語言學必考名詞解釋

Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityLangue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.Designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.Synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.MostgrammarsareofthiskindArbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.Levelandeachofthetwdevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.Competence:languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.Prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.Prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.Assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.Connotation:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,.totalkaboutthingsincontext.Sense:theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpression,independentofsituationalcontext.Linguisticdeterminism:oneofthetwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis,.languagedeterminesthought.Parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).Interlinguage:thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage,languagesystembetweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.Transfer:theinfluenceofmothertongueuponthesecondlanguage.Whenstructuresofthetwolanguagesaresimilar,wecangetpositivetransferoffacilitation;whenthetwolanguagesaredifferentinstructures,negativetransferofinferenceoccursandresultsinerrors.Perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething,it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.Hyponymy:arelationbetweentowwords,inwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate)isincludedinthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym)Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.<Th>isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated<t>.Both<Th>and<t>areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.Erroranalysis:istheprocessofdeterminingtheincidence,nature,causeandconsequenceofunsuccessfullanguageUtterance:spokenword,statement,orvocalsoundactionofsayingorexpressingsomethingaloudthesimpleutteranceofafewplatitudesuninterruptedchainofspokenorwrittenlanguageInterference:aprocessmorecommonlyknownasnegativetransfer,whichoccurswhenanL1patterisdifferentfromthecounterpartpatternofthetargetlanguage.Predicationanalysis:isawaytoanalyzethemeaningofsentences.Asentence,composedofasubjectandpredicate,isabasicunitformeaninganalysisiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentenceCohesion:referstothewayinwhichtext“hangtogether";totheresourceswithinlanguagethathelprelateideasandinformationandmakelinksbetweendifferentpartsofatextPolysemy:wordshavetwoormorethantwosensesSpeechact:referstoanactionperformedbytheuseofanutterance.Linguistics:generally,itisdefinedasthescientificstudyofthelanguagePhonetics:isthestudyofproductionofspeechsoundsSemantics:isgenerallydefinedasthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits.tobemorespecific,themeaningwithwhichlinguististsareconcernedisdefinedaslinguisticsemantics語言學考試范圍DoesthetrafficlighthavedualityExplainthereasons.ICanalyzesthesentencestructurewithbracketsoratreediagram.LovelyJaneranaway.WhatareLeech’sseventypesofmeaningConceptualmeaning.Connotativemeaning.Socialmeaning.Affectivemeaning.Reflectedmeaning.Collocativemeaning.ThematicmeaningWhatarethedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammarExplainsurfacestructureanddeepstructure.WhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningWhatarethefourmaximsoftheCPAnalyzethestructureofasyllable.Giveoneexampletoillustrate.Explainthetwoterms“sense”and"reference”andwhatistheirrelationshipWhatarethedifferencesbetweenerrorsandmistakesWhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningWhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningThenamingtheory命名論Oneoftheoldestnotionsconverningmeanings,andalsoaveryprimitiveone,wasthenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelforthings命名論是最原始的語義理論，該理論是把詞看作所指事物的名稱。Thelimitationsofthenamingtheory:Firstofall,thenamingtheoryseemsapplicabletonounsonly.Nounscanbeconsideredasnamesorlabels,butverbs,adjectives,andadverbs,suchas“think”“hard”“slowly”aredefinitelynotlabelsofobjects.b.Besides,withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworldatallsuchas“ghost”“dragon”“unicorn”andalsonounsthatdonotdenoteconcretethings,butabstractnotionssuchas“joy”“impulse”.命名論只能適用于名詞，對于動詞、形容詞、副詞就無法解釋了。即使是在愛名詞范圍內(nèi)也無法解釋世界上本不存在的東西，例如“ghost”"dragon”"unicorn”之類和一些抽象的概念，例如“高興joy”“沖動impulse”等。theconceptualistview意念論Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.,betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.意念論認為詞匯與該詞匯所指的事物之間的關(guān)系不是直接的，而是間接的，是靠人腦中的意念來連接的。詞匯是通過意念來指稱事物，意念便是詞匯的意義。TheconceptualistviewisbestillustratedbytheclassicsemantictriangleortriangleofsignificancesuggestedbyOdgenandRichards.意念論可由著名的語義三角形來表述。語義三角形是論述和解釋語義現(xiàn)象的一種經(jīng)典理論。SemantictriangleProposedbyOgden&Richardsintheir“TheMeaningofMeaning”.Theysawtherelationshipbetweenthewordandthethingitreferstoisnotdirect.It’smediatedbyconcept.thoughtorreferencesymbolreferentInthisdiagram,thesymbolorformreferstolinguisticelements(words,phrases),thereferentreferstothethingsintherealworld,andthoughtorreferencerefersto“concept”..Thedogovertherelooksunfriendly.Theword"dog”isdirectlyassociatedwithacertainconceptinourmind,.whata"dog”islike,butitisnotdirectlylinkedtothereferent(theparticulardog)inthisparticularcase.Thus,thesymbolofawordsignifiesthingbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindofthespeakerofalanguage,andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.OgdenandRichardspresentedtheclassic“SemanticTriangle”asmanifestedinthefollowingdiagram,inwhichthe“symbol”or“form”referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.),the“referent”referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought”or“reference”referstoconceptornotion.Thus,thesymbolawordsignifies“things”byvirtueofthe“concept”，associatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindofthespeakerofthelanguage.The“concept”thusconsideredismeaningoftheword語義三角形最大的問題在于詞語與所指事物沒有必然的聯(lián)系。同一個事物可能或者可以用不同的詞來表示。contextualism語境論Whatiscontextualism“Contextualism”isbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfrom,orreduceitto,observablecontext:the“situationalcontext”andthe“l(fā)inguisticcontext”.語境論認為語言的意義離不開使用語言的語境，語義存在與語境之中。語義不是抽象的，它是由語境所決定的。Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatial-temporalsituation,asthefollowingfactorsarerelatedtothesituationalcontext:它的前提