材料科學基礎(chǔ)英文版

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OutlineIntroductionEffectofmaterialsdevelopmentontheautomotiveindustryEffectofmaterialsdevelopmentonthepowergenerationindustryEffectofmaterialsdevelopmentontheaeronauticalindustry

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MaterialsarefundamentalsofhumanbeingcivilizationBronzeAge~2500yearsagoStoneAge~5000yearsagoIronAgeAfter~BC770

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Thehumanbeingsocietydevelopsinfightingthenature.Humancanmakeandusetools,butanimalscannot.ThisisthemaindifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsThetoolsaremadeofmaterials

牛牛文庫文檔分享第4頁/共53頁FirstIndustrialRevolution

TheFirstIndustrialRevolutionbeganinEnglandinthelate18thcentury,followinginthewakeofJamesWattandhissteamengineSteamengineshipSteamenginetrainSteamblastfurnaceinthemetallurgicalindustry)Steam-relatedmachinesinthecoalmineindustrySteamhammer,steamlathe,etc.inmechanicalindustry

牛牛文庫文檔分享第5頁/共53頁SecondIndustrialRevolution

TheSecondIndustrialRevolutionbeganinthelate19thcentury,characterizedbythefollowinginventionsElectricitygenerator(ACandDC)Motor(ACandDC)ElectriclightWirecommunication(Telephone)Wirelesscommunication(Telegram)TelevisionGasengine(Internalcombustionengine)

牛牛文庫文檔分享第6頁/共53頁ThirdIndustrialRevolution

TheThirdIndustrialRevolutionbeganinthelate20thcentury,characterizedbythefollowinginventionsModerncomputerInformationtechnologyNanotechnologyNetworkLasertechnologyModernaeronauticaltechnologySpacetechnology(Rocket,satellite,spaceship,etc.)

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Developmentoftheindustrieswhicharecloselyrelatedtoourmodernsociety,e.g.,theautomotiveindustry,thepowerindustry,andtheaeronauticalindustry,ismainlydeterminedbythedevelopmentofmaterialsResearchanddevelopment(R&D)ofadvancedmaterialsisameasureoftheprogressinscienceandtechnologyofacountry

牛牛文庫文檔分享第8頁/共53頁WastegasemissionfromvehiclesisoneofthemajorairpollutionsourcesinShenzhen

牛牛文庫文檔分享第9頁/共53頁WastegasemissionduetopowergenerationisalsooneofthemajorairpollutionsourcesinShenzhen

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EffectofmaterialsdevelopmentontheautomotiveindustryPollutionconsideration-~20%ofpollutionfromvehiclesindevelopedcountries-reducingemissionofwastegasbyreducingconsumptionoffuels-lighteningthevehicle2.Developmentofproperlightmaterialstolightenthevehicles

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Developmentofhighstrengthandcreep-resistantmagnesium(1.74g/cm3)alloystoreplacesomealuminium(2.69g/cm3)alloyorsteel(~7.8g/cm3)componentsSkinandsomeenginepartsmaybemadeoftheselightmaterialstolightenthevehiclesCurrentsituation:lowquantityusebecauseofthelowreliabilityaswellascostconsideration

牛牛文庫文檔分享第13頁/共53頁鎂合金壓鑄結(jié)構(gòu)件已成為鎂最主要的應用領(lǐng)域鎂合金壓鑄的快速增長主要是由歐美地區(qū)發(fā)達國家汽車工業(yè)面臨汽車重量輕、耗油少、符合新的環(huán)保要求而促成的。此外,鎂合金壓鑄件在汽車上的應用還可以改善汽車的結(jié)構(gòu)和動力性能,也是目前汽車工業(yè)重視鎂合金應用的原因之一。

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LightweightdesignmeasuresinvehiclesSignificantrequirementsforvehiclecomponents

牛牛文庫文檔分享第15頁/共53頁Valueoflightweightdesignmeasures

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PotentialofMgindrivetrainapplicationsMagnesiumgearboxhousings(operationtemperature>130oC)

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Magnesiumcrankcase(operationtemperature>130oC)MRI153Malloyupto150oCMRI230Dalloyupto200oC

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PossiblebodyapplicationsInstrumentpanel(FiatStilo)Instrumentpanel(BMWMini)

牛牛文庫文檔分享第19頁/共53頁Mgbonnet(VW3lLupo)Mgsheetapplications

牛牛文庫文檔分享第20頁/共53頁Mgbonnetaftercrashtest(ODB-64km/h)

牛牛文庫文檔分享第21頁/共53頁MgdevelopmentinChinaChina’srawmagnesiumoutputin1990-2002In2006:522kt~2timesin2002

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牛牛文庫文檔分享第23頁/共53頁我國目前在鎂工業(yè)方面擁有三項“世界冠軍”

第一是鎂資源大國，儲量居世界首位。在青海鹽湖蘊藏著氯化鎂32億噸，硫酸鎂16億噸。在遼寧、山西、寧夏、內(nèi)蒙古、河南等省、自治區(qū)菱鎂礦均有很大儲量，僅遼寧大石橋一帶的儲量就占世界菱鎂礦的60％以上，礦石品位高達40％。第二是原鎂生產(chǎn)大國。2003年我國共生產(chǎn)原鎂35.4萬噸，約占全球總產(chǎn)量的67％第三是出口大國。年產(chǎn)量80％以上的鎂出口到國際市場。主要問題：原鎂生產(chǎn)技術(shù)比較落后，質(zhì)量不夠穩(wěn)定，鎂錠中的夾雜物和有害元素含量超標，難以滿足壓鑄、板材軋制和沖壓等高端產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)需求；出口產(chǎn)品多數(shù)是廉價的純鎂錠，鎂合金及其制品出口比重小，因此出口利潤低。

牛牛文庫文檔分享第24頁/共53頁Export(10000tons)ofChinesemagnesiumin1990-2002

牛牛文庫文檔分享第25頁/共53頁In2003ExportofChinesemagnesium:298kt

increasedby42.6%ascomparedwiththatin2002including

53%rawMg(75%in2002),decreasing22%Mgalloys(14%in2002),increasing20%Mgpowder(18%in2002),increasingRawmagnesiumMagnesiumproducts

牛牛文庫文檔分享第26頁/共53頁ExistingproblemsHighproductioncostforqualifiedMgalloysandtheirproductsFutureR&DFocusingonreducingproductioncoststhroughouttheentireproductionandproductdevelopmentchain

牛牛文庫文檔分享第27頁/共53頁EffectofmaterialsdevelopmentonthepowergenerationindustryThermalpowergenerationGasturbinepowergenerationNuclearpowergeneration

牛牛文庫文檔分享第28頁/共53頁ThermalpowergenerationToreducetheconsumptionoffuels(coal,oilornaturalgas)toreduceemissionofwastegassuchasCO2andinturntoreducethegreenhouseeffectAdvancedpowerstationswithhighefficienciesmustbedevelopedworldwidetoreducefuelconsumptionandCO2emissionAnincreaseinpowergenerationefficiencyAdecreaseinfuelconsumption

牛牛文庫文檔分享第29頁/共53頁SolutionForsteamturbinegenerators,powergenerationefficiencyincreaseswithincreasingsteamoperationtemperatureandpressuretoincreasetheefficiency,increasingsteamoperationtemperatureisneeded

牛牛文庫文檔分享第30頁/共53頁Efficiencyincreasebyincreasingsteampressureandtemperature

牛牛文庫文檔分享第31頁/共53頁Toincreasethesteamoperationtemperatureupto650oC,newmaterialsforsupercriticalboilersandrelatedcomponentsarerequiredtobedeveloped.RequirementstomaterialsGoodhigh-temperaturestrengthHighcreepresistanceathightemperaturesHighoxidation/corrosionresistanceHighthermalconductivityLowthermalexpansioncoefficient

牛牛文庫文檔分享第32頁/共53頁Candidatematerials:9-12%Crferritic/martensiticsteelsTypicalsteels:

牛牛文庫文檔分享第33頁/共53頁Developmentof9%Crsteels

牛牛文庫文檔分享第34頁/共53頁TensilepropertiesofE911steelversustemperature

牛牛文庫文檔分享第35頁/共53頁Resultsofiso-stresstestsat120MPaforP92,E911,P91,P9and12Cr1MoVsteels

牛牛文庫文檔分享第36頁/共53頁Maximumtemperaturefortheapplicationofvariouspowerplantsteelsbasedona105hstressrupturestrengthunder100MPa

牛牛文庫文檔分享第37頁/共53頁TEMmicrographofP92steelaftercreepdeformation,600oC,145MPa,32909h,showingcarbides,nitrides,carbonnitrides,andLavesphase.

牛牛文庫文檔分享第38頁/共53頁Circulatingfluidbed(CFB)boiler

牛牛文庫文檔分享第39頁/共53頁Innercasingoftheprojectboxbergin10Cr-1Mo-1Wsteelwithaweightof60tons

牛牛文庫文檔分享第40頁/共53頁Theoverviewofathermalpowerplant

牛牛文庫文檔分享第41頁/共53頁GasturbinepowergenerationEfficiencyincreaseswithincreasinggasoperationtemperatureThetrendofdevelopmentisalways

toincreasethegasoperationtemperatureDevelopingnewhigh-temperaturematerialsforturbinecomponentssuchasbladeandcombustionchamber

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牛牛文庫文檔分享第43頁/共53頁Limitations:

HightemperatureoxidationwithoutprotectionissevereThebestsuperalloycanonlytolerateupto~1200oCAvailablematerials:superalloys(usually,Ni-baseorCo-baseorNiCo-base)

牛牛文庫文檔分享第44頁/共53頁Solutions:Oxidation-resistantcoating(usually,MCrAlY,M=NiorNiandCo;NiAl)Thermalbarriercoating(usually,yttria-stabilizedzirconia,YSZ)–tocreateatemperaturegradientbetweenthemetalandthegas(~300-400oC)

牛牛文庫文檔分享第45頁/共53頁Thermal-insulatingceramictopcoat(~250-300m)(YSZ)Oxidation-resistantmetalllicbondcoat(~150m)(MCrAlY)Alloysubstrate(Ni-basesuperalloy)Beforehigh-temperatureoperationThermallygrownoxide(TGO)(Alumia)Duringhigh-temperatureoperationAthermalbarriercoatingsystemusedingasturbinecomponents

牛牛文庫文檔分享第46頁/共53頁APS-preparedTBCEB-PVD-preparedTBC(APS=airplasmaspray)(EB-PVD=electronbeamphysicalvapordeposition)

牛牛文庫文檔分享第47頁/共53頁1000h3000hYSZBondcoatYSZBondcoat500h100hYSZBondcoatYSZBondcoat1000oC

牛牛文庫文檔分享第48頁/共53頁NuclearpowergenerationConventionalfissionreactorpowergenerationFutureadvancedfusionreactorpowergenerationPressurevessels,boilers,etc.FirstwallLow-activationmaterialdevelopment

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Thepropertyandperformanceofanairplaneimproveswiththedevelopmentofmaterials

Screw-propellerplane(Gasengine)–jetplane(Gasturbineengine)

Structuralcomponents:wood–aluminiumalloy–magnesiumalloyandpolymer-matrixcomposite(future)

Enginecomponents:Ni-basesuperalloys–Tialloys(future)Effectofmaterialsdevelopmentontheaeronautica