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CHAPTER15FOUNDATIONSOFTHEMechanicsofMaterials材料力學第十五章實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)CHAPTER15FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS
§15–1SUMMARY§15–2PRINCIPLEANDAPPLICATIONOFTHESTRAINOMETEROFTHERESISTANCE§15–3PRINCIPLEANDAPPLICATIONOFTHEPHOTOELASTICITY第十五章實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)§15–1概述§15–2電阻應(yīng)變計法的原理及應(yīng)用§15–3光彈性法的原理及應(yīng)用§15–1
Summary一、Functionofthestressanalysismethodinexperiments:1.
Determinethereasonabledimensionandthestructurealformofamemberaccordingtothetestedstressorstrainofthemodelindesigning.
2.Testthetruestressorstrainofamemberinworkandfindoutthepositionandthevalueofthemaximumstressinordertoevaluatethesaftyandreliabilityoftheengineeringstructureandtoprovidethebasisofimprovingworkingabilityfortheequipment.3.Analyzethedestroyedorfailedmemberandproposethemeasuresofimprovementinordertopreventitfromdestroyingagain.
4.Testthemagnitude,derectionandallkindsofdynamicresponsesoftheexternalload.
5.Explorethenewrulefromtestsandcheckthetheoryofstressanalysisandthecalculationmethod.
FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS§15–1概述一、實驗應(yīng)力分析方法的作用:1.設(shè)計時,測定模型的應(yīng)力或變形,依此來確定構(gòu)件的合理尺
寸和結(jié)構(gòu)形式。2.工作中,測定構(gòu)件的真實應(yīng)力或變形,找出最大應(yīng)力的位置
和數(shù)值,以評價工程結(jié)構(gòu)的安全可靠性,并為提高設(shè)備的
工作能力提供依據(jù)。3.對破壞或失效構(gòu)件進行分析,提出改進措施,防止再次破壞。4.測定外載的大小、方向以及各種動響應(yīng)。5.從試驗中探索新的規(guī)律,并對應(yīng)力分析理論和計算方法進行
校核。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)二、Briefintroductionofmethodsinthestressanalysisofexperiments
1.Themachinerymeasuringmethod.ThefigureofmeasuringdeformationsinthebookannotatedbyZhengXuan(127-200)intheeastHandynasty.FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS二、實驗應(yīng)力分析方法簡介:1.
機
械
量
測
法東漢鄭玄(127—200)注釋的《考工記?弓人》中的測變形圖實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)LeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519).ThispictureisconsideredtoshowtheearliesttestinMechanicsofMaterials.ThetensiletestofanironwiredesignedbyLeonardoDaVinci.FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS里奧納多?達?芬奇(1452—1519)此圖被認為是最早的材力試驗實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)里奧納多?達?芬奇設(shè)計的鐵絲受拉試驗tensileFOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTSGalileo(1564—1642)Fig.14SketchofthetensiletestofGalileoFig.15SketchofthebendingtestofGalileo伽利略(1564—1642)實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTSFig.37Tensile-testmachineofMushenbluicFig.38MethodtoclamptwoendsofatensilespecimenMushenbluic(1692—1761)穆申布洛依克(1692—1761)實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTSHydraulicverstiletestingmachinecontrolledbythecomputer實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)2.Othermethods:
Sincetheearly20thcentury,thedevelopmentsofelectricity,opticsacousicsandmaterialssciencehaveprovidedconditionsfortheproductionofothermeasurementmethodsofthestressanalysisinexperiments.Thentheresistance-strainmethod,ordinaryphotoelasticitymethod,hologramphotoelasticitymethod,soundlaunchingmethodandsoonaremadefastdevelopmentsandwideapplications.FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS2.其它方法:20世紀初至今,電學、光學、聲學和材料科學的發(fā)展,為試驗應(yīng)力分析其它測量方法的產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造了條件。于是,電阻應(yīng)變法、普通光彈法、全息光彈法、散斑法、聲發(fā)射法等方法都有了快速發(fā)展和廣泛應(yīng)用。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)§15–2
Principleandapplicationofthestrainometeroftheresistance
1、Resistancelaw:Resisanceofaconductor
2、Elasticlaw:
LandAwillchangeafterthecinductorissubjectedtoforcesorchangesintemperatures.
3、StrainfoilofresistanceK—Sensitivecoefficient12345Wire-coiledstrainfoil1—Overburden2—Fundus3—Drawnline4—Binder5—SensitivebarFOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS§15–2
電阻應(yīng)變計法的原理及應(yīng)用
一、電阻定律:導體電阻
二、彈性定律:導體受力或變溫后,L、A都將發(fā)生改變。
三、電阻應(yīng)變片:K—靈敏系數(shù):實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)12345絲繞式應(yīng)變片1—覆蓋層2—基底3—引出線4—粘結(jié)劑5—敏感柵
4、BalanceprincipleoftheelectricbridgeAftertheresistancechanges:UR1R2R4I1,2I3,4ABCDBridgewiththeoutputvoltageR3FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS四、電橋平衡原理電阻變化后:實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)UR1R2R4I1,2I3,4ABCD電壓輸出橋R3
5、StrainometerofresistanceTransformtooutputvoltageintothemagnitudeofstrain.
FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS五、電阻應(yīng)變儀將輸出電壓轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閼?yīng)變讀數(shù)。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)6、Arrangefoils:Makethedirectionsoffoilscoincidewiththoseofprincipalstressesasmuchaspossible.
Whenthedirectionsofprincipalstressesareun-known,thestressstateofapointmustbedeterminedbythreeindependentquantities.
Threestrainfoilsof45°0°45°90°Threestrainfoilsof60°0°60°120°FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS六、布片:盡可能使片子的方向與主應(yīng)力方向一致。主應(yīng)力方向未知時,必須由三個獨立量才能確定一點的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)三片45°應(yīng)變花0°45°90°三片60°應(yīng)變花0°60°120°7、Relationsbetweentheprincipalstrainsandthemeasuredstrains.FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS七、主應(yīng)變與測量應(yīng)變之間的關(guān)系:實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)Example1
Threelinearstrainsofapointaretestedbythestrainfoil45°.Trytodeterminetheprincipalstrainofthispoint.0max45°xyuFOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS[例1
]用45°應(yīng)變花測得一點的三個線應(yīng)變后,求該點的主應(yīng)變。0max實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)45°xyuExample2Trytodeterminetheprincipalstrainofapointafterthethreelinearstrainsofthispointaretestedbythestrainfoilof60°。Threestrainfoilsof60°0°60°120°FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS[例2
]
用60°應(yīng)變花測得一點的三個線應(yīng)變后,求該點的主應(yīng)變。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)三片60°應(yīng)變花0°60°120°8、Connectthebridge:
Makethestressdistributealternately;makethetotalbridgehaveahighprecisionandthehalfbridgealowprecision.Thehalfbridhewithtwoarmsisoftenused.9、Temperaturecompensation:Itisbettertorealizethecompensationbyitself;otherwiseweshouldusethetemperaturecompensatorthatiswithoutanyforces.Wemustmaketheworkingfoilandthecompensationfoilinthesametemperaturefield.
FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS八、接橋:要使應(yīng)力正負相間;全橋精度高,半橋精度低。常用半橋雙臂式橋路。九、溫度補償:最好能在橋路中自補償;否則,要用絕對不受力的溫度補償片。工作片與補償片要始終處于同一溫度場中。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)§15-3Principleandapplicationofthephotoelasticity1、Principleofthephotoelasticity:①.Permanentdoublerefraction:②.Temporary(artificial)doublerefraction:DoublerefractionintheanisotropicbodyduetotheenteringoflighteoFOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS§15-3
光彈性法的原理及應(yīng)用一、光測原理:1.永久雙折射:2.暫時(人工)雙折射:實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)光射入各向異性體產(chǎn)生的雙折射eo
2、Planestress--opticslaw:①.Refractiveindex:C——Stressopticalcoefficientofthemodelmaterial
Ds1s1s2s2PlanepolarizedlightTheplanepolarizedlightpassesthroughthemodelsubjectedtoforces.FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTSSo
二、平面應(yīng)力——光學定律:1.折射率:C——模型材料的應(yīng)力光學系數(shù)。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)Ds1s1s2s2平面偏振光平面偏振光通過受力模型②.Opticalpathdifference:③.Thelightintensityintheplanepolarizationfield:Themodelsubjectedtoforcesisinthecrossplanepolarizationfield.Ps1s2AOfLightsourceModelAnalyzerPolarizerFOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS2.光程差:3.平面偏振場中的光強:實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)受力模型在正交平面偏振布置中Ps1s2AOf光源模型檢偏鏡起偏鏡①EqualinclinationlinesFOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTSAsablackpointoccursbehindtheanalyzer.Theinterferencefringesformedinthelocusoftheblackpointsarecalledequalinclinationlines.Ontheequalinclinationlines,thedirectionsofthepricipalstressesaresameandtheycoincidewiththepolarizationaxle.Picturesoftheplanepolarizationfieldtakenevery150.Thepositionofthecoloredequalcolorlinesisnotchanged,butthepositionoftheblackequalinclinnationlinesischangedwhenthepolaroidrotatessynchronously.①等傾線引起的黑點的跡線形成的干涉條紋——等傾線等傾線上,主應(yīng)力方向相同且與偏振軸重合。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)②Equaldifferencelines.Theformedinterferencefringes--equaldifferencelines.
Thewhitelightisconsideredtobethelightsourceandtheequaldifferencelinesaarecolouredfringes,sotheequaldifferencelinesarealsocalledequalcolourlines.FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTSAsN=0,theyarecalledtheNo.0equaldifferencelines(black);asN=1,theyarecalledtheNo.1equaldifferencelines.Simulatingtheplaepartconnectedbyscrewsandscrewcaps(methodofpastingfoils)②等差線形成的干涉條紋——等差線以白光為光源,等差線為彩色條紋,故等差線又稱等色線實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)
f——Thevalueofthefringeofamaterial
a、Undertherepeatedloading,theequalinclinationlinesarenotchanged,buttheequaldifferencelinesarechanged③Distinguishequalinclinationlinesandequaldifferencelinesb、Ifwerotatesynchronouslythepolarizerandtheanalyzer,theequalinclinationlinesarechangedandtheequaldifferencelinesarenotchanged.c、Accordingtoexperiences,theequalinclinationlinesarethick(alltheblack)andequaldifferencelinesarethin(aline).FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTS
f——材料的條紋值。a、反復加載,等傾線不變,等差線改變。③區(qū)分等傾線與等差線b、同步旋轉(zhuǎn)起偏鏡與檢偏鏡,等傾線改變,等差線不變。c、憑經(jīng)驗,等傾線較粗(一片黑),等差線較細(一條線)。實驗應(yīng)力分析基礎(chǔ)Therearenoequalinclinationlinesinthecrosscircularpolarizationfield.Sotheequaldifferencelinesareclear.
FOUNDATIONSOFTHESTRESSANALYSISINEXPERIMENTSLightintensity:as
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