhoneprogramknownasSiri,thedigitalpersonalassistant.“Siriisthebeginningofahugetransformationinhowweinteractwithbanks,insurancecompanies,retailstores,healthcareproviders,informationretrievalservicesandproductservices?！?Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.HerearethelatestunemploymentratesfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsforAmericansover25yearsold:thosewithlessthanahighschooldegree,13.8percent;thosewithahighschooldegreeandnocollege,8.7percent;thosewithsomecollegeorassociatedegree,7.7percent;andthosewithbachelor?sdegreeorhigher,4.1percent。Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotobuttressemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation。亞當?戴維森(AdamDavidson)《在美國制造》一文中提到南部種棉地區(qū)的一個笑話，內(nèi)容涉及現(xiàn)代紡織廠自動化的程度：只有兩個雇員，“一個人外加一條狗。人是負責(zé)喂狗的，狗是讓人不要靠近機器的?！比缃竦钠胀üS5我們的失業(yè)率為何居高不下、分是由于大衰退造成的需求大幅下降。革命巨大進步的推動：中產(chǎn)階級收入為何下降，其實大部這其中也有全球化和信息科技機器或者外國工人取代勞力的速度空前。最近有大量文章都在討論這些，戴維森的文章只是其中一篇而已。過去，只要有個一般的手藝，做份普通的工作，工人生活就過得還湊合。但如今，擁有一般水平不行了。不出眾就沒法像過去一樣活著了。因為現(xiàn)在越來越多的雇主有大把的機會接觸到不錯的外國廉價勞動力、便宜的機器人、廉價的軟件、低廉的自動化設(shè)備和要價低的異于常人的獨特價值能夠讓人才。因此，人人都需要有另外的價值：他們在各自的雇傭市場上脫穎而出?？科接咕湍苓^日子的時代結(jié)束了。是的，新技術(shù)一直就在吞噬我們的工作，將來還會繼續(xù)吞噬。那就永遠不會有小轎而且吞噬的速度在加快。俗話說，如果馬會投票，車了。如戴維森所言，“2009年之前的十年內(nèi)，美國工廠裁撤工人速70年新增的工人數(shù)量；大概每三個工作崗度之快，基本上等于過去位就有一個崗位消失了，總共約有600萬之多?！边€有好戲呢。去年四月，Slate雜志的安妮?洛瑞(AnnieLowrey)寫了一篇初創(chuàng)公司ElaCarte的文章，其目標是減少對服務(wù)生的需6要：這家公司“已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)出了一種增強版的iPad，它可以讓您在桌邊點菜和買單。也許很快在身邊的餐館里你就會見到這個麻省理工工程師們的杰作、時髦的發(fā)明放進小推車里。Presto了。你可以選擇你想吃的，把它根據(jù)餐館的選擇，控制設(shè)備會顯示營養(yǎng)信息、成分清單和圖片等。你也可以有具體的需求，比如說‘調(diào)料放在邊上’或者‘五倍的熏肉’。你都決定好之后，訂單立馬會傳到廚房，告訴你所點的東西花多長時間可以出來。Presto會...與同伴等得不耐煩了？你可以在控制設(shè)備上付款，那就再iPad上玩玩游戲吧。吃完飯之后，如果你愿意，你可以一個菜一個菜地分割賬單付款，款方式。你還可以要求將收據(jù)發(fā)郵件給你。你也可以選擇付...使用每個控制設(shè)備每8小時，每周營業(yè)月需要100美金。如果一家餐館每天營業(yè)7天，那么每張餐桌每小時的成本只有42美分：因此Presto比最廉價的服務(wù)員都便宜?！眎Pad不能以超常方式做的，中國工人都可以做。來看看查爾斯?杜赫(CharlesDuhigg)和基斯？布拉德舍(KeithBradsher)在周日在本報(《紐約時報》)上的一篇美文吧，文中有一段講述了蘋果公司為什么將那么多的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)放在中國：“最后一刻，蘋果公司重新設(shè)計了iPhone的屏幕，因此裝配線需要全部調(diào)整。午夜時分左右，新屏幕開始到達中國工廠。根據(jù)這位執(zhí)行官的敘述，司宿舍的8000名工人。每人領(lǐng)了一份餅干和一杯茶后，就被帶到一個車間，半小時內(nèi)，他們就開始了12小時的輪班，將玻璃屏幕裝到一名領(lǐng)班立即叫醒了公7斜面框架中。96小時之后，這家工廠每天就能生產(chǎn)1萬臺iPhone.’這位執(zhí)行官說，‘在美國找不到‘這種速度和靈活性令人目瞪口呆。這樣的工廠?！弊詣踊膊粌H僅發(fā)生在生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，硅谷科技公司孵化器斯坦福國際研究院(SRIInternational)的首席執(zhí)行官柯蒂斯?卡爾森(CurtisCarlson)說。該公司發(fā)明了蘋果iPhone的個人數(shù)字助理服務(wù)Siri程序?！霸诟淖兾覀兣c銀行、保險公司、零售商店、醫(yī)療保健提供商、信息檢索服務(wù)公司和產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)公司的關(guān)系方面，Siri只是這個轉(zhuǎn)變的開始。”變化總是會存在的，確信無疑的是，新工作、新產(chǎn)品和新服務(wù)都會出現(xiàn)。但我們?nèi)蚧涂茖W(xué)技術(shù)每前進一步，最好的工作都會要求工人接收過更多的更優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育，國勞工局對美國這樣他們才會超于常人。下面是美25歲以上人群的最新失業(yè)率統(tǒng)計：高中學(xué)歷都沒有的失業(yè)率為13.8%；有高中學(xué)歷，但沒大學(xué)學(xué)歷的為7.7%；有學(xué)士甚至更高學(xué)位的只有8.7%；有大學(xué)4.1%。或大專學(xué)歷的為在一個平庸者已經(jīng)無法生存的時代，情有很多，但沒有哪個比通過像我們需要做的促進就業(yè)的事《退伍軍人權(quán)利法案》之類的法案來得重要。只有這樣，才能保證的教育。21世紀的每個美國都能接受高中之后8Text2ImagineanewimmigrationpolicyAcenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio,"birdsofpassage。Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasaliensfitfordeportation.Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit。Wedon''tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangetheway9wethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges。Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandparticlephysicistsareamongtoday''sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother。Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably。Imaginelifewitharadicallydifferentimmigrationpolicy:TheJamaicanwomanwhocameasavisitorandwaslookingafteryourauntuntilshediedcouldtrylivinginCanadaforawhile.Youcould10eventuallyaskhertocomebacktocareforyourmother。TheIndiansoftwaredevelopercouldtakesomeofhisSiliconValleyearningshometojoinfriendsinalittlestart-up,knowingthathecouldalwaysworkinCaliforniaagain.OrtheMexicanlaborerwhobustshisbackonaWisconsindairyfarmforwagesthatkeepmilkcheapwouldcomeandgoasneededbecausehecoulddecidewhichdairytoworkfor,andabi-nationalbankprogramwashelpinghimsavemoneytobuildabetterlifeforhiskidsinMexico。Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem。Anewsystemthatencouragesbothsojournersandsettlerswouldnotonlyhelpensurethatoursocietyreceivesthehumanresourcesitwillneedinthefuture,italsocouldhaveanaddedbenefit:Changingtherigidframeworkmighthelpusresolvethestatusoftheestimated11millionunauthorizedmigrantswhoareour11sharedlegacyofpolicyfailures。Currently,wedonotdograyzoneswell.Hundredsofthousandsofpeopleslosharoundinindeterminatestatusbecausethey''recaughtinbureaucraticlimboorbecausetheyhavebeengrantedtemporarystaysthatarerepeatedlyextended.PresidentBarackObamacreatedapalershadeofgraythissummerbyexercisingprosecutorialdiscretionnottodeportsomeyoungpeoplewhowerebroughttothiscountryillegallyaschildren.Buttheseareexceptions,notrules。Thebasicmechanismforlegalimmigrationtoday,apartfromthespecialcategoryofrefugee,isthelegalpermanentresidentvisa,orgreencard.MostrecipientsarepeoplesponsoredbycloserelativeswholiveintheUnitedStates.Asthenameimplies,thismechanismisdesignedforimmigrantswhoaresettlingdown.Thevisacanberevokediftheholderdoesnotshow"intenttoremain"bynotmaintainingaU.S.address,goingabroadtoworkfulltimeorjusttravelingindefinitely.LegalresidentsareassumedtobeontheirwaytobecomingAmericans,physically,culturallyandlegally.Afterfiveyearsoflivinghere,theybecomeeligibleforcitizenshipandachancetogainvotingrightsandfullaccesstothesocialsafetynet。12Thisisafinewaytodealwithpeoplewhoarrivewithdeepconnectionstothecountryandwhoresolvetostay.Thatcanandshouldbemostimmigrants.Butthismechanismhastwoproblems:Thenationisnotpreparedtooffercitizenshiptoeverymigrantwhoisofferedajob.Andnoteveryonewhocomesherewantstostayforever。Itmayhaveoncemadesensetothinkofimmigrantsassodbusterswhowerecomingtosettleemptyspaces.Butthatantiquereasoningdoesnotapplywhenthecountryislookingatalong,steepracetoremaincompetitiveintheworldeconomy,particularlynotwheninnovationandentrepreneurshiparesupposedtobeourcomparativeadvantage.Tosucceed,weneedmodernbirdsofpassage。Thechallengesdifferdependingonwhetheryouarelookingatthehighendoftheskillsspectrum,theinformationworkersoratlow-skilledlaborers。Afrequentproposalforhighlyskilledworkerscomeswiththeslogan,"Stapleagreencardtothediploma."Thatissupposedtoensurethatagreatershareofbrainyinternationalstudentsremainin13theUnitedStatesafterearningdegreesinscienceandtechnology.Butwhatiftheyarenotreadyforalong-termcommitment?Noonewouldsuggestthatinvestmentcapitalordesignprocessesneedtoresidepermanentlyinonenation.Talenttodayyearnstobeequallymobile.Ratherthantrytoobligesmartyoungpeoplefromabroadtostayhere,weshouldallowthemtothinkoftheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanalwaysreturn,aplacewheretheywillspendpart,notall,oftheirlives,oneofseveralplaceswheretheycanliveandworkandinvest。Temporary-workerprogramsareaconventionalapproachtomeetinglow-skilledlaborneedswithoutillegalimmigration.That''swhatPresidentGeorgeW.Bushproposedin2004,sayingthegovernmentshould"matchwillingforeignworkerswithwillingAmericanemployers."Animmigrantcomestodoaparticularjobforalimitedperiodoftimeandthengoeshome.Butsuchprogramsriskreplacingonekindofrigiditywithanother.Therelativelysmallprogramscurrentlyinplacedon''tmanagethematchmakingverywell。Competingdomesticworkersneedtobeprotected,asdothe14migrantworkers,andtheprocessmustbenimbleenoughtomeetlabormarketdemand.Nobodyreallyhaspulledthatoff,andthereisnoreasontobelieveitcanbedoneonagrandscale.Ratherthantryingtolinkspecificmigrantstospecificjobs,differenttypesoftemporaryworkvisascouldbepeggedtoindustries,toplacesortotimeperiods.Youcouldgetanengineeringvisa,notonlyavisatoworkatIntel。Bothshort-termvisasandpermanentresidenceneedtobepartofthemix,buttheyarenotthewholeanswer.Anothervaluabletoolistheprovisionalvisa,whichAustraliausesasakindofintermediarystageinwhichtemporaryimmigrantsspendseveralyearsbeforebecomingeligibleforpermanentresidency.TheU.S.systempracticallyobligesvisitorstospendtimeherewithoutauthorizationwhenthey''vemarriedacitizen,gottenajobordonesomethingelsethatqualifiesthemtostaylegally。WealsocouldborrowfromEuropeandcreatelong-termpermissiontoresideforcertainmigrantsthatiscontingentonsimplybeingemployed,notonhavingaspecificjob.And,legislationcouldloosenthedefinitionsofpermanentresidencysothatmigrantscouldgainalifetimerighttoliveandworkintheUnitedStateswithout15havingtobehere(andpaytaxeshere)moreorlesscontinuously。Theideathatnewcomersareeithersaintsorsinnersisnotwrittenindeliblyeitherinourheartsorinourlaws.Asthesizeoftheunauthorizedpopulationhasgrownoverthepast20yearsorso,thepoliticalresponsehasdictatedseeingimmigrationpolicythroughthestarklensoflawenforcement:Whomdowelockup,kickout,fenceoff?Prominentpoliticiansofbothparties,includingbothpresidentialcandidates,haveengagedinmachoone-upmanshipwhenitcomestoimmigration.So,PresidentObamabrokerecordsfordeportations.MittRomney,meanwhile,vowstobreakrecordsforbordersecurity。Breakingoutoftheeither/ormentalityopensupmanyavenuesformanagingfutureimmigration.Itcouldalsohelpbreakthestalemateoverthecurrentpopulationofunauthorizedmigrants.NoelectionresultwillproduceaCongressthatoffersapathtocitizenshipforeverybody,butthereisnosupportfortotaldeportation,either。Ifweacceptthattherearespacesbetweenlegalandillegal,thenoptionsmultiply。16Citizenshipcouldbeaneventualoutcomeformost,notall,peoplehereillegally,buteveryonewouldgetsomekindofpapers,andwecanengineerawayforpeopletoworktheirwayfromonestatustoanother.Thenewlyarrivedandleastattachedcouldbegrantedstatusforalimitedtimeandreceivehelpwithreturningtotheirhomecountries.Othersmightbeofferedlife-longprivilegestoliveandworkhere,butnotcitizenship.We''dgivethefullestwelcometothosewithhomes,childrenorlongtimejobs。ByinsistingthatimmigrantsareeitherAmericansoraliens,wemakeitharderforsomegoodfolkstocomeandweobligeotherstostayforthewrongreasons.Worse,weensurethattherewillalwaysbepeoplelivingamonguswhoareoutsidethelaw,andthatisnotgoodforthemorus。Text3BeyondtheBlinkWhentheSupremeCourtannounceditsdecisionontheAffordableCareActlastmonth,themediawentwild.Therushtojudgmenttookseconds.CNNandFoxNewsinitiallydescribedthedecisionincorrectly,sayingfivejusticeshadstruckdownthelaw.Evenaftercorrections,thesnapanalysisthatfollowedwasn?tvery17helpful.Themultipartdecisioniscomplex,anditsramificationswilltakemonthsorevenyearstounderstand。Theblinkresponsetothiscaseisonlythelatestexampleofatroublingincreaseinthespeedofourreactions.E-mail,socialmediaandthe24-hournewscycleareinformationalamphetamines,acocktailofpillsthatwepopatanincreasinglyfastpace—andthatleadustomakemistakensplit-seconddecisions.Economistslabeltheproblem“presentbias”：wearevulnerabletofast,salientstimulation。Fortunately,thereisanantidote:theconsciouspause.Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses。Forexample,countlessstudieshaveshownthatphysicians’immediate,unconsciousreactionstoracialminoritiesleadthemtoundertreatblackpatients.InonestudypublishedintheJournalofGeneralInternalMedicinein2007,researchersaskedseveralhundreddoctorsaboutahypothetical50-year-oldmalepatientwho18showedupwithchestpain.Theresearchersgavethedoctorsaphotographoftheman,randomlyvaryinghisrace.Halfsawhimaswhite;halfsawhimasblack。Sureenough,althoughthedoctorsinsistedtheywerenotraciallybiased,theyweremorelikelytoprescribethrombolysis,ananti-blood-clottingprocedure,forthewhitepatient,whilegivingtheblackpatientaless-aggressiveprescription.Thedoctorsdidn?tappearracist,yettheirunconscioussnapreactionsledthemtotreatblacksdifferently—theverydefinitionofracism。However,aboutoneinfourofthedoctorsguessedthatthestudywasdesignedtotestracialbias.Theystoppedforamomentandconsideredhowtheymightreactdifferentlydependingonrace.Theresearchersfoundthatthis“aware”subgroupdidnottreatpatientsdifferently.Oncetheypausedtoconsiderwhetherracewasanissue,racewasnolongeranissue。Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeone19issociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Ifweneedtounderstandhowninejusticesresolvedadifficultlegalissue,weneedevenmoretime。Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapid,evensubliminalstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.SanfordDeVoeandChen-BoZhong,psychologistsattheUniversityofToronto,foundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe?redoing.Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong。Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling)，wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,asastudybytheeconomistsBradleyRuffleandZe?evShtudinershows,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases—20orhireoutsidescreeners。JohnGottman,themarriagegurumadefamousinMalcolmGladwell’sbest-sellingbook“Blink,”explainsthatwequickly“thinslice”informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreact