中英互譯關(guān)于房屋裂縫的調(diào)查與

關(guān)于房屋裂縫的調(diào)查與分析摘要：本文通過對房屋裂縫的調(diào)查，結(jié)合工作實(shí)踐，從設(shè)計、施工兩方面分析了墻體裂縫的開裂原因，并提出了一些可以借鑒的處理方案。關(guān)鍵字：房屋裂縫裂縫分析處理方案前

言:房屋的裂縫問題是普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。就裂縫輕重程度而然，輕者影響其美觀，重者影響其安全使用，甚至?xí)斐刹涣嫉纳鐣绊?，尤其是用戶反映十分?qiáng)烈。由于用戶對房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)情況不甚了解，房屋一旦出現(xiàn)裂縫，使用戶產(chǎn)生不安全感或恐慌，有的裂縫造成屋面、墻面、地面滲漏、門窗變形、外墻抹面脫落等現(xiàn)象，給用戶帶來許多煩惱。就裂縫的性質(zhì)而然，可分為溫度裂縫、沉降裂縫、施工質(zhì)量因素裂縫、使用不當(dāng)及維護(hù)不及時而產(chǎn)生的裂縫等。無論由何種原因引起的裂縫，都應(yīng)高度重視，認(rèn)真分析，找準(zhǔn)裂縫“病源”，消除隱患。一、房屋裂縫調(diào)查情況由基建處、設(shè)計院、質(zhì)量監(jiān)督站及建設(shè)單位聯(lián)合協(xié)同調(diào)查了反映較為強(qiáng)烈的部分房屋裂縫情況。在調(diào)查中主要發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾種現(xiàn)象：①.多數(shù)房屋的頂層裂縫最為突出，尤其是房屋頂層的兩端最為嚴(yán)重，房屋中部及自上而下依次減輕；②.裂縫的形狀多為“八”字斜裂縫，以窗臺角尤為突出；③.門窗因變形使玻璃破碎，開啟困難（某醫(yī)院科技檔案樓最為嚴(yán)重）；④.屋面、墻面、地下室出現(xiàn)不同程度的陰洗或滲漏現(xiàn)象；⑤.外墻抹面裂縫，出現(xiàn)空鼓或脫落；⑥.房屋抗震加固后產(chǎn)生裂縫（某公司職工宿舍樓、某住宅小住宅樓等較為嚴(yán)重）；⑦.使用不當(dāng)及年久失修而產(chǎn)生裂縫（某中學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、某高中教學(xué)樓等）；⑧.用戶反映強(qiáng)烈，尤其是住宅建筑，因出現(xiàn)裂縫，使用戶產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的不安全感，以及因裂縫而產(chǎn)生滲漏，給住戶帶來煩惱，使住戶對建設(shè)單位意見紛紛，甚至發(fā)生不愉快的糾紛。二、裂縫原因分析造成房屋開裂的因素很多，諸如施工質(zhì)量、施工季節(jié)、材料性能、使用條件以及氣溫變化、工程地質(zhì)條件等因素。歸納起來房屋裂縫的產(chǎn)生不外乎以下幾種情況：①.溫度產(chǎn)生的裂縫；②.沉降引起的裂縫；③.施工質(zhì)量引起的裂縫。下面就上述裂縫的產(chǎn)生分別加以闡述。1.溫度產(chǎn)生的裂縫：在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)有90％的房屋頂層墻體、屋面產(chǎn)生不同程度的裂縫均屬于溫度產(chǎn)生的裂縫。該地區(qū)夏季室外流通溫度可高達(dá)39oC，夏季屋頂表面受太陽的直射作用，屋面表溫度可在65oC左右，而冬季室外流通最低溫度一般為-17oC以下，由此可見冬夏溫差可達(dá)70oC∽80oC。房屋建筑一般由混凝土和磚砌體組成，而磚砌體的線膨脹系數(shù)僅為混凝土的一半。由于房屋結(jié)構(gòu)之間的相互約束，加之溫度的變化及兩種不同材料的線膨脹系數(shù)的差異，使屋面與墻體產(chǎn)生溫度內(nèi)應(yīng)力。因材料的線膨脹系數(shù)是不變，溫差越大，產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)應(yīng)力也就越大，當(dāng)建筑物某部位產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)應(yīng)力超過磚砌體所承受的抗拉、抗剪極限強(qiáng)度時，則該墻砌體必裂無疑—即出現(xiàn)溫度裂縫。溫度裂縫雖然不直接影響結(jié)構(gòu)的安全使用，但若不及時加以處理和維修將對正常使用產(chǎn)生一定的不利影響，甚至使裂縫轉(zhuǎn)化為不安全因素。如在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于溫度裂縫而使屋面、墻面嚴(yán)重滲漏，給用戶造成許多煩惱，有的墻體因裂縫進(jìn)水，導(dǎo)致墻體抹面脫落，危及周圍行人的安全等等。2.沉降引起的裂縫：由沉降引起的裂縫，僅占被調(diào)查房屋的1％左右，主要是由于地基不均勻下沉引起的。調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)沉降裂縫主要有以下特征：①.裂縫大多呈正反“八”字型，尤以底層窗子角部最為突出；②.部分縱墻或橫墻出現(xiàn)水平裂縫。被調(diào)查的房屋，均處于該地區(qū)，地貌屬于黃河三角洲沖積平原，土層分布多為粉土、淤泥質(zhì)粘土、粉質(zhì)粘土，屬于軟弱地基，地基土的壓縮系數(shù)a1-2均大于0.2MPa，屬于中高壓縮性土，許多地段還可能存在厚度不均的軟弱下臥層，且大多建設(shè)單位在工程地質(zhì)資料不詳或沒有進(jìn)行釬探的情況下進(jìn)行房屋建設(shè)，因此使房屋沉降的原因分析較困難。但房屋沉降的原因也不外乎下列幾中情況：①.該房屋地基基礎(chǔ)下存在軟弱下臥層；②.實(shí)際使用荷載大于設(shè)計荷載；③.施工質(zhì)量因素；④.房屋基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計與工程地質(zhì)資料不符。3.施工質(zhì)量引起的裂縫：工程施工階段是使業(yè)主及工程設(shè)計意圖最終實(shí)現(xiàn)并形成工程實(shí)體的階段，也是最終形成產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和工程項(xiàng)目使用價值的最重要階段。在調(diào)查中，普遍認(rèn)為施工質(zhì)量對裂縫的影響十分明顯，尤其是住戶，把所有的裂縫原因全歸罪于施工質(zhì)量，雖然這種言論具有片面性和不確切性，但這也反映了用戶對施工質(zhì)量的信任程度和對質(zhì)量的要求。因此，施工質(zhì)量不容忽視。由施工質(zhì)量引起的裂縫是多種多樣的?？梢哉f任何房屋的裂縫都有可能與施工質(zhì)量有關(guān)。如溫度裂縫，由于屋面保溫厚度、保溫材料或墻體強(qiáng)度不滿足設(shè)計要求等等都可能導(dǎo)致裂縫的發(fā)生或擴(kuò)大；砌體的砂漿飽滿度不滿足要求，也能造成墻體裂縫或門窗變形。因?yàn)椋?dāng)每皮磚砌筑的砂漿不飽滿時，建成使用后，隨著荷載不斷增加使砌體壓縮變形，當(dāng)砌體壓縮不均勻時，墻體就會產(chǎn)生裂縫，若砌體壓縮均勻時，可導(dǎo)致門窗變形使玻璃破碎。施工質(zhì)量問題也可能引起沉降裂縫，因?yàn)?，?dāng)基槽開挖后，地基土擾動而形成橡皮土或基礎(chǔ)的施工不滿足設(shè)計要求等都可能引起地基基礎(chǔ)的不均勻沉降。在調(diào)查中還發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多房屋的外墻、地面產(chǎn)生不規(guī)則的裂縫，用鋃頭敲打和鑿開后，發(fā)現(xiàn)墻體、地面并沒有裂縫。這種裂縫純屬施工質(zhì)量形成空鼓現(xiàn)象而導(dǎo)致裂縫。綜上所述，施工質(zhì)量對房屋的使用價值是顯而易見的。三、裂縫的處理方法造成房屋出現(xiàn)裂縫的原因是多方面的，但不管哪種原因造成的裂縫，都會對房屋產(chǎn)生不同程度的不利影響。首先破壞了房屋的整體性，改變了結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件原有工作狀態(tài)，降低了房屋的抗震能力和承載能力，降低了房屋結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠度和內(nèi)久性；其次是影響房屋的正常使用。因此，要針對裂縫出現(xiàn)的原因和開裂程度，對裂縫房屋進(jìn)行必要的處理，具體措施如下：1.加固法。這種方法旨在提高房屋的整體性和結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的承載能力。如錨桿拉結(jié)法、鋼筋網(wǎng)片水泥砂漿抹面法、壓力自動灌漿法或地基加固法。2.卸載法。對房屋層數(shù)較多、地基變形較重、使用荷載較大且不易進(jìn)行加固的情況，可采用降低使用荷載、拆除不必要的附屬重物，甚至減少房屋層數(shù)。3.結(jié)合維修進(jìn)行功能改造法。對房屋開裂較重的頂層或端部轉(zhuǎn)折處，在無加固價值的情況下，可將該處拆除重建，或改變原有房屋的使用功能。以上處理措施根據(jù)具體情況可單獨(dú)采用，也可綜合采用，但總的原則是行之有效、措施得力、施工方便、經(jīng)濟(jì)美觀。四、結(jié)束語普遍存在的房屋裂縫問題，已引起有關(guān)單位及各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的高度重視。但在調(diào)查中也發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些單位的施工、竣工資料不齊全，對產(chǎn)生裂縫原因的分析以及對裂縫房屋的處理帶來困難?？傊芽p產(chǎn)生的原因是比較復(fù)雜的，要想準(zhǔn)確地判斷裂縫產(chǎn)生的原因，還需要做大量而細(xì)致的調(diào)查取證工作；所采取的技術(shù)措施，還有待于在今后的工程實(shí)踐中進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)和完善。HousingcracksontheinvestigationandanalysisofAbstract:Inthispaperthecracksinthehousingsurveywork,design,Constructionoftwocracksonthewallcracking,andsomecandrawontohandlethesituation.Keywords:HousingcrackscracksanalysisprogramForeword：crackshousingproblemisawidespreadphenomenon.Ontheseverityofcracksandnatural,toalesserextent,affectitsappearancesevereimpactonthesafeuse,itmayevencauseadversesocialimpacts,particularlyusersreactedverystronglytothis.AsusersofthestructurehousingmaynotunderstandthattheHousingOncethecracksappeared,whichgiveusersasenseofinsecurityorfear,Somecrackscausedroof,walls,floorsleakage,windowsdeformation,sheddingexternalsurface,suchaspaper,tobringusersalotofheadaches.Cracksonthenatureofcourse,thetemperaturecanbedividedintocracks,settlementcracks,cracksconstructionqualityfactors,improperuseandmaintenanceinatimelymanneranddonothavethecracks.Nomatterwhatthecauseofthecracks,shouldattachgreatimportancetoandconscientiouslyanalysis,findcracksinthe"source"andeliminatehiddendangers.First,theHousingcracksInvestigationbytheInfrastructureDepartment,theDesignInstitute,QualitySupervisionStationandtheconstructionunitsofthejointinvestigationsynergiesreflectmorestronglythepartofthecracks.Inthesurveyfoundthefollowingmajorphenomenon:①.Mostofthehousingismostprominentinthetopcracks,especiallyatthetwoendsofthetopfloorofthemostserious,centralandreducetop-downorder;②.Cracksinshapeas"8"rampcracksinthewindowangleisparticularlyconspicuous;③.bythedeformationofwindowsbrokenglass.Opendifficulties(inahospitalArchivesfloor,themostserious);④.Roof,walls,Basementwithvaryingdegreesofovercastwashingorleakage;⑤.wallcracksonthesurfaceofthefloor,therehollowingorlost.⑥.seismicreinforcementaftercracks(acompanyZhigongqishelou,asmallresidentialhousesandothermoreserious);⑦.andtheimproperuseofdisrepairandcracks(asecondaryschoollaboratories,ahighschoolteachingbuilding,etc.);⑧.Usersreflectstrong,particularlyinresidentialconstruction,becauseofcracks,sothatusershaveaserioussenseofinsecurity,andcrackscausedbytheleakagecausedtroublefortheresidents,tenantsinthebuildingofunitsideas,evenunpleasantdisputes.Second,thecausesofcrackscausedhousingcrackinganumberoffactors,suchasthequalityofconstruction,theconstructionseason,materialproperties,conditionsofuseandtemperaturechanges,thegeologicalconditionsandotherfactors.Summedupinthecracksproducedbynoneotherthanthefollowingsituations:①.Thetemperaturecracks;②.Subsidencecausedbycracks;③.ConstructionQualitycausedthecracks.Belowthesecrackswereproducedelaborate.1.Thetemperaturecracks:thesurveyfoundthat90%ofhousingtopwall,Roofproducedifferentdegreesoftemperaturecracksbelongtothecracks.Theflowofsummeroutdoortemperaturecanbeashighas39Perturbation-degree,theroofsurfacebythesummersunpounded,Roofsurfacetemperatureatabout65Perturbation-degree,andoutdoorwinterminimumtemperaturegeneralcirculationof-17oCbelowSoDongxiatemperaturedifferenceofupto70Perturbation-degreepolitics80oC.Housingconstructiongenerallyconcreteandbrickmasonry,whilethebrickmasonrylinearexpansioncoefficientofonlyhalfoftheconcrete.Ashousingstructurebetweentheconstraints,inadditiontothetemperatureofthetwodifferentmaterialsandthelinearexpansioncoefficientofvarianceRoofandwallsothattheeffectoftemperaturestress.Duetothethermalexpansioncoefficientisunchanged,thegreaterthetemperaturedifference,thegreaterstress,Whenabuildingsitewithinthebrickmasonrystressoverwithstandthetensilestrength,ultimateshearstrength,thenthemasonrywallwillundoubtedlysplit-thatis,temperaturecracks.AlthoughthetemperaturecracksinthestructuredoesnotdirectlyaffectthesafeuseButwithouttimelytreatmentandtheuseofnormalmaintenancewillhavecertainadverseeffects,evencrackintoinsecurity.Ifthesurveyfoundthatthetemperaturecrackssoroof,wallsseriousleakagetotheusersalotofheadaches,Somecracksinthefloodedbythewall,leadingtothewallsurfacepeeledoffthefloor,endangeringthesafetyofpedestriansaround,andsoon.2.Subsidencecausedthecracks:causedbythesettlementofthecrackswereonlyinvestigatingHousing1%mainlyduetotheunevensubsidencecaused.Surveyfoundcracksinthemainsettlementofthefollowingcharacteristics:①.Cracksweremostlypositiveandnegative"8"H,particularlythebottomcornerwindowsandthemostprominent;②.Someverticalorhorizontalwallhorizontalwallcracks.Thesurveywashousing,isinthearea,theYellowRiverdeltalandscapeisthealluvialplain,multi-layerdistributionofsilt,Muddyclay,siltyclay,thefoundationisweak,soilcompressioncoefficienta1-2weregreaterthan0.2MPa,belongtothehighcompressionsoil,manysitesmayalsoexistuneventhicknessoftheweakunderlyingstratum.mostlyconstructionunitsinengineeringgeologyornoinformationisavailablefordrillingtheconductofhousingconstruction.Thus,thereasonsforthesettlementhousinganalysismoredifficult.Housingsettlementbecauseitwillbenothingmorethanthefollowingsituation:①.Thehousingfoundationexistedweakunderlyingstratum;②.loadgreaterthantheactualuseofthedesignload;③.ConstructionQuality;④.Housingbaseddesignandengineeringgeologicaldataareinconsistent.3.ConstructionQualitycausedthecracks:Constructionphaseoftheprojectsothatthelandlordandtheultimaterealizationofdesignintentandengineeringentityformationstage,istheultimateformofproductqualityandprojectvalueisthemostimportantstep.Inthesurvey,itwasgenerallyfeltthatthequalityofconstructionofcracksisveryobvious,especiallyhouseholds,putalltheblameallthecausesofcracksinconstructionquality,thoughitisone-sidedandinaccurate,Butthisalsoreflectstheusersofconstructionqualityandthedegreeoftrustonthequalityrequirements.Therefore,thequalityofconstructioncannotbeignored.Constructionqualitycausedbythecrackswerevaried.Itcanbesaidthatanyhousingmayhavethecracksandthequalityofconstruction.Ifthetemperaturecracks,roofinsulationthickness.Wallinsulationmaterialorstrengthisnotmetdesignrequirements,etc.maycausecracksorexpanded;MasonryMortarfullnessnotsatisfied,butalsocancausecracksinwallsorwindowsdeformation.Because,everyskinbrickbuildingisnotfullofmortar,builtforuse,alongwiththeincreasingloaddeformationmakemasonry,Whencompressedunevenbrick,thewallwillhavecracks,ifthemasonryuniformcompression,canleadtodeformedglasswindowsbroken.Constructionqualityproblemscanalsobecausedbysubsidencecracks,becausewhenexcavatingthefoundationtrench,soildisturbanceandformedrubbersoilorfoundationconstructionisnotmetdesignrequirementssomayleadtotheunevenfoundationsettlement.Inthesurveyalsofoundthatmanyhousingthewalls,floorshaveirregularcracks,withornamentandthedrillingofthefirstbeating,Wallsfound,andnocracksintheground.Thisconstructionqualityispurelycracksformedhollowingphenomenonwhichledtothecracks.Insummary,theconstructionqualityofthehousingvalueisobvious.Third,fracturetreatmentcausedcracksinthehousingformanyreasons,butnomatterwhatcausedthecracks,housingwillhavevaryingdegreesofadverseeffects.Firstunderminetheintegrityofthehousingandchangethestructuralcomponentoftheoriginalworkingstate,reducingthehousingseismiccapacityandload-carryingcapacityandreducethehousingstructurewithinthereliabilityandlong;Secondistheimpactofhousingfornormaluse.Therefore,wemustfocusonthecausesofcracksandcrack,crackofthenecessaryhousing,concretemeasuresareasfollows:1.ReinforcementAct.Thismethodisaimedatimprovingtheoverallhousingandstructuralcomponentofthecarryingcapacity.IfRachelBolt,steelmeshmortarfloorsurface,automaticpressuregroutingmethodorfoundationreinforcement.2.UnloadingAct.Risemoreonhousing,grounddeformationheavier,theuseof