英語詞匯學備用1市公開課金獎市賽課一等獎課件

Chapter1

TheBasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary第1頁第1頁Language,linguistics&lexicology

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.Languageisasystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistsofthestructuredarrangementofsounds(ortheirwrittenrepresentation)intolargerunits,e.g.,morphemes,words,sentences,utterances.Language第2頁第2頁Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.Linguistics第3頁第3頁Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inshort,itisthestudyofthesignificationandapplicationofwords.Whatislexicology?第4頁第4頁Thesignificanceofthecourse:Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.第5頁第5頁Aimsofthecourse:GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.第6頁第6頁Thetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.Allthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Allthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.Whatisvocabulary?第7頁第7頁speakingvocabulary---activevocabularywritingvocabulary---activevocabularyreadingvocabulary---passivevocabularyguessvocabulary---passivevocabulary

One’spersonalvocabularycanbedividedinto:第8頁第8頁WhatIsaWord?Awordisaminimalfreeform;Awordhasasound;Awordismeaningful;Awordissyntacticallyfunctional.

Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.第9頁第9頁DefinitioninChinese:詞，今指語言組織中基礎單位，能獨立利用，含有聲音，意義和語法功效。（《辭海》，1984，375頁，上海辭書出版社）第10頁第10頁SoundandmeaningAsfortherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning,therehasbeennoagreement.OneiscalledtheNaturalists(自然派)，theotheriscalledtheConventionalists(規(guī)約派).Theformerthinksthereexistsanintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandsense,whilethelatterthinks“thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”.Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.第11頁第11頁●Arbitrary

Awordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.Thesymbolicconnectionisalwaysarbitrary,andthereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandtheideaitself.e.g.dog,book第12頁第12頁What’sinaname?Thatwhichwecallarose.Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.---Shakespeare:RomeoandJuliet(II,ii,1-2)InShakespeare’sopinion,ifweuseanotherwordinsteadoftheword“rose”.Thiskindof玫瑰花smellssweet,too.

第13頁第13頁●Conventional

Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisconventional.

Indifferentlanguages,ontheonehand,thesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.e.g.woman,frau(Ger),femme(F),fùnǚ(婦女)ontheotherhand,thesamesoundcanbeusedtodenotedifferentthingsinonelanguage.e.g.[mi:t]meet,meat,mete第14頁第14頁SoundandformItisgenerallyagreedthatthesoundshouldbeconsistentwiththeform.ButinEnglish,therearemoredifferencesbetweenthetwo.Thereasonsforthedifferencesare:●

TheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,anditdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustworktogetherincombination.●Thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingoveryears.E.g.sum,cum,wuman,wunder,munksome,come,woman,wonder,monk第15頁第15頁●

Theborrowinghascome.Earlyborrowingswereassimilated,lateronesdonotconformtotherolesofEnglishpronunciationandspelling.E.g.stimulus,denouement,fiesta,eureka,kimono.

fishghoti

gh

likethefinlaugh,

olikethei

inwomen,

tiliketheshinnation.Hymn,condemn,bomb

hymnal,condemnation,bombard第16頁第16頁

ClassificationofEnglishwords

Englishwordsmayfallinto:Intermsofusefrequency:thebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary

Intermsofnotion:contentwordsandfunctionalwordsIntermsoforigin:nativewordsandborrowedwordsIntermsofmorphology:simplewords,

compoundsandderivedwords.

第17頁第17頁thebasicwordstock

nonbasicvocabulary

Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.WordsthatdonotbelongtothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage

第18頁第18頁Thecharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock(1)allnationalcharacterWordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.第19頁第19頁

(1)AllNationalCharacter

Naturalphenomena:

rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon,spring,wind,hill;

Humanbodyandrelations:

head,foot,hand,face,father,mother,brother,sister,son,daughter;

Namesofplantsandanimals:

oak,pine,grass,pear,apple,tree,horse,cow,sheep,cat,dog,chicken

Action,size,domain,state:

come,go,eat,hear,beat,carry,good,evil,old,young,hot,cold,heavy,white,blackNumerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:

one,ten,hundred,I,you,your,who,in,out,under,and,but,till,as第20頁第20頁(2)StabilityWordsofthebasicstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies.Astheydenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.e.g.man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moon;However,stabilityisonlyrelative,e.g.arrow,bow,chariot,knight

moveout,electricity,machine,car,plane,computer,radio,television,internet

entered.第21頁第21頁(3)ProductivityMostrootwordsormonosyllabicwordscanbeusedaloneortoformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot:footage,football,footpath,footfall,footed,footloose,footling,footman,footing,footprint第22頁第22頁(4)Polysemy:Pluralityofmeanings.e.g.

take:

a.tomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother,b.toremoveorusewithoutpermissionorbymistake,c.toseizeorcapture,d.togetforoneself,e.togetholdofsth.withthehands,f.tobewillingtoaccept,g.tobearorendure,h.toneed(astatedamountoftime),i.toperformtheactionconnectedwith,j.totestormeasure,k.towritedown,l.tohavetheintendedeffortortoworksuccessfully第23頁第23頁

(5)CollocabilityWordsenteranumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.

e.g.heart:achangeofheart;afterone’sheart;aheartofgold;atheart;crossone’sheart;cryone’sheartout;eatone’sheartout;haveone’sheartinone’smouth;heartandhand;heartandsoul;takesomethingtoheart;wearone’sheartuponone’ssleeve;withallone’sheartetc.第24頁第24頁Terminology(術語):technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.medicine:hepatitis肝炎,indigestion,penicilin;mathematics:algebra,trigonometry,calculus;music:symphony,orchestra,sonata,concerto;education:audiovisual,megauniversity,microteaching;Nonbasicvocabularyincludes第25頁第25頁Jargons(行話)：thespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.abearmarket熊市

abullmarket牛市CAPI（CommunicationApplicationProgramInterface）通信應用程序接口CPI(ConsumerPriceIndex)

PPI

(ProducerPriceIndex)第26頁第26頁Slangs(俚語)：thesub-standardlanguages,whichareusedbyspecificgroupsofthepopulation.cancerstick:cigarettefeelnopain:bedrunkinthesoup:inserioustroublebringdown:disappointkickthebucket:dieegghead第27頁第27頁tart:loosewomangat:pistolchicken:cowardsmoky:policedame:womanbloke:fellowswell:greatblue:fightfull:drunkbeaver:girlp.14Ex.7第28頁第28頁Argots(黑話)：asecretlanguageusedbyvariousgroups—including,butnotlimitedto,thievesandothercriminals—topreventoutsidersfromunderstandingtheirconversations.

can-opener=all-purposekeydip=pick-pocket雷子/扳子=警察上天窗，下平臺，掏底兜，插馬后（南京小偷暗語）找光陰=掏包皮子=錢包第29頁第29頁Dialectalwords(方言詞)：

wordswhichareusedonlybyspeakersofthedialect.beauty（AuE=excellent,great)auld(Scot=old)癟三=BegSir乞丐Archaisms(古詞/古語/古語詞):wordswhichwereonceincommonuse,butnowarerestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.Theyarefoundmainlyinolderpoems,legaldocumentsandreligiouswritingorspeech.thou/thee=youwilt=will第30頁第30頁p.14Ex.8haply=perhapsmethinks=itseemstomesooth=truthtroth=pledgequoth=saidbillow=wave/thesea albeit=althougheke=alsomorn=morningere=beforehallowed=holybade=bid第31頁第31頁Neologisms(新詞語/新詞/舊詞新義)：newlycreatedwordsandexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.glocalization=globalization+localizationMicroelectronics;futurology;databank;memory;thePill,AIDS;internet

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第32頁第32頁ContentwordsFunctionalwordsdenoteclearnotions,knownasnotionalwords,including:nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,numerals.donothavenotionsoftheirown.Knownasempty

words

orformwords,

including:prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries,articles.第33頁第33頁Nativewords

BorrowedwordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.Althoughnativewordsaresmallinnumber,theyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstock.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowings.第34頁第34頁Besidesthecharacteristics(allnationalcharacter,stability,productivity,polysemyandCollocability),nativewordshavetwootherfeatures:1)NeutralinstyleSincenativewordsdenotethecommonestthingsinhumansociety,theyareusedbyallpeople,inallplaces,onalloccasions,andatalltimes.Sotheyarenotstylisticallyspecific.2)FrequentinuseNativewordsaremostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwriting.Althoughnativewordsaresmallinnumber,theirpercentageinuserunsusuallyashighas70%to90%.Characteristicsofnativewords第35頁第35頁Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,borrowedwordscanbedividedintofourclassesa.Denizens(同化詞)DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling.portfromportus(L)cupfromcuppa(L)changefromchangier(F)porkfromporc(F)第36頁第36頁b.Aliens(非同化詞)Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.décor(F)blitzkrieg(G)kowtow(CH)bazaar(Per)第37頁第37頁c.TranslationLoans(譯借詞)TranslationloansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.Subdividedinto:Wordstranslatedaccordingtothemeaning:mothertonguefromlinguamaterna(L)aslipofthetonguefromlapsuslinguae(L)masterpiecefromMeisterstuck(G)blackhumourfromhumournoir(F)longtimenosee(CH)Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound:ketchupfromfanchiejiang(CHdial.)lamafromlama(Tib)

teafromt’e(CHdial.)第38頁第38頁d.SemanticLoans(借意詞)Words

ofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheformbuttothemeaning.Inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedan