2022-2023年甘肅省隴南市大學英語6級大學英語六級

2022-2023年甘肅省隴南市大學英語6級大學英語六級學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

AccordingtotheUSDA,______tendtobereducedinOrganicfoodproduction.

2.

AtypeofNorthAmericancrowcan______mostofthepineseedsitburiedeventheyareindeepsnow.

A.eatupB.retrieveC.crackD.lose

3.

MostofAntarcticaappearstobeimmunetothebigmeltfornowbecauseit'slargelyinsulatedfromglobaltrendsandit'ssobigasmgenerate______.

4.

Inordinaryusage,thetermdialectcanalsosignifyavarietyofalanguagethatisdistinctfromwhatisconsidered______.

5.

Exploitinghydroelectricpowerresourcecancostbillionsofdollars,forhydroelectricplantsnormallyhave______.

6.

Hayfoundthattwinsdobetterinsingingthanthesinglebabies.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

FrederickW.Smith'spersonalexperienceactedasthestimulustothefoundingofFedExExpress.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.Theever-increasingexploitationofrivershasresultedinvariousproblemsexcept______.

A.decreaseofthedepthofthechannels

B.fallofthewatertableofthesurroundingarea

C.destructionoftheriversinecosystems

D.waterpollution

9.

LisaPerezfoundanewinterestinhomemakingduringtheperiodofunemployment.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

Withtimegoingon,thewarmthbetweensibskeepsincreasingandthefrictions______.

11.

Becausetheset-upboxthatyouconnectuptoyourcableorsatellite,theboundarybetweenatelevisionsetandaPCwillbenotclear.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Differentfromlargeorganicfarms,smallorganicfarmsweremainly,engagedin______.

13.

In1940Hughespublished______.

14.Thecomparisoninadanglingcomparativeisoftenleft______.

15.

MarkHaywardshadshown______fromhisearlyteensbuthiscounselorshadfailedtowarnhisparentsaboutit.

16.

Thepurposeofthisadvertisementis______.

17.

Itisadvisablethatapatienthavehis/heroperationcoveredbytheinsurancecompanybecauseweightlosssurgeryisusually______.

18.

Threeweeksaftertheexplosion,whentheblacksailorswereorderedbacktoworkmostofthem______.

19.TrustMe,I'maRobot

Withrobotsnowemergingfromtheirindustrialcagesandmovingintohomesandworkplaces,roboticistsareconcernedaboutthesafetyimplicationsbeyondthefactoryfloor.Toaddresstheseconcerns,leadingrobotexpertshavecometogethertotrytofindwaystopreventrobotsfromharmingpeople.InspiredbythePugwashConferences—aninternationalgroupofscientists,academiesandactivistsfoundedin1957tocampaignforthenon-proliferationofnuclearweaponsthenewgroupofrobo-ethicistsmetearlierthisyearinGenoa,Italy,andannouncedtheirinitialfindingsinMarchattheEuropeanRoboticsSymposiuminPalermo,Sicily.

"Securityandsafetyarethebigconcerns,"saysHenrikChristensen,chairmanoftheEuropeanRoboticsNetworkattheSwedishRoyalInstituteofTechnologyinStockholm.Shouldrobotsthatarestrongenoughorheavyenoughtocrushpeoplebeallowedintohomes?Is"systemmalfunction"ajustifiabledefenceforaroboticfighterplanethatcontravenes(違反)theGenevaConventionandmistakenlyfiresoninnocentcivilians?

"Thesequestionsmayseemhardtounderstandbutinthenextfewyearstheywillbecomeincreasinglyrelevant,"saysDr.Christensen.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope'sWorldRoboticsSurvey,in2002thenumberofdomesticandservicerobotsmorethantripled,nearlysurpassingtheirindustrialcounterparts.Bytheendof2003thereweremorethan600,000robotvacuumcleanersandlawnmowers—afigurepredictedtorisetomorethan4mbytheendofnextyear.Japaneseindustrialfirmsareracingtobuildhumanoidrobotstoactasdomestichelpersfortheelderly,andSouthKoreahassetagoalthat100%ofhouseholdsshouldhavedomesticrobotsby2020.Inlightofallthis,itiscrucialthatwestarttothinkaboutsafetyguidelinesnow,saysDr.Christensen.

Stoprightthere

Sowhatexactlyisbeingdonetoprotectusfromthesemechanicalmenaces?"Notenough,"saysBlayWhitby.Thisishardlysurprisinggiventhatthefieldof"safety-criticalcomputing"isbarelyadecadeold,hesays.Butthingsarechanging,andresearchersareincreasinglytakinganinterestintryingtomakerobotssafer.Oneapproach,which.soundssimpleenough,istrytoprogramthemtoavoidcontactwithpeoplealtogether.Butthisismuchharderthanitsounds.Gettingarobottonavigateacrossaclutteredroomisdifficultenoughwithouthavingtotakeintoaccountwhatitsvariouslimbsorappendagesmightbumpintoalongtheway.

"Regulatingthebehaviourofrobotsisgoingtobecomemoredifficultinthefuture,sincetheywillincreasinglyhaveself-learningmechanismsbuiltintothem,"saysGianmarcoVeruggio."Asaresult,theirbehaviourwillbecomeimpossibletopredictfully,"hesays,"sincetheywillnotbebehavinginpredefinedwaysbutwilllearnnewbehaviourastheygo."

Thenthereisthequestionofunpredictablefailures.Whathappensifarobot'smotorsstopworking,oritsuffersasystemfailurejustasitisperformingheartsurgeryorhandingyouacupofhotcoffee?Youcan,ofcourse,buildinredundancybyaddingbackupsystems,saysHirochikaInoue.Butthisguaranteesnothing,hesays."Onehundredpercentsafetyisimpossiblethroughtechnology,"saysDr.Inoue.Thisisbecauseultimatelynomatterhowthoroughyouare,youcannotanticipatetheunpredictablenatureofhumanbehaviour,hesays.Ortoputitanotherway,nomatterhowsophisticatedyourrobotisatavoidingpeople,peoplemightnotalwaysmanagetoavoidit,andcouldenduptrippingoveritandfallingdownthestairs.

Legalproblems

Inanycase,saysDr.Inoue,thelawsreallyjustsummarizecommonsenseprinciplesthatarealreadyappliedtothedesignofmostmodernappliances,bothdomesticandindustr

A.Thenon-proliferationofnuclearweapons.

B.Saferobotsinallaspectsoflife.

C.Robot-ethicsinthenewcentury.

D.Restrie6onontheuseofrobotsasaweapon.

20.

Childrencanreceive______fromtheoldmenwhenbroughtwaterfromwellsinthedesert.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B7】

22.(29)

A.Weshouldn'tjudgepeoplebyreadingtheirfaces.

B.Weshouldn'tsmileinthewrongplace.

C.Weshouldn'tcoverourtruefeelings.

D.Weshouldn'texpressouremotionstooopenly.

23.

【B9】

24.

【B4】

25.聽力原文：M:Ifoundthatoneofmyschoolmatesusesdrugs.HowcouldIhelphim,Mom?

W:Stayawayfromhim,son.Neverthinkthatyoucantalkhimoutofthehabitifheisaddicted.Butperhapsyoucantalktoyourteacheraboutthematter.

Q:What'sthewoman'sadvicetoherson?

(14)

A.Stopthinkingaboutthematter.

B.Talkthedruguseroutofthehabit.

C.Bemorefriendlytohisschoolmate.

D.Keephisdistancefromdrugaddicts.

26.(32)

A.Playingguessinggames.

B.Shootingarrows.

C.Playinggamesofchance.

D.Determiningeachother'sfuture.

27.(35)

A.Thepoor.B.Theunemployed.C.Theold.D.Theyoung.

28.聽力原文：W:Let'stalkaboutthepreparationsfortheparty.

M:Right.Ithinkwereallyneedtoplanbetterandgetthingsdoneinadvancethistime.Stillrememberwhatamessitwasatthelastparty?

Q:Whatdoweknowaboutthelastpartyfromtheconversation?

(17)

A.Itwasprettygood.

B.Itwasratherdull.

C.Itwasnotwellorganized.

D.Itwasattendedbymanypeople.

29.(43)

30.聽力原文：W:Howwasthejobinterview?Ithinkyou'llmakeagoodjournalist.Irememberyouasthebestwriterintheclass.

M:Well,infact,myapplicationwasturneddown.Theywerelookingforpeoplewithexperienceintheprofession.

Q:Whydidn'tthemangetthejob?

(16)

A.Hedoesn'twritewellenough.

B.Heisnotaprofessionalwriter.

C.Hehasn'tgotanyprofessionalexperience.

D.Hedidn'tperform.wellintheinterview.

31.聽力原文：Isyourfamilyinterestedinbuyingadog?Adogcanbeahappyadditiontoyourfamily,butifyouchoosethewrongkindofdog,theconsequencescancauseyoualotoftrouble.

Familiesshouldsitdownandthoroughlydiscusstheproblemsinvolvedbeforebuyingadog.[29]Evenifthechildreninyourfamilyaretheoneswhowantthedog,theparentsaretheoneswhoarereallyresponsibleforseeingthattheanimalisproperlycaredfor.Ifyoudon'tknowmuchaboutdogs,it'sagoodideatogotothelibraryortheASPCAforbooksaboutvariouskindsofdogs,aswellasbooksabouthowtotrainapuppy.Inreadingaboutthedifferentbreeds,youshouldknowthatadogdescribedasveryalertmaybetoojumpyandbouncy.Whenabookdescribesadogasanidealhuntingdog,itprobablymeansthatthedogwon'tbehappylivinginasmallapartment.Dogbreedsvaryinpopularityastheyearsgoby.[30]OneofthemostpopulardogsthesedaysistheGermanshepherd,thisisbecauseitprovidesprotectionaswellascomRanionship.Thefamilyshouldbewarnedthatthesedogsgrowuptobeverybig,andmaybetoopowerfulforchildrentohandle.Ifspaceislimited,atoydogmaybeagoodchoice.Theredogsareverysmallandeasytotrain.[3]Theydon'tneedtobewalkeddaily,sincetheycanexerciseinthespaceavailableinthehome.

(33)

A.Children.B.Family.C.Parents.D.ASPCA

32.(14)

A.Heisinteresting.

B.Heisknowledgeable.

C.Heisboring.

D.Heisnotveryboring.

33.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：M:IwenttoNewYorkyesterday,butIforgottocallBarry.

W:Barrywouldn'thavebeenthereanyway.HeisaneconomistinCalifornianow.

Q:Whatinformationdoesthemanfindout?

(12)

A.BarrynolongerlivesinNewYork.

B.Barrydoesn'tknowhowtoeconomize.

C.ThewomancalledBarryinCalifornia.

D.Thewomandidn'tevermeetBarry.

34.(25)

A.Manager.B.Teacher.C.Engineer.D.Journalist.

35.(40)

36.(41)

37.(36)

A.France.B.Russia.C.Poland.D.Germany.

38.聽力原文：M:Jessica,isthatyou?Ofalltheplacestorunintoeachother.Ican'tbelievethatit'shappeninghereinthepharmacy.

W:Theodore!It'sbeensuchalongtimesinceIlastsawyou.

M:Whatareyoudoinghere?Don'ttellmeyou'resick.

W:Oh,no.I'mjustherepickingupaprescriptionformyroommate.He'scaughtacoldthispastweek.

M:Oh,that'stoobad.Ihopehefeelsbettersoon.I'vebeenmeaningtogetaholdofyouforsometimenow.Mysisterjustreturnedfromathree-weektriptoAfricaandshetooklotsofpictures.It's'sobeautifulthere,youmustseethephotos.Howaboutcomingoverfordinnerthisweekendandtakingalook?I'msureshewouldbedelightedtoseeyou,too.

W:Oh,I'mterriblysorry.It'smyparents'fiftiethanniversarythisSaturday,soI'mgoinghomeforabigcelebration.Allmyrelativesarecomingfromalloverthecountryforthisevent.I'malsoexcitedaboutseeingmyfamilyagain.I'llhavetoleavestraightfromworkonFridaynightbecauseittakesaboutsixhourstogettoSacramentofromhere.

M:Sacramento?IthoughtyouwerefromSanDiego.

W:No.Lotsofpeoplemakethatmistake,too.Ijuststudiedattheuniversitythere.

M:Well,pleasesaycongratulationstoyourparentsforme.Ihopeyouhaveasafetripthere.TrafficcanbebadonFridaynights,sopleasebecareful.BesuretogivemeacallwhenyougetbackfromSacramento.We'dlovetoseeyou.

(20)

A.Atadrugstore.

B.Atauniversity.

C.Onthestreet.

D.Inanairplane.

39.(18)

A.Totakesomemorevegetables.

B.Toavoidtakinganymorefood.

C.Topassthewomanthemeat.

D.Tohelptopreparethepotatoes.

40.

【B3】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements______.

A.oftenresultinmisleadingconclusions

B.taketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveresults

C.shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscale

D.appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources

42.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Inoneverylongsentence,theintroductiontotheU.N.Chapterexpressestheidealsandthecommonaimsofallthepeopleswhosegovernmentsjoinedtogethertoform.theU.N.

"WethepeoplesoftheU.N.determinedtosavesucceedinggenerationsfromthescourgeofwar,whichtwiceinourlifetimehasbroughtuntoldsufferingtomankind,andtoreaffirmfaithinfundamentalrights,inthedignityandworthofthehumanperson,intheequalrightsofmenandwomenandofnationslargeandsmall,andtoestablishconditionsunderwhichjusticeandrespectfortheobligationsarisingfromtreatiesandothersourcesofinternationallawcanbementioned,andtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedom,andfortheseends,topractisetoleranceandlivetogetherinpeacewithoneanotherasgoodneighbors,andtouniteourstrengthtomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity,andtoensure,bytheacceptanceofprinciplesandtheinstitutionofmethods,thatarmedforceshallnotbeused,saveinthecommoninterest,andtoemployinternationalmachineryforthepromotionofeconomicandsocialadvancementofallpeoples,haveresolvedtocombineoureffortstoaccomplishtheseaims."

Thename"UnitedNations"isaccreditedtoU.S.PresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt,andthefirstgroupofrepresentativesofmemberstatesmetandsignedadeclarationofcommonintentonNewYear'sDayin1942.Representativesoffivepowersworkedtogethertodrawupproposals,completedatDumbartonOaksin1944.Theseproposals,modifiedafterdeliberationattheconferenceofInternationalOrganizationinSanFranciscowhichbeganinApril1945,werefinallyagreedonandsignedastheU.N.Charterby50countrieson26June1945.Poland,notrepresentedattheconference,signedtheCharterlaterandwasaddedtothelistoforiginalmembers.Itwasnotuntilthatautumn,however,aftertheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyChina,France,theU.S.S.R.,theU.K.andtheU.S.andbyamajorityoftheotherparticipantsthatU.N.officiallycameintoexistence.Thedatewas24October,nowuniversallycelebratedasUnitedNations'Day.

TheessentialfunctionsoftheU.N.aretomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity,todevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnations,tocooperateinternationallyinsolvinginternationaleconomic,social,culturalandhumanproblems,promotingrespectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandtobeacentreforcoordinatingtheactionsofnationsinattainingthesecommonends.

NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember'srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetopeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputes,andmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseofforceagainstotherstates.ThoughtheU.N.hasnorighttointerveneinanystate'sinternalaffairs,ittriestoensurethatnon-memberstatesactaccordingtoitsprinciplesofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.U.N.membermustoffereveryassistanceinanapprovedU.N.actionandinnowayassiststatesagainstwhichtheU.N.istakingpreventiveorenforcementaction.

ThefirststatedaimoftheU.N.was______.

A.tosupervisepeaceandtreaties

B.toreviseinternationallaws

C.topreventathirdworldwar

D.toassistthe"thirdworld"countries

43.

AccordingtothepassagewecanseethatLiuXianghashad______experiencesbeforereachingworld-widefame.

44.

【C9】

45.

TherewardtowinnersinthefirstOlympicGameswas______.

46.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat______.

A.evenprestigiousuniversitiesstruggletoenrollexcellentstudents

B.campusenvironmentplaysanimportantroleinrecruitingstudents

C.universitiesinBritainareunbalancedinstudentenrollment

D.topuniversitiesintheU.K.areallfundedbythegovernment

47.

Whydoestheauthordiscussforcingeveryonetobuythesamecaroreatthesamefood?

A.Toshowthatfreedomofchoiceisabsolute.

B.Toshowthatthegovernmenthasinterferedtoomuchinthelivesofindividual.

C.Tosuggestwhatwouldhappenifuniformsbecamecompulsory.

D.Topredictthewaythesocietywillbeinthenextfewgenerations.

48.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Formorethan10yearstherehasbeenabiggerriseincarcrimethaninmostothertypesofcrime.Anaverageofmorethantwocarsaminutearebrokeninto,vandalized(破壞)orstolenintheUK.Carcrimeaccountsforalmostathirdofallreportedoffenceswithnosignsthatthetrendisslowingdown.

Althoughtherearehighlyprofessionalcriminalsinvolvedincartheft,almost90percentofcarcrimeiscommittedbytheopportunist.Amateurthievesareaidedbyourcarelessness.WhentheAutomobileAssociation(AA)engineerssurveyedonetowncentrecarparklastyear,10percentofcarscheckedwereunlocked,afigurebackedupbyaHomeOfficenationalsurveythatfound12percentofdriverssometimeslefttheircarsunlocked.

Thevehiclesaresittinginpetrolstationswhiledriverspayfortheirfuel.TheAAhasdiscoveredthatcarsareleftunattendedforanaverageofthreeminutesandsometimesmuchlongerasdriversbuydrinks,cigarettesandotherconsumeritemsandthenpayatthecounter.Withpaymentbycreditcardmoreandmorecommon,itisnotunusualforadrivertobeoutofhiscaraslongassixminutesprovidingthecarthiefwithagoldenopportunity.

InanexclusiveAAsurvey,carriedoutatabusygarageonamainroadoutofLondon,300motoristswerequestionedoverthreedaysoftheholidayperiod.24percentadmittedthatthey"always"or"sometimes"leavethekeysinthecar.Thismeansthatnationwide,amillioncarsdailybecomeeasytargetsfortheopportunistthief.

TheAArecommendslockingupwheneveryouleavethecar—andforhowevershortaperiod.Apartiallyopensunrooforwindowisafurthercome—ontothieves.

Leavingvaluablesinviewisaninvitationtothecriminal.AManchesterprobationary(假釋期)serviceresearchproject,whichinterviewedalmost100carthieveslastyear,foundmanywouldinvestigateacoatthrownonaseat.Neverleaveanydocumentsshowingyourhomeaddressinthecar.Ifyouhaveagarage,useitandlockit—agaragedcarisatsubstantiallylessrisk.

Therearemanyothertrapstoavoid.TheHomeOfficehasfoundlittleawarenessamongdriversaboutsafeparking.Mostmotoristsquestionedmadenoeffortstoavoidparkinginquietspotsawayfromstreetlightsjusttheplacesthieveslove.TheAAadvicesdriverstoparkinplaceswithpeoplearound—thievesdonotlikeaudiences.

Accordingtoparagraph1,therateofcarcrimeis______thanothertypesofcrimes.

49.Accordingtothepassage,theword"crosscut"(Line7,Para.2)mostprobablymeans_____.

A.scissoringB.editingC.reviseD.shortcut

50."Ifanythingisimportantitisthefuture.Thepastisgone,andthepresentexistsonlyasafleetingmoment.Everythingthatwethinkanddofromthismomentoncanonlyaffectthefuture,anditisinthefuturethatweshallspendtherestofourlives."Historyisimportant.Ithasmanylessonstoteachandfailuretoheedthemisoneoftheeasiestwaystomakemistakesinthefuture.Historyalsocarrieswithitmanyexperiencesbothpersonalandsocietalthatinfluenceattitudestothepresentandthefuture.Inmanysituationstheseattitudes,whicharederivedfromthepast,determineourapproachtothefuture.Tocreatechangewemayneedtobreakawayfromthisdominationbythepastandthinkanew.Thisisoftendifficult,butifwearetosolvemanyoftheworld'sproblems,itisnecessary.

Onewaytoassistthismaybetoexaminethewayinwhichwerefertodifferentperiodsoftime.TheEnglishlanguageisnotaloneinusingthewords"past","present"and"future",eachsuggestingthesingular.Therewasonepast-historyratherthanhistories;thereisonepresent,notaseriesofpresents;andtherewillbeonefuture.If,however,weaccepttheexistenceofeffectivehumanchoice,theremustbethepotentialfordifferentfuturestooccur.Easyasitistoexplain,whenweareusedtothinkingaboutthepastandthepresent,itcanbestilldifficulttoacceptthatfuturesaremultiple.Itseemstomakethefuturedifferent.

Butisitasdifferentasallthat?ConsidertheexperienceofanEnglishmaninBoston,Massachusetts.SomeoftheeventsthattookplaceinandaroundBostoninthelate18thcenturyareprobablyfamiliartomostEnglishschoolchildren,butseeingthemfromanAmericanperspectivecaststheminanewlight.TheBritishversionofhistorygenerallyregardsthe"Brits"asthegoodguys,fightingbravelyforright.Followingthe"FreedomTrail"throughBostonposessomeinterestingquestions.TheAmericanviewisdifferent.We,theBrits,werethebuddies!

Althoughthepasthashappenedandleftevidenceandmemories,difficultiesremain.Theinterpretationoftheeventscanbeverydifferentwhenviewedfromdifferentperspectives.Which,ifany,isright?Someofthemostintractablepoliticalproblemsoftoday,suchasthoseinNorthernIreland,theMiddleEastandtheformerYugoslavia,originateinverydifferentperspectivesonhistory.Perhapsthemaincontributionthatfuturistscanmaketotheresolutionoftheseconflictsistoemphasizetheexistenceof,andtheneedtounderstandhistories,intheplural:that,althoughtheremaystrictlyhavebeenonepast,differenthumanperceptionseffectivelycreatemultiplepaststhatareoftenincompatible.Onlybyrecognizingthesignificanceofthesepastscanthevaryingpresentsbeunderstood,withaviewtoachievingafuturethatwillgosomewaytowardsmeetingtheconflictingpreferences.

Inwhatwayishistoryimportanttous?

A.Itleavesusalegacytobevaluedatthepresentandinthefuture.

B.Wecanseepastinfluenceineverythingwethinkanddoatthismoment.

C.Manyofourattitudesdevelopedfromthepastwillaffectthepresentandthefuture.

D.Historydeterminesthefuturecourseofacountry.

51.

WhatdoesthereportfromNRCindicate?

A.Theearthwillbecomewarmer.

B.ItissomewhatsuspiciousofMichaelMann'sassertion.

C.Theearthreachesthehighesttemperatureinthehistory.

D.Theproxymeasurementsarereliable.

52.WhowillhavetherighttoaskforflexibleworkinghoursaftertheUKprogramislaunched?

A.Parentswithadultdisabledkids.

B.Parentswithchildrenyoungerthan16.

C.Parentswithhealthykidsunder18.

D.Parentswithchildrenolderthan6.

53.

Whywasteeplanthempessentialtoworld-widetradeinthepast?

A.Ships'ropesweremadefromit.

B.Hempwasaveryprofitableexport.

C.Hempwasusedasfuelforships.

D.Hempwasusedasfoodforsailors.

54.Howmanypeoplearesufferingfromlabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions:Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedire(可怕的)consequencestodayasitdidinthe1930swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswareusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigated(減輕)theconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityisfrommultipleearners,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesarcsolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinternettounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffers.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherpart-timeworkingbecauseoftheinabilityIofindfulltimework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailingsinthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate----thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.

Whichofthefollowingdocs"labormarketproblems"(Line1,Para.1)referto?

A.Shortageofjobsprovidingadequateincome.

B.Deficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforce.

C.Traderelationshipsamongproducersofgoods.

D.Theoverallcausesofpoverty.

55.Theeconomicdeclineforceswomentogiveu