托福閱讀真題Sumerian contribution練習與答案

經典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網絡整理，如有侵權，請聯系刪除，謝謝！D.expansive【Paragraph1】Beforeabout4500B.C.,lowerMesopotamia,theregionbetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversjustnorthofthePersianGulf,wasmuchlessdenselypopulatedthanotherinhabitedregionsoftheNearandMiddleEast.Itsmarshysoil,subjecttoannualinundations(floods)fromtherivers,wasnotsuitedtotheprimitivehoecultureofearlyagriculture,inwhichlandwascultivatedwithoutdomesticanimalsorbeasts.Moreover,thelandwasvirtuallytreelessandlackedbuildingstoneandmineralresources.Duringthenextthousandyears,however,thisunpromisingareabecametheseatofSumer,thefirstgreatcivilizationknowntohistory,withlargeconcentrationsofpeople,bustlingcities,monumentalarchitecture,andawealthofreligious,artistic,andliterarytraditionsthatinfluencedotherancientcivilizationsforthousandsofyears.Theexactsequenceofeventsthatledtothisculminationisunknown,butitisclearthattheeconomicbasisofthisfirstcivilizationlayinitshighly【Paragraph2ThenaturalfertilityoftherichblacksoilwasrenewedannuallybythesiltleftfromthespringfloodsoftheTigrisandEuphratesrivers.Harnessingitsfullproductivepower,however,requiredanelaboratesystemofdrainageandirrigation,whichinturnrequiredalargeandwell-disciplinedworkforceaswellasskilledmanagementandsupervision.Thelatterweresuppliedbyaclassofpriestsandwarriorswhoruledalargepopulationofpeasantsandartisans.Throughtaxationandothermeanstherulersextractedwealthfromthepopulationandthenusedittoconstructtemplesandotherpublicbuildingsandtocreateworksofart.Thatgavethem(orsomeofthem)theleisuretoperfecttheotherrefinementsofcivilization.6.Thephrasescarcityofinthepassage【Paragraph3Theriseofcivilizationeconomicorganization.Full-timeartisansspecializedinthemanufactureoftextilesandpottery,metalworking,andothercrafts.Theprofessionsofarchitecture,engineering,andmedicine,amongothers,wereborn.Weightsandmeasureswereinvented,andprimitiveformsofscienceemerged.SinceSumerwasvirtuallydevoidofnaturalresourcesotherthanitsrichsoil,ittradedwithotherpeople,therebycontributingtothediffusionofSumeriancivilization.Thescarcityofstone,fortoolsaswellasforbuildings,probablyhastenedtheadoptionofcopperandbronze.Copper,atleast,wasalreadyknownbeforetheriseofSumeriancivilization,butlackofwidespreaduse.InSumeriancities,ontheotherhand,stoneimportedbyseathroughthePersianGulffromOmananddownriverfromthemountainsofAnatoliaandtheCaucasushadtocompetewithimportedcopper,andthelatterprovedmoreeconomicalandeffectiveforavarietyofuses.B.ThediscoveryofcopperThereaftermetallurgy,thetechnologyofseparatingmetalsfromtheiroresandpurifyingthem,wasregardedasoneofthehallmarksofcivilization.B.Sumeriancitiescompetedwithtraderselsewheretoproducecopperthatwasmoreeconomicalandusefulthanstone.10.Inparagraph4,whydoestheauthor【Paragraph4】Sumer’sgreatestcontributiontosubsequentcivilizations,theinventionofwriting,likewisegrewoutofeconomicnecessity.Theearlycities—Eridu,Ur,Uruk,andLagash—weretemplecities:botheconomicandreligiousorganizationscenteredonthetempleofthelocalpatrondeity,representedbyapriestlyhierarchy.Membersofthehierarchydirectedtheconstructionandmaintenanceofirrigationanddrainagesystems,oversawagriculturalactivities,andsupervisedthecollectionofproduceastaxationortribute(moneyorotherwealthgivenasasignofsubmissionorinreturnforprotection).Theneedtokeeprecordsofthesourcesandusesofthistributeledtotheuseofsimplepictographsonclaytabletssometimebefore3000B.C.Byabout2800B.C.thepictographshadbeenstylizedintothesystemofwritingknownascuneiform(usingwedge-shapedmarksonclay),adistinctivecharacteristicofMesopotamiancivilization.Itisoneofthefewexamplesinhistoryofasignificantinnovationissuingfromabureaucraticorganization.12.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichof【Paragraph5Althoughwritingoriginatedinresponsetotheneedforadministrativebookkeeping,itsoonfoundmultiplereligious,literary,andeconomicuses.Inalaterphaseofdevelopment,afterthestricttemple-centeredorganizationoftheeconomyhadgivenwaytogreaterfreedomofenterprise,claytabletswereusedforrecordingthedetailsofcontracts,debts,andothercommercialandfinancialtransactions.13.Lookatthefoursquares[]that【Paragraph3Theriseofcivilizationindicatewherethefollowingsentencebroughtwithitafarmorecomplexcanbeaddedtothepassage.Forexample,theSumerianslearnedtoeconomicorganization.■Full-timeusethepositionofthestarsandplanetsartisansspecializedinthemanufacturetopredictweatherandfortravelingatoftextilesandpottery,metalworking,andothercrafts.■Theprofessionsofarchitecture,engineering,andmedicine,amongothers,wereborn.■Weightsandmeasureswereinvented,andprimitiveformsofscienceemerged.■SinceSumerwasvirtuallydevoidofnaturalresourcesotherthanitsrichsoil,ittradedwithotherpeople,therebycontributingtothediffusionofSumeriancivilization.Thescarcityofstone,fortoolsaswellasforbuildings,probablyhastenedtheadoptionofcopperandbronze.Copper,atleast,wasalreadyknownbeforetheriseofSumeriancivilization,butlackofwidespreaduse.InSumeriancities,ontheotherhand,stoneimportedbyseathroughthePersianGulffromOmananddownriverfromthemountainsofAnatoliaandtheCaucasushadtocompetewithimportedcopper,andthelatterprovedmoreeconomicalandeffectiveforavarietyofuses.Thereaftermetallurgy,thetechnologyofseparatingmetalsfromtheiroresandpurifyingthem,wasregardedasoneofthehallmarksofcivilization.14.【Directions】Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.A.Originally,SumeriancultivatedthelowerMesopotamiaregionusingprimitivehoesanddomesticatedanimals.B.ThefloodingoftheTigrisandEuphratesriverscausedpeasantstolooktoreligionforexplanations,resultinginthedevelopmentofalargeclassofpriests.C.Priestsandwarriorsmanagedandsupervisedtheworkforcethatoperatetheelaboratedrainageandirrigationsystemrequiredtomaximizeagriculturalproduction.D.Theemergenceofnewprofessions,sciences,andtechniquesandthedevelopmentoftraderesultingfromSumer’slackofnaturalresourcesleadtoacomplexlaborandeconomicsystem.E.Theneedonthepartofthepriestlyhierarchytokeeptrackofwhohadpaidtaxesandtributeandhowthosewerespentresultedintheinventionofwriting.F.Aswritingbecamemorecomplex,priestsincreasinglyputordinarypeopleinchargeofrunningday-to-dayoperationwithintheSumereconomy.D.expansive【Paragraph1】Beforeabout4500B.C.,lowerMesopotamia,theregionbetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversjustnorthofthePersianGulf,wasmuchlessdenselypopulatedthanotherinhabitedregionsoftheNearandMiddleEast.Itsmarshysoil,subjecttoannualinundations(floods)fromtherivers,wasnotsuitedtotheprimitivehoecultureofearlyagriculture,inwhichlandwascultivatedwithoutdomesticanimalsorbeasts.Moreover,thelandwasvirtuallytreelessandlackedbuildingstoneandmineralresources.however,thisunpromisingareabecametheseatofSumer,thefirstgreatcivilizationknowntohistory,withlargeconcentrationsofpeople,bustlingcities,monumentalarchitecture,andawealthofreligious,artistic,andliterarytraditionsthatinfluencedotherancientcivilizationsforthousandsofyears.Theexactsequenceofeventsthatledtothisculminationisunknown,butitisclearthattheeconomicbasisofthisfirstcivilizationlayinitshighlyproductiveagriculture.【Paragraph2ThenaturalfertilityoftherichblacksoilwasrenewedannuallybythesiltleftfromthespringfloodsoftheTigrisandEuphratesrivers.Harnessingitsfullproductivepower,however,requiredanelaboratesystemB.Itreachedfullproductivityonlywhenofdrainageandirrigation,whichinturnrequiredalargeandwell-disciplinedworkforceaswellasskilledmanagementandsupervision.Thelatterweresuppliedbyaclassofpriestsandwarriorswhoruledalargepopulationofpeasantsandartisans.Throughtaxationandothermeanstherulersextractedwealthfromthepopulationandthenusedittoconstructtemplesandotherpublicbuildingsandtocreateworksofart.Thatgavethem(orsomeofthem)theleisuretoperfecttheotherrefinementsofcivilization.6.Thephrasescarcityofinthepassage【Paragraph3TheriseofcivilizationFull-timeartisansspecializedinthemanufactureoftextilesandpottery,metalworking,andothercrafts.Theprofessionsofarchitecture,engineering,andmedicine,amongothers,wereborn.Weightsandmeasuresweresystematized,mathematicswasinvented,andprimitiveformsofscienceemerged.SinceSumerwasvirtuallydevoidofnaturalresourcesotherthanitsrichsoil,ittradedwithotherpeople,therebycontributingtothediffusionofSumeriancivilization.Thescarcityofstone,fortoolsaswellasforbuildings,probablyhastenedtheadoptionofcopperandbronze.Copper,atleast,wasalreadyknownbeforetheriseofSumeriancivilization,butlackofdemandforitamongtheStoneAgepeasantvillagesinhibiteditsB.Thediscoveryofcopperwidespreaduse.InSumeriancities,ontheotherhand,stoneimportedbyseathroughthePersianGulffromOmananddownriverfromthemountainsofAnatoliaandtheCaucasushadtocompetewithimportedcopper,andthelatter（后者）provedmoreeconomicalandeffectiveforavarietyofuses.句子簡化題，主要是找核心信息一致的選項，核心信息包含邏輯和主干，找主干的時候，注意被指代的部分去掉B.Sumeriancitiescompetedwithtraderselsewheretoproducecopperthatwasmoreeconomicalandusefulthanstone.Thereaftermetallurgy,thetechnologyofseparatingmetalsfromtheiroresandpurifyingthem,wasregardedasoneofthehallmarksofcivilization.10.Inparagraph4,whydoestheauthor【Paragraph4】Sumer’sgreatestcontributiontosubsequentcivilizations,theinventionofwriting,likewisegrewoutofeconomicnecessity.Theearlycities—Eridu,Ur,Uruk,andLagash—weretemplecities:botheconomicandreligiousorganizationscenteredonthetempleofthelocalpatrondeity,representedbyapriestlyhierarchy.Membersofthehierarchydirectedtheconstructionandmaintenanceofirrigationanddrainagesystems,oversawagriculturalactivities,andsupervisedthecollectionofproduceastaxationortribute(moneyorotherwealthgivenasasignofsubmissionorinreturnforprotection).Theneedtokeeprecordsofthesourcesandusesofthistributeledtotheuseofsimplepictographsonclaytabletssometimebefore3000B.C.Byabout2800B.C.thepictographshadbeenstylizedintothesystemofwritingknownascuneiform(usingwedge-shapedmarksonclay),adistinctivecharacteristicofMesopotamiancivilization.Itisoneofthefewexamplesinhistoryofasignificantinnovationissuingfromabureaucraticorganization.12.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichof【Paragraph5Althoughwritingoriginatedinresponsetotheneedforadministrativebookkeeping,itsoonfoundmultiplereligious,literary,andeconomicuses.Inalaterphaseofdevelopment,afterthestricttemple-centeredorganizationoftheeconomyhadgivenwaytogreaterfreedomofenterprise,claytabletswereusedforrecordingthedetailsofcontracts,debts,andothercommercialandfinancialtransactions.13.Lookatthefoursquares[]that【Paragraph3Theriseofcivilizationindicatewherethefollowingsentencebroughtwithitafarmorecomplexcanbeaddedtothepassage.Forexample,theSumerianslearnedtoeconomicorganization.■Full-timeusethepositionofthestarsandplanetsartisansspecializedinthemanufacturetopredictweatherandfortravelingatoftextilesandpottery,metalworking,andothercrafts.■Theprofessionsofarchitecture,engineering,andmedicine,amongothers,wereborn.■Weightsandmeasureswereinvented,andprimitiveformsofscienceemerged.■SinceSumerwasvirtuallydevoidofnaturalresourcesotherthanitsrichsoil,ittradedwithotherpeople,therebycontributingtothediffusionofSumeriancivilization.Thescarcityofstone,fortoolsaswellasforbuildings,probablyhastenedtheadoptionofcopperandbronze.Copper,atleast,wasalreadyknownbeforetheriseofSumeriancivilization,butlackofwidespreaduse.InSumeriancities,ontheotherhand,stoneimportedbyseathroughthePersianGulffromOmananddownriverfromthemountainsofAnatoliaandtheCaucasushadtocompetewithimportedcopper,andthelatterprovedmoreeconomicalandeffectiveforavarietyofuses.Ther