國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2010之FCA(中英對(duì)照版)

FreeCarrier貨交承運(yùn)人FCA(insertnamedplaceofdelivery)Incoterms2021貨交承運(yùn)人〔…指定地點(diǎn)〕GUIDANCENOTE序言This

rule

may

be

used

irrespective

of

the

mode

of

transport

selected

and

may

also

be

used

where

more

than

one

mode

of

transport

is

employed.

“Free

Carrier〞

means

that

the

seller

delivers

the

goods

to

the

carrier

or

another

person

nominated

by

the

buyer

at

the

seller’s

premises

or

another

named

place.

The

parties

are

well

advised

to

specify

as

clearly

as

possible

the

point

within

the

named

place

of

delivery,

as

the

risk

passes

to

the

buyer

at

that

point.

If

the

parties

intend

to

deliver

the

goods

at

the

seller’s

premises,

they

should

identify

the

address

of

those

premises

as

the

named

place

of

delivery.

If,

on

the

other

hand,

the

parties

intend

the

goods

to

be

delivered

at

another

place,

they

must

identify

a

different

specific

place

of

delivery.

FCA

requires

the

seller

to

clear

the

goods

for

export,

where

applicable.

However,

the

seller

has

no

obligation

to

clear

the

goods

for

import,

pay

any

import

duty

or

carry

out

any

import

customs

formalities.

該術(shù)語(yǔ)適用于所選擇的任一運(yùn)輸方式，也可被用于多式聯(lián)運(yùn)?！癋reeCarrier〞是指賣(mài)方只要將貨物在其所在地或指定交貨地點(diǎn)交給買(mǎi)方指定的承運(yùn)人，即完成交貨。當(dāng)事人應(yīng)盡可能精準(zhǔn)地指定交付地點(diǎn)，因?yàn)榈竭_(dá)指定地點(diǎn)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由買(mǎi)方承當(dāng)。如果當(dāng)事人方案在賣(mài)方所在地交貨，那么應(yīng)指明賣(mài)方所在地的地址為指定的交付地點(diǎn)。如果當(dāng)事人方案在另一地點(diǎn)交貨，那么應(yīng)指明另一明確的交貨地點(diǎn)。FCA要求在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)由賣(mài)方負(fù)責(zé)貨物出口清關(guān)。然而，賣(mài)方并沒(méi)有義務(wù)辦理貨物進(jìn)口清關(guān)、負(fù)擔(dān)任何進(jìn)口關(guān)稅或辦理任何進(jìn)口海關(guān)手續(xù)。ATHESELLER’

OBLIGATIONS賣(mài)方義務(wù)A1Generalobligationsoftheseller賣(mài)方根本義務(wù)The

seller

must

provide

the

goods

and

the

commercial

invoice

in

conformity

with

the

contract

of

sale

and

any

other

evidence

of

conformity

that

may

be

required

by

the

contract.

Any

document

referred

to

in

A1-A10

may

be

an

equivalent

electronic

record

or

procedure

if

agreed

between

the

parties

or

customary.

賣(mài)方必須提供符合銷(xiāo)售合同規(guī)定的貨物和商業(yè)發(fā)票以及按照合同約定必需的有同等作用的其他任何憑證。以及經(jīng)當(dāng)事人同意或根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣在A1-A10中提到的任何有同等作用的電子記錄或程序的憑證。A2Licences,authorizations,securityclearancesandotherformalities許可，授權(quán)，平安許可和其他正式手續(xù)Where

applicable,

the

seller

must

obtain,

at

its

own

risk

and

expense,

any

export

licence

or

other

official

authorization

and

carry

out

all

customs

formalities

necessary

for

the

export

of

the

goods.

在需要辦理清關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，賣(mài)方必須承當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用獲得任何出口許可或其他官方授權(quán)，辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)。A3Contractsofcarriageandinsurance運(yùn)輸合同和保險(xiǎn)合同a)Contractofcarriage運(yùn)輸合同The

seller

has

no

obligation

to

the

buyer

to

make

a

contract

of

carriage.

However,

if

requested

by

the

buyer

or

if

it

is

commercial

practice

and

the

buyer

does

not

give

an

instruction

to

the

contrary

in

due

time,

the

seller

may

contract

for

carriage

on

usual

terms

at

the

buyer’s

risk

and

expense.

In

either

case,

the

seller

may

decline

to

make

the

contract

of

carriage

and,

if

it

does,

shall

promptly

notify

the

buyer.

賣(mài)方?jīng)]有義務(wù)為買(mǎi)方訂立運(yùn)輸合同。但假設(shè)買(mǎi)方要求，或者如果是商業(yè)慣例而買(mǎi)方未適時(shí)給予賣(mài)方相反指示，那么賣(mài)方可按照通常條件訂立運(yùn)輸合同，費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由買(mǎi)方承當(dāng)。在任何一種情況下，賣(mài)方都可以拒絕訂立此合同；如果拒絕，那么應(yīng)立即通知買(mǎi)方。b)Contractofinsurance保險(xiǎn)合同The

seller

has

no

obligation

to

the

buyer

to

make

a

contract

of

insurance.

However,

the

seller

must

provide

the

buyer,

at

the

buyer’s

request,

risk,

and

expense

(if

any),

with

information

that

the

buyer

needs

for

obtaining

insurance.

賣(mài)方?jīng)]有義務(wù)為買(mǎi)方訂立保險(xiǎn)合同。但應(yīng)買(mǎi)方要求并由其承當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用，賣(mài)方必須提供應(yīng)買(mǎi)方辦理保險(xiǎn)所需的相關(guān)信息。A4Delivery交貨The

seller

must

deliver

the

goods

to

the

carrier

or

another

person

nominated

by

the

buyer

at

the

agreed

point,

if

any,

at

the

named

place

on

the

agreed

date

or

within

the

agreed

period.

賣(mài)方必須在指定的交貨地點(diǎn)，在約定的交貨日期或期限內(nèi)，將貨物交付給買(mǎi)方指定的承運(yùn)人或其他人。Deliveryiscompleted:交貨在以下時(shí)候完成：a)

If

the

named

place

is

the

seller’s

premises,

when

the

goods

have

been

loaded

on

the

means

of

transport

provided

by

the

buyer.

假設(shè)指定的地點(diǎn)是賣(mài)方所在地，那么當(dāng)貨物被裝上買(mǎi)方提供的運(yùn)輸工具時(shí)；b)

In

any

other

case,

when

the

goods

are

placed

at

the

disposal

of

the

carrier

or

another

person

nominated

by

the

buyer

on

the

seller’s

means

of

transport

ready

for

unloading.

If

no

specific

point

has

been

notified

by

the

buyer

under

B7

d)

within

the

named

place

of

delivery,

and

if

there

are

several

points

available,

the

seller

may

select

the

point

that

best

suits

its

purpose.

在其他情況下，當(dāng)貨物在賣(mài)方的運(yùn)輸工具上準(zhǔn)備卸貨而交給買(mǎi)方指定的承運(yùn)人或其他人處置時(shí)完成交貨。假設(shè)按照B7d)規(guī)定在指定交貨地點(diǎn)內(nèi)買(mǎi)方?jīng)]有決定具體交貨點(diǎn)，且有幾個(gè)具體交貨點(diǎn)可供選擇時(shí)，賣(mài)方可選擇最適合其目的的交貨點(diǎn)。A5Transferofrisks風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移The

seller

bears

all

risks

of

loss

of

or

damage

to

the

goods

until

they

have

been

delivered

in

accordance

with

A4,

with

the

exception

of

loss

or

damage

in

the

circumstances

described

in

B5.

除B5規(guī)定者外，賣(mài)方必須承當(dāng)貨物滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，直至已按照A4規(guī)定交貨為止。A6Allocationofcosts費(fèi)用劃分Thesellermustpay賣(mài)方必須支付：a)

all

costs

relating

to

the

goods

until

they

have

been

delivered

in

accordance

with

A4,

other

than

those

payable

by

the

buyer

as

envisaged

in

B6;

and

b)

where

applicable,

the

costs

of

customs

formalities

necessary

for

export,

as

well

as

all

duties,

taxes,and

other

charges

payable

upon

export.

除按照B6規(guī)定應(yīng)由買(mǎi)方支付的費(fèi)用外，賣(mài)方必須支付與貨物有關(guān)的一切費(fèi)用，直至已按照A4規(guī)定交貨為止；在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物出口應(yīng)辦理的海關(guān)手續(xù)費(fèi)用及出口應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用。A7Noticestothebuyer通知買(mǎi)方The

seller

must,

at

the

buyer’s

risk

and

expense,

give

the

buyer

sufficient

notice

either

that

the

goods

have

been

delivered

in

accordance

with

A4

or

that

the

carrier

or

another

person

nominated

by

the

buyer

has

failed

to

take

the

goods

within

the

time

agreed.

在貨物已按照A4規(guī)定交付給承運(yùn)人或在約定時(shí)間內(nèi)買(mǎi)方指定的承運(yùn)人或其他人未能接收貨物時(shí)，賣(mài)方必須給予買(mǎi)方充分通知，由買(mǎi)方承當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用。A8Deliverydocument交貨憑證The

seller

must

provide

the

buyer,

at

the

seller’s

expense,

with

the

usual

proof

that

the

goods

have

been

delivered

in

accordance

with

A4.

The

seller

must

provide

assistance

to

the

buyer,

at

the

buyer’s

request,

risk

and

expense,

in

obtaining

a

transport

document.

賣(mài)方必須自付費(fèi)用向買(mǎi)方提供證明按照A4規(guī)定交貨的通常單據(jù)。應(yīng)買(mǎi)方要求并由其承當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用，賣(mài)方必須給予買(mǎi)方協(xié)助以取得運(yùn)輸單據(jù)。A9Checking

–packaging

–marking查對(duì)、包裝、標(biāo)記The

seller

must

pay

the

costs

of

those

checking

operations

(such

as

checking

quality,

measuring,

weighing,

counting)

that

are

necessary

for

the

purpose

of

delivering

the

goods

in

accordance

with

A4,

as

well

as

the

costs

of

any

pre-shipment

inspection

mandated

by

the

authority

of

the

country

of

export.

The

seller

must,

at

its

own

expense,

package

the

goods,

unless

it

is

usual

for

the

particular

trade

to

transport

the

type

of

goods

sold

unpackaged.

The

seller

may

package

the

goods

in

the

manner

appropriate

for

their

transport,

unless

the

buyer

has

notified

the

seller

of

specific

packaging

requirements

before

the

contract

of

sale

is

concluded.

Packaging

is

to

be

marked

appropriately.

賣(mài)方必須支付按照A4規(guī)定為了將貨物交給買(mǎi)方處置所需進(jìn)行的查對(duì)費(fèi)用〔如查對(duì)貨物品質(zhì)、丈量、過(guò)磅、點(diǎn)數(shù)的費(fèi)用〕以及出口國(guó)有關(guān)當(dāng)局在裝運(yùn)前強(qiáng)制檢驗(yàn)的費(fèi)用。賣(mài)方必須自付費(fèi)用包裝貨物，除非按照相關(guān)行業(yè)慣例，所售類(lèi)型的貨物通常無(wú)需包裝發(fā)運(yùn)。賣(mài)方應(yīng)該按照有關(guān)貨物運(yùn)輸所要求的方式包裝貨物，除非買(mǎi)方在訂立合同前已經(jīng)通知賣(mài)方特殊的包裝要求。包裝應(yīng)作適當(dāng)標(biāo)記。A10Assistancewithinformationandrelatedcosts信息協(xié)助及相關(guān)費(fèi)用The

seller

must,

where

applicable,

in

a

timely

manner,

provide

to

or

render

assistance

in

obtaining

for

the

buyer,

at

the

buyer’s

request,

risk

and

expense,

any

documents

and

information,

including

security-related

information,

that

the

buyer

needs

for

the

import

of

the

goods

and/or

for

their

transport

to

the

final

destination.

The

seller

must

reimburse

the

buyer

for

all

costs

and

charges

incurred

by

the

buyer

in

providing

or

rendering

assistance

in

obtaining

documents

and

information

as

envisaged

in

B10.

應(yīng)買(mǎi)方要求并由其承當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用，在需要辦理清關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，賣(mài)方必須給予買(mǎi)方一切及時(shí)的協(xié)助，以幫助其取得包括買(mǎi)方為進(jìn)口貨物和/或?yàn)槭关浳镞\(yùn)輸?shù)阶罱K目的地所需的有關(guān)貨物平安信息在內(nèi)的任何憑證和信息。賣(mài)方必須償付買(mǎi)方按照B10規(guī)定在賣(mài)方獲得相關(guān)憑證和信息時(shí)給予協(xié)助所發(fā)生的費(fèi)用。BTHEBUYER’

OBLIGATIONS買(mǎi)方義務(wù)B1Generalobligationsofthebuyer賣(mài)方根本義務(wù)Thebuyermustpaythepriceofthegoodsasprovidedinthecontractofsale.買(mǎi)方必須按照銷(xiāo)售合同規(guī)定支付價(jià)款。Any

document

referred

to

in

B1-B10

may

be

an

equivalent

electronic

record

or

procedure

if

agreed

between

the

parties

or

customary.

以及經(jīng)當(dāng)事人同意或根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣在B1-B10中提到的任何有同等作用的電子記錄或程序的憑證。B2Licences,authorizations,securityclearancesandotherformalities許可，授權(quán)，平安許可和其他正式手續(xù)Where

applicable,

it

is

up

to

the

buyer

to

obtain,

at

its

own

risk

and

expense,

any

import

licence

or

other

official

authorization

and

carry

out

all

customs

formalities

for

the

import

of

the

goods

and

for

their

transport

through

any

country.

在需要辦理清關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，由買(mǎi)方自擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用獲得任何進(jìn)口許可或其他官方授權(quán)，并負(fù)責(zé)辦理貨物進(jìn)口和從他國(guó)過(guò)境的一切海關(guān)手續(xù)。B3Contractsofcarriageandinsurance運(yùn)輸合同和保險(xiǎn)合同a)Contractofcarriage運(yùn)輸合同The

buyer

must

contract

at

its

own

expense

for

the

carriage

of

the

goods

from

the

named

place

of

delivery,

except

when

the

contract

of

carriage

is

made

by

the

seller

as

provided

for

in

A3

a).

買(mǎi)方必須自付費(fèi)用訂立自指定的地點(diǎn)運(yùn)輸貨物的合同，賣(mài)方按照A3a〕訂立了運(yùn)輸合同時(shí)除外。b)Contractofinsurance保險(xiǎn)合同Thebuyerhasnoobligationtothesellertomakeacontractofinsurance.買(mǎi)方?jīng)]有義務(wù)為賣(mài)方訂立保險(xiǎn)合同。B4Takingdelivery受領(lǐng)貨物The

buyer

must

take

delivery

of

the

goods

when

they

have

been

delivered

as

envisaged

in

A4.

Unless

the

buyer

notifies

the

seller

otherwise,

the

seller

may

deliver

the

goods

for

carriage

in

such

a

manner

as

the

quantity

and/or

nature

of

the

goods

may

require.

買(mǎi)方必須在賣(mài)方按照A4規(guī)定交貨時(shí)，受領(lǐng)貨物。除非買(mǎi)方提出特殊要求，否那么賣(mài)方可以按照貨物本身的數(shù)量和性質(zhì)要求選擇貨物的運(yùn)輸方式。B5Transferofrisks風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移The

buyer

bears

all

risks

of

loss

of

or

damage

to

the

goods

from

the

time

they

have

been

delivered

as

envisaged

in

A4.

買(mǎi)方必須承當(dāng)自按照A4規(guī)定交貨之時(shí)起貨物滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；如果If

a)

the

buyer

fails

in

accordance

with

B7

to

notify

the

nomination

of

a

carrier

or

another

person

as

envisaged

in

A4

or

to

give

notice;

or

買(mǎi)方未按照B7規(guī)定給予賣(mài)方相應(yīng)通知b)

the

carrier

or

person

nominated

by

the

buyer

as

envisaged

in

A4

fails

to

take

the

goods

into

its

charge,

then,

the

buyer

bears

all

risks

of

loss

of

or

damage

to

the

goods:

(i)

from

the

agreed

date,

or

in

the

absence

of

an

agreed

date,

(ii)

from

the

date

notified

by

the

seller

under

A7

within

the

agreed

period;

or,

if

no

such

date

has

been

notified,

(iii)

from

the

expiry

date

of

any

agreed

period

for

delivery,

provided

that

the

goods

have

been

clearly

identified

as

the

contract

goods.

當(dāng)自約定的交貨日期或并未約定日期；自買(mǎi)方按照A7規(guī)定指定的約定期限內(nèi)的日期起或買(mǎi)方并未指定該日期；或自交貨期限屆滿(mǎn)之日起〔但以該項(xiàng)貨物已正式劃歸合同項(xiàng)下為限〕，買(mǎi)方指定的承運(yùn)人或其他人未能接管貨物時(shí)，買(mǎi)方承當(dāng)貨物滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。B6Allocationofcosts費(fèi)用劃分Thebuyermustpay買(mǎi)方必須支付：a)

all

costs

relating

to

the

goods

from

the

time

they

have

been

delivered

as

envisaged

in

A4,

except,

where

applicable,

the

costs

of

customs

formalities

necessary

for

export,

as

well

as

all

duties,

taxes,

and

other

charges

payable

upon

export

as

referred

to

in

A6

b);

自按照A4規(guī)定交貨之時(shí)起與貨物有關(guān)的一切費(fèi)用，以及在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物出口所需辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的費(fèi)用和按照A6b)規(guī)定在貨物出口時(shí)應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用b)

any

additional

costs

incurred,

either

because:

(i)

the

buyer

fails

to

nominate

a

carrier

or

another

person

as

envisaged

in

A4,

or

(ii)

the

carrier

or

person

nominated

by

the

buyer

as

envisaged

in

A4

fails

to

take

the

goods

into

its

charge,

or

(iii)

the

buyer

has

failed

to

give

appropriate

notice

in

accordance

with

B7,

provided

that

the

goods

have

been

clearly

identified

as

the

contract

goods;

and

在買(mǎi)方未能按照A4規(guī)定指定承運(yùn)人或其他人，或被買(mǎi)方指定的承運(yùn)人或其他人未能按照A4規(guī)定接管貨物，或買(mǎi)方未能按照B7規(guī)定給予賣(mài)方適當(dāng)通知〔但以該項(xiàng)貨物已正式劃歸合同項(xiàng)下為限〕時(shí)，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)承當(dāng)所發(fā)生的一切額外費(fèi)用c)

where

applicable,

all

duties,

taxes

and

other

charges

as

well

as

the

costs

of

carrying

out

customs

formalities

payable

upon

import

of

the

goods

and

the

costs

for

their

transport

through

any

country.

在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物進(jìn)口應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用，以及辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的費(fèi)用及從他國(guó)過(guò)境的費(fèi)用B7Noticestotheseller通知賣(mài)方Thebuyermustnotifythesellerof買(mǎi)方必須通知賣(mài)方以下事項(xiàng)：a)

the

name

of

the

carrier

or

another

person

nominated

as

envisaged

in

A4

within

sufficient

time

as

to

enable

the

seller

to

deliver

the

goods

in

accordance

with

that

article;

按照A4規(guī)定及時(shí)通知其所指定的承運(yùn)人或其他人的姓名，以便賣(mài)方有充分時(shí)間按照合同規(guī)定交付貨物b)wherenecessary,theselectedtimewithintheperiodagreedfordeliverywhenthecarrierorpersonnominatedwilltakethegoods;一旦買(mǎi)方有權(quán)確定在約定的期限內(nèi)承運(yùn)人或被指定的其他人受領(lǐng)貨物的具體時(shí)間時(shí)，必須給予賣(mài)方通知c)themodeoftransporttobeusedbythepersonnominated;and買(mǎi)方所指定的承運(yùn)人采用的運(yùn)輸方式d)thepointoftakingdeliverywithinthenamedplace.和指定交貨地點(diǎn)內(nèi)的具體受領(lǐng)貨物的地點(diǎn)B8Proofofdelivery交貨證明ThebuyermustaccepttheproofofdeliveryprovidedasenvisagedinA8.買(mǎi)方必須接受賣(mài)方按照A8規(guī)定所提供的交貨證明B9Inspectionofgoods貨物檢驗(yàn)The

buyer

must

pay

the

costs

of

any

mandatory

pre-shipment

inspection,

except

when

such

inspection

is

mandated

by

the

authorities

of

the

country

of

export.

買(mǎi)方必須支付任何裝運(yùn)前強(qiáng)制檢驗(yàn)的費(fèi)用，包括出口國(guó)有關(guān)當(dāng)局強(qiáng)制進(jìn)行的檢驗(yàn)。B10Assistancewithinformationandrelatedcosts信息協(xié)助及相關(guān)費(fèi)用The

buyer

must,

in

a

timely

manner,

advise

the

seller

of

any

security

information

requirements

so

that

the

seller

may

comply

with

A10.

The

buyer

must

reimburse

the

seller

for

all

costs

and

charges

incurred

by

the

seller

in

providing

or

rendering

assistance

in

obtaining

documents

and

information

as

envisaged

in

A10.

The

buyer

must,

where

applicable,

in

a

timely

manner,

provide

to

or

render

assistance

in

obtaining

for

the

seller,

at

the

seller’s

request,

risk

and

expense,

any

documents

and

information,

including

security-related

information,

that

the

seller

needs

for

the

transport

and

export

of

the

goods

and

for

their

transport

through

any

country.

買(mǎi)方必須及時(shí)通知賣(mài)方以便其按照A10規(guī)定提供任何必要的平安信息。買(mǎi)方必須償付賣(mài)方按照A10規(guī)定在買(mǎi)方獲得相關(guān)憑證和信息時(shí)給予協(xié)助所發(fā)生的費(fèi)用。應(yīng)賣(mài)方要求并由其承當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用，在需要辦理清關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，買(mǎi)方必須給予賣(mài)方一切及時(shí)的協(xié)助，以幫助其取得包括賣(mài)方為貨物運(yùn)輸和出口和必要時(shí)從他國(guó)過(guò)境所需的有關(guān)貨物平安信息在內(nèi)的任何憑證和信息。

論大學(xué)生寫(xiě)作能力寫(xiě)作能力是對(duì)自己所積累的信息進(jìn)行選擇、提取、加工、改造并將之形成為書(shū)面文字的能力。積累是寫(xiě)作的基礎(chǔ)，積累越厚實(shí)，寫(xiě)作就越有基礎(chǔ)，文章就能根深葉茂開(kāi)奇葩。沒(méi)有積累，胸?zé)o點(diǎn)墨，怎么也不會(huì)寫(xiě)出作文來(lái)的。寫(xiě)作能力是每個(gè)大學(xué)生必須具備的能力。從目前高校整體情況上看，大學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作能力較為欠缺。一、大學(xué)生應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作能力的定義那么，大學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作能力究竟是指什么呢？葉圣陶先生曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，“大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不一定能寫(xiě)小說(shuō)詩(shī)歌，但是一定要寫(xiě)工作和生活中實(shí)用的文章，而且非寫(xiě)得既通順又扎實(shí)不可?！睂?duì)于大學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作能力應(yīng)包含什么，可能有多種理解，但從葉圣陶先生的談話(huà)中，我認(rèn)為：大學(xué)生寫(xiě)作能力應(yīng)包括應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作能力和文學(xué)寫(xiě)作能力，而前者是必須的，后者是“不一定”要具備，能具備則更好。眾所周知，對(duì)于大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，是要寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文的，我認(rèn)為寫(xiě)作論文的能力可以包含在應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作能力之中。大學(xué)生寫(xiě)作能力的體現(xiàn)，也往往是在撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文中集中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。本科畢業(yè)論文無(wú)論是對(duì)于學(xué)生個(gè)人還是對(duì)于院系和學(xué)校來(lái)說(shuō)，都是十分重要的。如何提高本科畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量和水平，就成為教育行政部門(mén)和高校都很重視的一個(gè)重要課題。如何提高大學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作能力的問(wèn)題必須得到社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注，并且提出對(duì)策去實(shí)施解決。二、造成大學(xué)生應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作困境的原因：（一）大學(xué)寫(xiě)作課開(kāi)設(shè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理。就目前中國(guó)多數(shù)高校的學(xué)科設(shè)置來(lái)看，除了中文專(zhuān)業(yè)會(huì)系統(tǒng)開(kāi)設(shè)寫(xiě)作的系列課程外，其他專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生都只開(kāi)設(shè)了普及性的《大學(xué)語(yǔ)文》課。學(xué)生寫(xiě)作能力的提高是一項(xiàng)艱巨復(fù)雜的任務(wù)，而我們的課程設(shè)置僅把這一任務(wù)交給了大學(xué)語(yǔ)文教師，可大學(xué)語(yǔ)文教師既要在有限課時(shí)時(shí)間內(nèi)普及相關(guān)經(jīng)典名著知識(shí)，又要適度提高學(xué)生的鑒賞能力，且要教會(huì)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作規(guī)律并提高寫(xiě)作能力，任務(wù)之重實(shí)難完成。（二）對(duì)實(shí)用寫(xiě)作的普遍性不重視?！按髮W(xué)語(yǔ)文”教育已經(jīng)被嚴(yán)重地“邊緣化”。目前對(duì)中國(guó)語(yǔ)文的態(tài)度淡漠，而是呈現(xiàn)出全民學(xué)英語(yǔ)的大好勢(shì)頭。中小學(xué)如此，大學(xué)更是如此。對(duì)我們的母語(yǔ)中國(guó)語(yǔ)文，在大學(xué)反而被漠視，沒(méi)有相關(guān)的課程的設(shè)置，沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練。這其實(shí)是國(guó)人的一種偏見(jiàn)。應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作有它自身的規(guī)律和方法。一個(gè)人學(xué)問(wèn)很大，會(huì)寫(xiě)小說(shuō)、詩(shī)歌、戲劇等，但如果不曉得應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作的特點(diǎn)和方法，他就寫(xiě)不好應(yīng)用文。（三）部分大學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度不端正。