2012年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語試題(上海卷,解析版)

2012年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語試題〔某某卷，解析版〕2．本考試共13頁。所有答題律不得分。3．答題務必在答題紙上填寫某某號和姓名，并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上。第1-12頁〕和第II卷〔第13頁〕，必須涂〔選擇題〕或?qū)憽卜沁x擇題〕在答題紙上，做在試卷上第1卷〔共105分〕3.A.Doctorandpatient.B.Shopownerandcustomer.4.A.Hewouldhavethrown$300around.B.$300isnotenoughfortheconcert.C.Sandyshouldn'thavegiventhatmuch.D.Davemustbemadwiththemoney8.A.Hedoesn'tmindhelpingthewoman.B.Hehesitateswhethertohelpornot.C.He'llhelpifthewomandoesn'tmindD.Hecan'thelpmovethecupboard.9.A.He'splanningtofindanewjob.B.Hepreferstokeephishouseinamess.C.He'stoobusytocleanhishouseD.Hehasalreadycleanedhisnewhouse,10.A.Shedoesn'tagreewiththeman.B.Sheisgoodatfindingaplacetostay.C.Shecouldhardlyfindthetruth.D.ShehadnotravelexperienceinBritain.SectionB11.A.Usethecompany'sequipment.B.GiveorderstorobotsC.Makedecisionsforthecompany.D.ActasBigBrother.12.A.Employeesgainfullfreedom.B.Employeessuspectoneanother.wordC.Employees'childrenarehappy.D.Employeesenjoyworkingthere.13.A.Reward.B.Safety.C.Trust.D.HonestyQuestions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage14.A.Canadahadasmallerpopulation.B.LandwascheaperinCanada.C.TheywantedtocontinuetheRevolution.D.TheywereagainstBritain.15.A.TheystandardizedCanadianEnglish.B.TheysettledthereaftertheRevolution.C.Theyenjoyaveryhighsocialposition.D.Theymakeupasmallpartofthepopulation16.A.Itisconsidereduniquetosomeextent.B.ItisgreatlyinfluencedbyFrench.C.ItismainlylinkedtoBritishculture.D.Itdatesbacktothelate17thcentury.SectionCDirections:InSectionC,youwillheartwolongerconversations.Theconversationswillbereadtwice.Afteryouheareachconversation,youarerequiredtofillinthenumberedblankswiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.ClassRegistrationFormName:AndrewSmithDepartment:The____17_______DepartmentStudentID:_____18______Class:The____19____classTime:__________,2:004:00p.mBlanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation.-3-/25Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.WhatwasspecialabouttheExperimentThememberswerefromdifferentcitiesgroup?withdifferent_____21_____andcultures.WhatdidthegirllearnfromtheExperiment?Differentpeoplecanbe____22_____.Howdidthehostfamilytreatthegirl?Theytreatedheras_____23_____.WhydidthegirlsaylanguageisnotSometimes____24____cansaymorethanalwaysimportant?II.GrammarandVocabularySectionAwords.Directions:BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.25.passion,peoplewon'thavethemotivationorthejoynecessaryforcreativethinking.A.For.B.WithoutC.BeneathD.By26.Ishonestythebestpolicy?We_thatitiswhenwearelittle.A.willteachB.teachC.aretaughtD.willbetaught27.AsJacklefthismembershipcardathome,hewasn'tallowedintothesportsclub.A.goingB.togoC.goD.gone【答案】B-4-/25【解析】此處是allowsbtodosth的被動語態(tài)形式，即sbisallowedtodosth。句意：因為杰克把會員卡落在家里了，所以不允許他進體育俱樂部?！究键c定位】考查非謂語動詞。28.Thenewlawstatesthatpeople_______driveafterdrinkingalcohol.A.wouldn'tB.needn'tC.won'tD.mustn't【答案】D【解析】此處mustn’t意為：禁止。句意：新的法律規(guī)定：人們不準酒后駕車。【考點定位】考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。29.Onlywiththegreatestofluck_toescapefromtherisingfloodwaters.A.managedsheB.shemanagedC.didshemanageD.shedidmanage30.-IhearthatJasonisplanningtobuyacar.-Iknow.Bynextmonth,he_enoughforausedone.A.willhavesavedB.willbesavingC.hassavedD.saves【答案】A【解析】此處解題關鍵是：bynextmonth是將來的時間狀語，所以用將來完成時。句意：我聽說Jason計劃買一輛車。我知道。到下個月，他就攢夠了足夠的錢買一輛二手車?！究键c定位】考查動詞時態(tài)。31.Whenhetookhisglovesoff,Inoticedthatonehadhisnamewritteninside.A.eachB.everyC.otherD.another【答案】A【解析】此處each意為：每一個，強調(diào)個體。句意：當他摘下手套，我注意到每個人的手上都寫著他的名字。-5-/25【考點定位】考查代詞的用法。32.Ihaveatightbudgetforthetrip,soI'mnotgoingtofly_theairlineslowerticketprices.A.onceB.ifC.afterD.unless33.WhenPeterspeaksinpublic,healwayshastrouble_therightthingstosay.A.thinkingofB.tothinkofC.thoughtofD.thinkof.【答案】【解析】解題關鍵：havetroubleindoingsth，此處in可以省略。句意：當Peter當眾時候，他總是很難想起該說的話。非謂語動詞的用法。A講話的【考點定位】考查34.Thereismuchtruthintheidea_kindnessisusuallyservedbyfrankness.A.whyB.whichC.thatD.whether【答案】C【解析】此處theidea是抽象名詞，后面的同位語從句說明其內(nèi)容。句意：這個想法有許多哲理，坦誠為善良服務?！究键c定位】考查同位語從句。35.Haveyousentthank-younotestotherelativesfrom__youreceivedgifts?A.whichB.themC.thatD.whom【答案】D【解析】此處是介詞前置的定語從句。句意：你給送給你禮物的親戚發(fā)了感謝信了嗎？【考點定位】考查定語從句的關系詞。-6-/2536.Theclub,__25yearsago,isholdingapartyforpastandpresentmembers.A.foundedB.foundingC.beingfoundedD.tobefounded37.Wasitbycuttingdownstaff__shesavedthefirm?No,itwasbyimprovingworkefficiency.A.whenB.whatC.howD.that【答案】D【解析】此處是強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句形式，bycuttingdownstaff是被強調(diào)的局部。句意：通過減員她挽救了這家公司?！究键c定位】考查強調(diào)句型。38.-We'veonlygotthissmallbookcase.Willthatdo?-No,__Iamlookingforissomethingmuchbiggerandstronger.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which【答案】C【解析】此處whatIamlookingfor是主語從句，what在主語從句中作for的賓語。句意：我正在找的是比這更大、更結(jié)實的書柜。【考點定位】考查名詞性從句的連接詞。39."Genius"isacomplicatedconcept,__manydifferentfactors.A.involvedB.involvingC.toinvolveD.beinginvolved【答案】B【解析】此處是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，相當于一個定語從句，whichinvolvesmanydifferentfactors.句意：天才是一個很復雜的概念，它和許多不同的因素相關?！究键c定位】考查非謂語動詞的用法。40.Themapisoneofthebesttoolsamanhas__hegoestoanewplace.-7-/25A.wheneverB.whateverC.whereverD.howeverSectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.maintainedB.seriousC.indicationsD.figuresE.anxiousF.concernGcrisisH.decidedI.availableJ.reversedFilmgoersshouldbetoldhowmanycaloriesthereareinthepopcorn,icecreamandsoftdrinksthattheybuyincinemas,accordingtotheFoodStandardAgency.HespokeasanumberoffoodchainssuchasPretAManger,WimpeyandTheRealGreek44toputcaloriecountsonalltheirmenus.Atrialscheme〔試行方案〕with21foodcompaniestookplacelastsummer,and45arethatconsumersalteredtheirbuyinghabitswhentheyrealisedthenumberofcaloriesinaproduct.Aconsultation(征詢意見)onthetrialendsnextmonthbutMrSmithisalreadyplanningtheseconddriveforAmerican-stylecaloriecountsandis46towinsupportfromcinemasandotherentertainmentplaces,fromfootballgroundstoconcerthalls.Government47suggestthattwothirdsofadultsandathirdofchildrenare-8-/25overweight.Iftrendsarenot48,thiscouldrisetoalmostnineintenadultsandtwothirdsofchildrenby2050,puttingthemat49riskofheartdisease,cancerandotherdiseases.44.【答案】H【解析】他談到許多如PretAManger,WimpeyandTheRealGreek食品連鎖店決定在所有菜單上標明卡路里數(shù)量?！究键c定位】考查動詞詞義。45.【答案】C【解析】indication意為：跡象。有跡象明確，當他們意識到產(chǎn)品上面的卡路里數(shù)量時，消費者改變他們的購置習慣。【考點定位】考查名詞詞義。46.【答案】E【解析】anxious意為“渴望的〞?？释A得電影院的支持。【考點定位】考查形容詞詞義。47.【答案】D【解析】figure意為“數(shù)字〞。政府數(shù)字明確2/3的青年和1/3的兒童超重。【考點定位】考查名詞詞義。-9-/25Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.sometimeshedidnot.Inthissituation,thevictimwasmorelikelyto52aidifhisfacewasspotlessthanifhehadanunattractivebirthmark.In53theseandotherresearchfindings,twothemesare54:wearemorewillingtohelppeoplewelikeforsomereasonandpeoplewethink55assistance.Insomesituations,thosewhoarephysicallyattractivearemorelikelytoreceiveaid.56,inafieldstudyresearchersplacedacompletedapplicationtograduateschoolinatelephoneboxattheairport.Theapplicationwasreadytobe57,buthadapparentlybeen"lost".Thephotoattachedtotheapplicationwassometimesthatofavery58personandsometimesthatofalessattractiveperson.Themeasureofhelpingwaswhethertheindividualwhofoundtheenvelopeactuallymaileditornot.Resultsshowedthatpeopleweremorelikelyto59theapplicationifthepersoninthephotowasphysicallyattractive.Thedegreeof60betweenthepotentialhelperandthepersoninneedisalsoimportant.Forexample,peoplearemorelikelytohelpastrangerwhoisfromthe-10-/25samecountryratherthanaforeigner.Inonestudy,shoppersonabusystreetinScotlandweremorelikelytohelpapersonwearinga(n)61T-shirtthanapersonwearingaT-shirtprintedwithoffensivewords.Whetherapersonreceiveshelpdependsinpartonthe"worth"ofthecase.Forexample,shoppersinasupermarketweremorelikelytogivesomeone.62tobuymilkratherthantobuycookies,probablybecausemilkisthoughtmoreessentialfor63thancookies.PassengersonaNewYorksubwayweremorelikelytohelpamanwhofelltothegroundifheappearedtobe64ratherthandrunk.58.A.talentedB.good-lookingC.helpfulD.hard-working59.A.sendinB.throwawayC.filloutD.turndown60.A.similarityB.friendshipC.cooperationD.contact61.A.expensiveB.plainC.cheapD.strange62.A.timeB.instructionsC.moneyD.chances63.A.shoppersB.researchC.childrenD.health64.A.talkativeB.handsomeC.calmD.sick【文章大意】研究明確，出于某種原因，我們更愿意幫助我們喜歡的人和我們認為值得幫助的人。-11-/2553.【答案】C【解析】此處challenge挑戰(zhàn)；record記錄；understand理解，了解；publish出版。在了解這些和其他研究結(jié)果過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個重要的主題?！究键c定位】考查動詞詞義與語境理解。54.【答案】A【解析】此處important重要的；possible可能的；amusing娛樂的；missing失去的。在了解這些和其他研究結(jié)果過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個重要的主題。【考點定位】考查形容詞詞義與語境理解。55.【答案】B【解析】deserve意為“值得〞。因為某種原因我們更愿意幫助我們喜歡的人和我們認為值得幫助的人。【考點定位】考查動詞詞義與語境理解。56.【答案】D【解析】下文舉列說明觀點：Insomesituations,thosewhoarephysicallyattractivearemorelikelytoreceiveaid，所以選D?！究键c定位】考查介詞短語詞義與語境理解。-12-/2560.【答案】A【解析】在潛在的助手和有需要的人之間的相似程度也很重要?！究键c定位】考查名詞詞義與語境理解。61.【答案】Bexpensive昂貴的；T恤上印上挑釁的話和穿著樸素的T恤的人相比照，人們更愿意幫助穿著樸素plain意為“簡樸的〞。plain普通的；cheap廉價的；strange奇怪的。穿著【考點定位】考查形容詞詞義與語境理解。Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.-13-/25(A)PhilWhitehasjustreturnedfroman18,000-mile,around-the-worldbicycletrip.Whitehadtworeasonsformakingthisepicjourney.Firstofall,hewantedtousethetriptoraisemoneyforcharity,whichhedid.Heraised￡70,000fortheBritishcharity,Oxfam.White'ssecondreasonformakingthetripwastobreaktheworldrecordandbecomethefastestpersontocyclearoundtheworld.Heisstillwaitingtofindoutifhehasbrokentherecordornot.WhitesetofffromTrafalgarSquare,inLondon,on19thJune2004andwasback299dayslater.Hespentmorethanl,300hoursinthesaddle〔車座〕anddestroyedfoursetsoftyresandthreebikeThejourneywaslonelyanddesperateattimes.Healsohadtofighthiswayacrossdeserts,throughjunglesandovermountains.Hecycledthroughheavyrainsandtemperaturesofupto45degrees,alltohelppeopleinneed.Therewereotherdangersalongtheroad.InIran,hewaschasedbyarmedrobbersandwasluckytoescapewithhislifeandthelittlemoneyhehad.TheworstthingthathappenedtohimwashavingtocycleintoaheadwindonaroadthatcrossesthesouthofAustralia.For1,000kilometreshebattledagainstthewindthatwasconstantlypushinghim.Thispartofthetripwasslow,hardworkanddepressing,buthemadeitintheend.NowMr.Whiteisbackandintendstowriteabookabouthisadventures.65.WhenPhilWhitereturnedfromhistrip,he________.A.broketheworldrecordB.collectedmoneyforOxfamC.destroyedseveralbikesD.travelledabout1,300hours66.Whatdoestheword"epic"inParagraphlmostprobablymean_____.A.Veryslowbutexciting.B.Verylonganddifficult.C.Verysmoothbut-14-/25tiring.D.Verylonelyanddepressing.67.Duringhisjourneyaroundtheworld,PhilWhite_______.A.foughtheroicallyagainstrobbersinIranB.experiencedtheextremesofheatandcoldC.managedtorideagainstthewindinAustraliaD.hadateamofpeoplewhotravelledwithhim68.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribePhilWhite?A.Imaginative.B.Patriotic.C.Modest.D.Determined.67.【答案】C【解析】根據(jù)For1,000kilometreshebattledagainstthewindthatwasconstantlypushinghim可判斷【考點定位】細節(jié)推斷題。68.【答案】DPhilWhite設法迎著風騎車?！窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)Thispartofthetripwasslow,hardworkanddepressing,buthemadeitintheend可判斷，雖然路途困難，但是他堅持最后取得成功。說明他有決心?！究键c定位】推理判斷題。-15-/25ImaginebrowsingatDarlingHarbour,samplingthefamousseafoodatWatsonsBayorenjoyingthecitylightsonaneveningferrycruise.ThepossibilitiesandplansareendlesswithaSydneyPass.Whereveryoudecidetogo,rememberthatbookingsarenotrequiredonanyofourservicessoticketsaretreatedonafirstin,firstseatedbasis.SydneyPassesareavailablefor3,50r7daysforuseovera7calendardayperiod.Witha3or5daypassyouchooseonwhichdaysoutofthe7youwanttouseit.AllSydneyPassesincludeafreeAirportExpressinwardtripbeforestartingyour3,5or7days,andthereturntripisvalid(有效的)for2monthsfromthefirstdayyourticketwasused.SydneyPassFaresAdultChild*$45Family**$22.5$3003dayticket5dayticket7dayticket$90$120$140$60$70$350*Achildisdefinedasanyonefromtheagesof4yearstounder16years.Childrenunder4yearstravelfree.**Afamilyisdefinedas2adultsandanynumberofchildrenfrom4tounder16years-16-/25ofagefromthesamefamily.71.If5-dayticketsweretoberecommendedtoamotherwhotravelledwithhercolleagueandherchildren,aged3,6and10,whatwouldthelowestcostbe?C.$360.D.$420.(C)ResearchersinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles(UCLA)havediscoveredamajordifferenceinthewaymenandwomenrespondtostress.Thisdifferencemayexplainwhymenaremorelikelytosufferfromstress-relateddisorders.Untilnow,psychologicalresearchhasmaintainedthatbothmenandwomenhavethesame"fight-or-flight"reactiontostress.Inotherwords,individualseitherreactwithaggressivebehavior,suchasverbalorphysicalconflict("fight"),ortheyreactbywithdrawingfromthestressfulsituation("flight").However,theUCLAresearchteamfoundthatmenandwomenhavequitedifferentbiologicalandbehavioralresponsestostress.Whilemenoftenreacttostressinthefight-or-flightresponse,womenoftenhaveanotherkindofreactionwhichcouldbecalled"tendandbefriend."Thatis,theyoftenreacttostressfulconditionsbyprotectingandnurturingtheiryoung("tend"),andbylookingforsocialcontactandsupportfromothers-especiallyotherfemales('befriend").Thestudyalsoshowedhowfathersandmothersrespondeddifferentlywhentheycamehometotheirfamilyafterastressfuldayatwork.Thetypicalfatherwantedtobeleftalonetoenjoysomepeaceandquiet.Foratypicalmother,copingwithabaddayatworkmeantfocusingherattentiononherchildrenandtheirneeds.Thedifferencesinrespondingtostressmayexplainthefactthatwomenhavelowerfrequencyofstress-relateddisorderssuchashighbloodpressureoraggressivebehavior.Thetend-and-befriendregulatory(調(diào)節(jié)的)systemmayprotectwomenagainststress,andthismayexplainwhywomenonaveragelivelongerthanmen.74.Whatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?-18-/25A.Malehormoneshelpbuildupthebody'sresistancetostress.B.Inafamilyamothercaresmoreaboutchildrenthanafatherdoes.C.Biologicaldifferencesleadtodifferentbehavioralresponsestostress.D.TheUCLAstudywasdesignedtoconfirmpreviousresearchfindings.75.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowmenandwomengetoverstressB.HowmenandwomensufferfromstressC.HowresearchersovercomestressproblemsD.Howresearchershandlestress-relateddisordersSectionCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandchoosethemostsuitableheadingfromA-Fforeachparagraph.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneed.A.WhenachildshouldlearntoreadB.WhyitisfuntoteachachildreadingC.Whatifachildhasreadingproblems-19-/25D.HowyouprepareayoungchildforreadingE.WhatisthebestwaytoteachachildreadingF.Whetherreadingearlypromiseslaterachievements76.______________Learningtoreadearlyhasbecomeoneofthoseindicators—inparents'mindsatleast–thattheirchildissmart.Infact,readingearlyhasverylittletodowithwhetherachildissuccessfulacademically.Researchhasshownthatdifficultywithreadingisoftenduenottoinferiorintelligencebuttodifferencesinthedevelopmentalwiringofeachindividualchild.Insomecases,thereareneurologicalproblemsanddevelopmentallagsthatcanbeovercomewithpropertraining.79._______________Youcanstartdevelopingtheskillsneededinreadingataveryyoungagewithoutputtinganypressureonchildren.Besidesreadingtothem,parentscanstart"eartraining"theirchildbyplayingthymegames.Thisdevelopsthechild'sabilitytorecognizedifferentsounds.Inreadingtochildren,parentsalsocanpointtowordsastheygo,teachingthechildthatthefunnylinesonthepagearethewordsyouaresaying.Allthisshouldbeafunactivity.80.______________Onceachildisinschool,thelearningofreadingisinevitablymoreserious.For-20-/25childrenwhohavesomekindofreadingdifficulty,youmustgetaprofessionaldiagnosis.Whiletheteachermightsaythechildismerelydisinterestedbutwillgetoverit,disinterestorpoorperformanceinreadingcanstemfromanumberofthings,somebeingveryspecificlearningdisabilitiesthatcanbeidentifiedandworkedon.Butitisverytrickyforparentstodealwiththeirownchild'slearningdisabilities.77.【答案】ASectionDDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Whilecontactbetweenadolescents(betweentheagesoffifteenandnineteen)andtheirpeers(同齡人)isauniversalcharacteristicofallcultures,thenatureandthedegreeofsuchcontactvaryagreatdeal.InAmericancontemporarysociety,adolescentsspendmuchmoretimewiththeirpeersthanwithyoungerchildrenoradults.-21-/25(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANEIGHTWORDS.)81."Thispatternofagesegreg