現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)中級(jí)寫作(上)-Unit1

WeLearnasWeGrowUnit1EnglishWriting3

Lecture1IntroductionRequirementsofthecourseTask1TeachingObjectivesCultivatestudents’interestinEnglishwriting

andhelpthemformagoodhabitofthinkingandoutliningbeforewriting.Assiststudentsinmasteringthetechniquesofwritingexpositionthissemestersothattheycanwriteanexpositoryessayonsomehottopicsonandoffcampus.Enablestudentstolearnandusethekeyelementsincomposinganessayandtowritejournalshabitually.TeachingFocusEncouragingandarousingthestudents’interestinwritingsothattheywillberesponsiblefortheirownlearningIntroducingtheteachingscheduleforthecourseinthissemesterandtherequirementsIntroducingtherequirementsforthewritingtasksinTEM-4,whichwilltakeplaceinAprilnextterm.TeachingApproachandProcedureStep5Self-revisionStep4SampleCommentaryStep3GuidedWritingStep2ClassroomDiscussionStep1Pre-writingStep6AfterClassPracticeandGroupEvaluationStep7Teacher’sCorrectionandCommentsProcess-genreanalysisapproachTeachingScheduleforThisTermWearegoingtoteach7genresofwriting:4periodsperunitExemplificationexpositoryessaywriting;Processanalysisexpositoryessaywriting;Causeandeffectexpositoryessaywriting;Comparisonandcontrastexpositoryessaywriting;Classificationexpositoryessaywriting;Definitionessaywriting;Analogy;

TeachingRequirementsfor

Term3Youshouldbeabletowrite8essaysof200wordsforeachoftheabove7genresinthreeparts/sectionsinclassandoutsideclass.Youshouldreadcarefullythroughthewritingtextbookaswellastheteachingnotesandpower-pointsofeachlecturesothatwecancommandthewritingguidelinesfordifferentessays.Everystudentisrequiredtoread3simplifiedEnglishnovelswithinthistermsothatyoucanwriteabookreport.Everystudenthadbetterspendtwohoursaweekinpracticingwritingdifferentgenreswhichwehavelearnedsofar.(Learninganylanguageisaprocess.Manystudieshaveproventhattheeasiestandbestwaytolearnistostudyandpracticewhatyouwanttolearneverydayinsteadofonceaweekorjustbeforeanexam.)DefinitionKindsofexamplesSourcesofexamplesUnit1Task1ExamplificationWeLearnasWeGrowTask1Guildlines1.Whatisexposition?2.Doyouknowabouttheusualpatternsofexposition?3.Whatisexemplification?4.Whatkindofexamplesshouldwechoose?5.Wherecanwefindappropriateexamples?6.Howtoorganizeandwriteanexemplificationessay?Task1Guildlines1.Whatisexposition?Whatisanessay?Expositionisexplanatorywriting.Itspurposeistoexplainorclarifyapoint.Anessayisarelatedgroupofparagraphswrittenforsomepurpose.Task1Guildlines2.Doyouknowabouttheusualpatternsofexposition?Exemplification舉例Processanalysis過(guò)程分析Cause-Effectanalysis因果分析Comparisonandcontrast比較和對(duì)比Classification分類Definition定義Analogy類比Analogy:Acomparisonbasedonsuchsimilarity.比擬，類比：基于這種相似性的比較e.g.drawananalogybetween把(二者)加以相比;指出...之間的相似處Task1Guildlines3.Whatisexemplification?

Examplificationisamethodofsupportingathesisstatementwithaseriesofspecificexamplesor,sometime,withasingleextendedexample.Itisoneofthemostcommonandmostusefulmeansofdevelopingaparagraphoranessay.Task1Guildlines3.Whatisexemplification?

Anexemplificationessayusesexamplestoelaborateorsupportacertainclaim.Itisawayofexpressingageneralizationsupportedwithexampleswhereinyoucanuseacollectionofideasinrelevancetoyoursubject.Youwillneedexamplestobeabletoexplain,elaborate,andproveyourpointorargument.Itcanbebrief,comprehensive,orboth.Byhavingenoughdetailsandusingspecificexamples,youwillhaveagoodessay.Task1Guildlines4.Whatkindofexamplesshouldwechoose?Chooserelevantexamples相關(guān)的Choosestrikingexamples讓人印象深刻的Chooseavarietyofusefulexamples各種有用的Chooserepresentativeexamples有代表性的Chooseaccurateexamples準(zhǔn)確的Striking:

惹人注目的astrikingcontrast鮮明的對(duì)照Task1Guildlines5.Wherecanwefindappropriateexamples??

Fromyourpersonalexperience.?Fromyourpersonalobservations.?Fromshortstories,novels,television,ormovies.?Fromauthoritativesources:facts,statisticsorreports.Task1Guildlines6.Howtoorganizeandwriteanexemplificationessay?

PatternA:Generalization(thesis)→Specifics(supportingexamples)PatternB:Specifics(supportingexamples)→Generalization(thesis)Task1Guildlines6.Howtoorganizeandwriteanexemplificationessay?Beginwithaclearintroduction.Providesufficientexamplesandusevividlanguage.UseLinkingsentencesandtransions.Endwithaneffectiveconclusion.Activity1PracticingGuidelinesActivity2ReadingonthesubjectUnit1Task1WeLearnasWeGrowActivity1

Practicingguidelinesonexemplification1.Thesisstatement:“EverythingboresmyfriendXiaoLininthesummervacation.”

Bore:

Tomakewearybybeingdull,repetitive,ortedious令人厭煩：因?yàn)閱握{(diào)、羅嗦或乏味而使人厭煩

E.g.Theplayboredus.

這出戲劇令我們感到厭煩

Usefulexpressions：forinstance,onanotheroccasion,onstillanotheroccasion2.Topicsentence:Duringhis(StephenHawking’s)firsttwoyearsatCambridge,theeffectofthediseaserapidlyworsened.Supportingexamples:Difficultyinwalking:

(1)Hehadtouseastickinordertomoveafewfeet.(2)Withthesupportofwallsanobjects,aswellassticks,hewouldmanage,veryslowly,tomoveacrossroomsandopenareas.(3)Heoftenarrivedintheofficewithinjuriesfrombadbumpshehadreceivedwhenhefellheavily.Worseningspeech:Hisspeechbecamedifficulttofollowevenforthoseclosetohim.Theparagraphconcludeswiththelastexample.3.Topicsentence:…collegestudentsdevelopnewwaystoorganizeanduseknowledge.Linkingsentence:Forsome,thiswillbeapainfulexperience,butforallitwillbeagrowingexperience.Supportingexample:anextendedexamplethatbeginswith“Onestudent…”andendswiththelastbutonesentenceintheparagraph.Theparagraphconcludeswitharestatementofthethesis.

Affirm:1.Todeclarepositivelyorfirmly;maintaintobetrue.

斷言：肯定地或堅(jiān)定地聲明；證實(shí)正確

2.Tosupportorupholdthevalidityof;confirm.證實(shí)，確實(shí)：支持或維護(hù)…的正確性；堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為affirmone'sloyaltytoone'scountry聲言忠于祖國(guó)affirmajudgementofthelowercourt維持下級(jí)法庭的判決NewWords:4.Topicsentence:Letusimagineacountryinwhichreadingisapopularvoluntaryactivity.Supportingexamples:(1)Parentsreadbooksandareseenatreadingbytheirchildren.(2)Theseparentsreadtotheirchildrenandsupportthecountry’spubliclibrarysystemwiththeirtaxes.(3)Inschoolthechildrenreadbothinandoutsidetheclassroom.(4)Incollegetheybegintoreadextensively,abouttheirowncountryandaboutothercultures.(5)Aftergraduationtheycontinuetoreadandbringupchildrentobeavid(渴求的)readers.Theparagraphconcludeswiththewriter’swish:Itwouldbefortunetobeabletoliveinsuchacountry.Newwords:Edification:Intellectual,moral,orspiritualimprovement;enlightenment.啟迪：智力、倫理或精神上的提高；啟蒙E.g.Goodbooksgiveedification.好書給人以啟迪。Underwrite:Toassumefinancialresponsibilityfor;guaranteeagainstfailure:承擔(dān)財(cái)政責(zé)任；對(duì)破產(chǎn)給予保險(xiǎn)：Invariable:Notchangingorsubjecttochange;constant.不變的：不變的或不易變的；始終如一的inthefullnessoftime在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候;在預(yù)定的時(shí)候;時(shí)機(jī)成熟的時(shí)候5.Topicsentence:Theyturnedsurvivalskillsintoatypeofartthatwaspasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Supportingexamples:1)makingbricks;2)makingclothes;3)makinglacebyhand;4)makingbeefjerkytopreservemeat;5)makingsoapandcandlesIrrelevantdetails:1)Evenbuyingmaterialforclotheswasaluxuryfewknew2)Thewomenenjoyedgrowingflowerstomakethehomelookmoreattractive.3)Peoplelovedtogettogetherintheeveningsandhavedances.4)Sometimesthemenandwomenwouldworkfromsunuptosundownsotheycouldtakeadayoffforcelebration.Newwords:Ingenuity英[,ind?i‘nju:iti]美[,?nd??’nu?t?]:Inventiveskillorimagination;cleverness.設(shè)計(jì)的能力：創(chuàng)造性能力或想象力；聰明才智e.g.Theboyshowedingenuityinmakingtoys.那男孩在制作玩具方面有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性。Sturdy:Substantiallymadeorbuilt;stout堅(jiān)固的，耐用的：Adobe:1.Asun-dried,unburnedbrickofclayandstraw.風(fēng)干土坯：風(fēng)干且未燒過(guò)的粘土與稻草做成的磚2.美國(guó)Adobe公司,是著名的圖形圖像和排版軟件的生產(chǎn)商Shearingsheep

剪羊毛cardingwool

粗疏羊毛spinningyarn

紡紗walnutshell

胡桃殼tatting

梭織beefjerky

牛肉干Activity2ReadingonthesubjectNot

AlwaysBad1.Whatdidthewritermajorinatcollege?Hemajoredinphysicaltherapy.2.whydidhetakeacourseineconomicsinthefirstsemester?Washeinterestedin

economics?Howdidhelaterfindthecourseuseful?Hetookthecoursenotbecausehewasinterestedineconomicsbutbecauseitwasrequired.Laterhefoundwhatitcoveredwasusefulbecauseittaughthimhowtohandlepersonalfinancialmatters.Healsorealizedthatwhathehadlearnedwouldhelphimachievefinancialsecurityinthefuture.3.Whywasheenrolledinacompositionclassinthesecondsemester?Didhethinkwritingimportantatfirst?Howdidhefindwritingimportantbothinjobhuntingandonthejobasaphysicaltherapist?Hewasenrolledinacompositionclassalsobecauseitwasrequired,notbecausehethoughtitwasimportant.Hedidn’trealizetheimportanceofwritinguntilhestartedlookingforajob.Oneofthethingshehadtodowastowritedecentapplicationletters.Whenhefilledoutapplicationformshesometimeshadtowriteseveralparagraphstoansweraquestion.Healsolearnedfromfull-timephysicaltherapiststhattheywrotereports,memos,letters,etc.onthejob.4.Whatisthefunctionofthelastsentenceoftheessay?Itistheconclusionand,atthesametime,thethesisstatement.5.Whichpatternofdevelopmentisemployedinthisessay?PatternB,thatis,fromspecificstogeneralization,isemployed.6.Wheredoesthewriterdrawhisexample?Thefirsttwocomefromhispersonalexperience,thethirdfromoutsidesource—full-timephysicaltherapists.TrialandError1.Whatdoyoulearnfromtheessayaboutitswriter?Shewaslearningsignlanguage.2.Whatisthecentralideaoftheessay?Thewriterwaslearningsignlanguagethroughtrialanderror.3.Howdoesthewriterdevelopthisidea?Byusingfourexamplesfromherownexperience.4.Whatpatternofdevelopmentdoessheuse?PatternA,fromgeneralizationtospecifics.Heressaybeginswithathesisstatement,whichisfollowedbyfoursupportingexamples.5.Howdoestheessayconclude?Itconcludeswitharestatementofthethesis.Activity3Readingwhatyourpeershavewritten1.Doyouthinkthethreeessaysfitthedescriptionofanexamplepaperintermsoforganization?Ifso,inwhatway?Yes.Allthethreeessayssupportthethesisstatementwithexamples.ThefirsttwofollowPatternB,fromspecificstogeneralization,thatis,theybeginwithexamplesandconcludewithathesisstatement.ThethirdonefollowPatternA,fromgeneralizationtospecifics,andreinforcesthecentralideaintheconclusion,inamoreeffectiveway.2.Whatmessagedoeseachtrytocommunicatetothereader?Thefirst:Mistakesarelearningopportunities;thesecond:Thereismuchtolearnoutsidetheuniversityclassroom;thethird:Becomingauniversitystudentmeansindependence.3.Whatdoyouthinkoftheexamplestheyuse?Aretheyrelevanttothethesisstatement?Aretheyrepresentativeandstriking?Basicallyyes.4.Whichofthethreedoyouthinkisthebestexampleessay?Whydoyouthinkso?Ilikethethirdcomposition.ThewriteusedPatternAandit’seaysforthereadertoread.WritingassignmentOneYouarerequiredtowriteanexemplificationpaperof200-250wordsonthetopic.(P11)Theprocedure1.prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas2.drafting:gettingyourideasonpaper3.revising:strengtheningyouressay4.editingandproofreading:eliminatingtechnicalerrorsDefinitionandTypesStructureandElementsofanEEOutlineUnit1Task2EssayWeLearnasWeGrowTask2Guildlines1.Whatisanessay?2.Howmanytypesofessaysarethere?3.Doyouknowthebasicstructureofanexpositiveessay?4.Whataretheelementsoftheexpositiveessay?5.Whatisanoutline?6.Howmanytypesofoutlinesareoftenused?Task2Guildlines1.Whatisanessay?Anessayisarelatedgroupofparagraphswrittenforsomepurpose.2.TypesofessaysNarrativeessaysDescriptiveessaysExpositiveessaysArgumentativeessaysTask2Guildlines3.BasicstructureofanexpositiveessayIntroductionbodyconclusion4.ElementsoftheexpositiveessayOutliningthesisstatementtitletransitionsTask2Guildlines5.Whatisanoutline?Anoutlineisamethodoforganizingmaterialsinlogicalorder.Itisalistthatshowsthemainideasandthestructureofsomethingyouareplanningtowrite.Inotherwords,itisaplanforapieceofwriting.6.TypesofoutlineTopicoutline:keywordsandphrasesSentenceoutline:completesentencesTask2Activity1Practicingguidelinesonoutlining.Theoutlinebelowisfaulty.Findoutwhatiswrongwithit.II.Thedayturnedouttobeamess.A.Icouldn’tunderstandathingoftherecordeddialogue.B.Icouldhardlyopenmymouthintheoralclass.C.Theintensivereadingclassseemedbetter.D.Ididn’thaveanymorelessons.InII,majordivisionCandDarenotrelatedtoAandB,andtheydon’tsupportthemainideaofthispart.Therefore,theyshouldbucutoff.Task2Activity1Practicingguidelinesonoutlining.Studythefollowingoutlineforanessay.Pointoutwhatiswrongandimproveit.SeePage16.Key:Theoutlineiswronginthreeways:1.Majorideasm