肉雞日糧最優(yōu)的含硫氨基酸與賴氨酸比例

肉雞日糧最優(yōu)的含硫氨基酸與賴氨酸比例第1頁/共39頁Determinationofoptimalaminoacidratios

理想蛋白氨基酸比例的測定IdealProteinConcept理想蛋白的概念Idealratiosbetweenaminoacids(referenceLys)氨基酸的理想比例（以賴氨酸為標準）Shouldbeappliedonbasisofdigestibleaminoacids應當以可消化氨基酸為基礎應用Determinationofidealaminoacidratios理想蛋白氨基酸比例的測定Factorialapproach

析因法Dose-responsetrials

劑量反應試驗第2頁/共39頁Factorialapproach

析因法Partitioningofaminoacidrequirementforvariouspurposes–factors把氨基酸需要量分割為用于各種目的需要量－因子What‘srequired?

需要什么？Aminoacidretention(netaccretion)氨基酸的存留（凈增加）Analysedcontentofweightgain,eggmass,feathers,milkyield,etc.分析增重、蛋內容物、羽毛、產奶等的成分Utilisationofabsorbedaminoacids吸收氨基酸的利用率Dependentonaminoacidbalance依賴于氨基酸的平衡Maintenancerequirement維持需要Aminoacidrequirementforzerogain零增重時的氨基酸需要Functionofbodyweight體重的功能第3頁/共39頁Partitionofthelysinerequirement

賴氨酸需要量的分割第4頁/共39頁Partitionofthemethionine+cysteinerequirement蛋+胱需要量的分割第5頁/共39頁Not100%oftheAAabsorbedbythesmallintestineareusedforretention

吸收的氨基并不能100％利用Lysineutilisation=80%賴氨酸利用率＝80％Isoleucineutilisation=61%異亮氨酸利用率＝61％第6頁/共39頁Lysineaccr.(slow)= -22.49 +0.76x r2=98%Lysineaccr.(fast) = -25.63 +0.79x r2=99%Methionineaccr. = -3.4 +0.68x r2=97%TSAAaccr. = -2.74 +0.52x r2=97%Threonineaccr. = -13.75 +0.82x r2=99%Valineaccr. = -13.44 +0.73x r2=99%

x=AAintake氨基酸的食入量H.M.Edwardset.al,PoultryScience,1999EdwardsandBaker,PoutryScience,1999EdwardsandBaker,Br.J.Nutr,1997D.H.Bakeretal.,J.Nutr.,1996IntermediateutilisationofAA

氨基酸的平均利用率第7頁/共39頁Threesectionsofanexponentialdose-responsecurve指數(shù)劑量反應曲線的三個階段Aminoacidretention,氨基酸存留，g/dy=a+b*(1-e-(c*X)a+baI II III

I=slopeisalmostlinear斜率幾乎是線性 II=slopeisnonlinear斜率是非線性 III=slopetendsagainstzero斜率趨于零UtilisationofthedigestedAAishighestinsectionI在第一階段，消化的氨基酸利用率最高可消化氨基酸的食入量，g/d第8頁/共39頁UtilisationofdietaryMetinlow(18.3%)andhigh(22.9%)CPdietsforbroilers

肉雞日糧中高蛋白(22.9)和低蛋白(18.3)日糧中Met的利用率LP:LowproteinNP:normalprotein*FatufeandRodehutscord,2005第9頁/共39頁Utilisationofaminoacidsinbroilersdependsongenetics

在肉雞上氨基酸的利用率與遺傳有關*Fatufeetal.,20048d-21d第10頁/共39頁Partitionofthelysinerequirementinbroilers

在肉上賴氨酸需要量的分割第11頁/共39頁Partitionofthemethionine+cysteinerequirementinbroilers

在肉雞上蛋+胱需要量的分割第12頁/共39頁EffectofageonidealMet+Cys:Lysratio

年齡對理想蛋+胱比例的影響第13頁/共39頁Factorialapproach析因法Advantages優(yōu)勢NetaccretioncanbeanalysedforallAAsimultaneously所有氨基酸的凈沉積可同時被分析出Netaccretioncaneasilybedeterminedfordifferentages不同日齡的凈存積很易被測出Challenges挑戰(zhàn)Utilisationofdigestibleaminoacidsdifficulttodetermine可消化氨基酸的利用率很難被測定ForeachAAseparately每一種氨基酸分別測定Dependentonphysiologicalstate(age,breed,etc.)生理狀態(tài)有影響(年齡、品種)Maintenancerequirementdifficulttodetermine維持需要很難被測定ForeachAAseparately每一種氨基酸分別測定Regressionmethodology回法方法D2O(deuteriumoxide)氧化氘第14頁/共39頁Dose-response劑量反應法What‘srequired?需要什么？Groupsofanimalstobefed飼喂不同組的動物Adequatenumberofreplications重復數(shù)足夠Experimentaldietswithgradedlevelsofonenutrient試驗日糧中添加梯度水平的一種營養(yǎng)素Basaldietisdeficientinthenutrienttobeinvestigated測定基礎日糧是否缺乏測定的營養(yǎng)素Exactdietmixing精確的日糧的混合配制Adefinedperiodoftimeorage確定的時間或年（日）齡Performancecriteria生產性能指標Growth,feedconversion生長，飼料轉化率N-retention,breastmeatyield氨存留,胸肉產量Parametersmeasuredinplasma血漿參數(shù)…Inthedoseresponsetrialthereisnotpartitioningoffactorsbecauseallofthemtogetherdeterminetheresponse.在劑量反應試驗中，沒有因子分割，因為所有因子合在一起測定第15頁/共39頁DeterminationoftheoptimalMet+Cys:Lysratio

inbroilers

在肉雞上測定最優(yōu)的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例

Projectwith

ProvimiBV,TheNetherlands111贏創(chuàng).

創(chuàng)新原動力.第16頁/共39頁Materialandmethods材料與方法Birds雞:

1700day-old,maleRoss308broilersdistributedtopensinordertominimisevariatio

betweenpens.

1700只1日齡公羅斯308隨機分到籠中，以縮小變異Housing:2x36raisedfloorpens/intworooms/35°Catarrivaldecreasedto21.5°Cattermination

禽舍：2x36地面籠/兩個房間/

雞雛到達時35°C，以后逐漸最終降至21.5°CDiets日糧:Corn-wheatsoybeanmealbased

玉米小麥豆粕基礎日糧basalstarter(1-14d)andgrower(14-35d)diets雛雞日糧(1-14d),生長雞日糧(14-35d)5gradedMet+Cys:Lysratios

5個梯度的蛋＋胱:賴氨酸比positivecontrol+Lys

正對照+Lysacommercialstarterdietwasfed

whenMet+Cys:Lysratiowasstudiedinthegrowerphase

當研究生長雞階段的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例時，雛雞階段飼喂商業(yè)日糧Parameters

參數(shù):bodyweights-weightgain/

feedconsumption-feedconversioncarcassevaluation(5randomlyselectedbroilers/pen)體增重/飼料消耗－飼料轉化率/胴體評價(隨機選取5只雞/籠)第17頁/共39頁Design

試驗設計TreatmentTFDMet+Cys:TFDLysLysIStarter雛雞(0-14days)62.9%9.71II67.8%9.71III72.6%9.71IV77.5%9.71V82.4%9.71VI

陽性對照74.4%10.76VIIGrower生長雞(14-35days)62.9%9.44VIII67.8%9.44IX72.6%9.44X77.5%9.44XI82.4%9.44XII

陽性對照74.4%10.46第18頁/共39頁Compositionofthestarterdiets

Ingredients,g/kg雛雞飼料原料組成Treatments62%67%72%77%82%HighLysMaize玉米414.5414.5414.5414.5414.5414.5Wheat小麥150.0150.0150.0150.0150.0150.0Soybeanmeal豆粕305.4305.4305.4305.4305.4305.4Soyisolate大豆分離蛋白16.216.216.216.216.216.2Maizegluten玉米蛋白粉17.617.617.617.617.617.6Soybeanoil豆油35.235.034.834.634.433.9Animalfat動物脂肪11.611.611.611.611.611.6Premix預混料10.010.010.010.010.010.0Limestone石粉17.417.417.417.417.417.4Monocalciumphosphate磷酸二氫鈣13.013.013.013.013.013.0Salt食鹽2.682.682.682.682.682.20Sodiumbicarbonate

碳酸氫鈉1.101.101.101.101.101.74DL-Methionine蛋氨酸-0.480.951.431.911.91L-LysineHCL

賴氨酸鹽酸鹽-----1.35L-Threonine

蘇氨酸0.270.270.270.270.270.27DIAMOL

5.004.724.444.153.872.88第19頁/共39頁Compositionofthestarterdiets

Nutrients,g/kg,andenergy(kcalME/kg)

雛雞料的營養(yǎng)成分TFDMet+Cys:Lys62%67%72%77%82%HighLys74%Crudeprotein粗蛋白209210210210210212Crudefat粗脂肪767676757575Crudefibre粗纖維242424242424Crudeash粗灰分666666656564AMEn(kcal/kg)305730573057305830583058TFDLys**真糞可消化賴氨酸9.719.719.719.719.7110.76TFDMet真糞可消化蛋氨酸3.083.554.024.504.974.97TFDMet+Cys真糞可消化蛋＋胱6.116.587.057.538.008.00TFDThr真糞可消化蘇氨酸7.527.527.527.527.527.52TFDTrp真糞可消化色氨酸2.242.242.242.242.242.24TFDIle真糞可消化異亮氨酸8.538.538.538.538.538.53TFDArg真糞可消化精氨酸13.3713.3713.3713.3713.3713.37TFDVal真糞可消化精纈氨酸9.389.389.389.389.388.59Calcium

鈣9.79.79.79.79.79.7AvailablePhosphorus

可利用磷4.34.34.34.34.34.3第20頁/共39頁Compositionofthegrowerdiets

Ingredients,g/kg生長雞料的營養(yǎng)成分Treatments處理62%67%72%77%82%HighLysMaize玉米485.30485.3485.3485.3485.3485.3Wheat小麥50.0050.050.050.050.050.0Soybeanmeal豆粕325.93325.9325.9325.9325.9325.9Maizegluten玉米蛋白粉18.2418.218.218.218.218.2Soybeans豆粕6.066.16.16.16.16.1Animalfat動物脂肪35.8935.835.835.735.735.7Soybeanoil豆油35.935.735.635.435.334.8Premix預混料10.0010.010.010.010.010.0Limestone石粉12.7212.712.712.712.712.7Monocalciumphosphate磷酸二氫鈣10.9410.910.910.910.910.9Salt食鹽2.32.32.32.32.31.8Sodiumbicarbonate碳酸氫鈉1.51.51.51.51.52.2DL-Methionine蛋白質-0.460.931.391.851.86L-LysineHCL賴氨酸鹽酸鹽-----1.31L-Threonine蘇氨酸0.210.210.210.210.210.21DIAMOL5.004.734.474.203.932.94第21頁/共39頁Compositionofthegrowerdiets

Nutrients,g/kg,andenergy(kcalME/kg)

生長雞料的營養(yǎng)成分Treatments處理62%67%72%77%82%HighLys74%Crudeprotein粗蛋rudefat粗脂肪104104103103103103Crudefibre粗纖維242424242424Crudeash粗灰分606060595958AMEn(kcal/kg)321832183219321932193220TFDLys真糞可消化賴氨酸9.449.449.449.449.4410.46TFDMet真糞可消化蛋氨酸3.023.483.944.404.854.86TFDMet+Cys真糞可消化蛋＋胱5.946.406.867.327.787.78TFDThr真糞可消化蘇氨酸7.327.327.327.327.327.32TFDTrp真糞可消化色氨酸2.142.142.142.142.142.14TFDIle真糞可消化異亮氨酸8.298.298.298.298.298.29TFDArg真糞可消化精氨酸12.9912.9912.9912.9912.9912.99TFDVal真糞可消化精纈氨酸9.139.139.139.139.139.13Calcium

鈣7.67.67.67.67.67.6AvailablePhosphorus

可利用磷3.83.83.83.83.83.8第22頁/共39頁phase1-14daysResultsforthestarter

雛雞1-14天試驗結果第23頁/共39頁Experimentaldata：Starterperiod–1-14days

試驗結果：1－14天雛雞階段QuickChick:73%TFDLys9.71

9.71

9.71

9.71

9.71

10.76

Met+Cys:Lys63%

68%

73%

78%

82%

74%

n66

6

6

6

6

Gain,g增重333c365b365b354bc360b451aFeedintake,g采食量428c472b467b448bc462b544aFCR,kg/kg飼料轉化效率1.285b1.293b1.283b1.265b1.282b1.206aCarcassyield,%ofLW胴體重(活重的%)63.85a62.11bc62.62abc62.93ab62.48bc61.55cBreastmeat,%ofCW胸肉產量(胴體重的%)20.11c23.11b23.16b21.93b22.99b27.42a第24頁/共39頁ExtraLyshadanenormousimpactonweightgain額外的賴氨酸對增重有巨大的影響QuickChick:73%第25頁/共39頁Feedconversionwasmuchbetterinthepositivecontrol陽性對照組飼料轉化率更好QuickChick:73%第26頁/共39頁Summaryandconclusion總結和結論

OptimalMet+Cys:Lysinstarterperiod

在肉雛雞料中最優(yōu)的蛋+胱:賴氨酸比ResponsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lysratiowasweakandinconsistent.增加蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比，生長反應較弱且不恒定Performanceofpositivecontrol(+Lys)wassubstantiallyhighercomparedtotheothertreatments陽性對照(+賴氨酸)的生產性能比其它處理高Itisconcluded由此可推斷DegreeofLysdeficiencywastoostrongintheexperimentaldietsalthough2ndlimiting盡管賴氨酸是第2限制性的，但在實驗日糧中其缺乏程度太強。ThishasresultedindepressedfeedintakeandthusavoidedaresponsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lysinthediet這導致采食量降低，從而使肉雞對日糧中蛋＋胱增加沒有反應。DeterminationofoptimalAAratioscanalsobeaffectedbysecondlimitingaminoacidifdegreeoflimitationtoopronounced.假如第二限制性氨基酸缺乏明顯，最優(yōu)的氨基酸比例的測定受第二限制性氨基酸的影響。第27頁/共39頁EffectofincreasingMet+Cys:Lysratiosingrowerphase

在生長雞階段增加蛋＋胱:賴氨酸比例的影響第28頁/共39頁Resultsofthegrowerexperiment

14–35days生長雞(14－35天)的結果TFDLysine9.449.449.449.449.4410.46Met+Cys:Lys63%68%73%78%82%74%n666666Gain增重,g1489c1693b1778a1763a1783a1819aFeedintake采食量,g2723c2888ab2981a2874b2877b2876bFCR飼料轉化率,kg/kg1.813a1.706b1.677b1.631c1.614cd1.581dCarcassyield,%ofL胴體產量,毛重的%69.75c70.65b71.11b71.23b71.54a71.35bBreastmeat,%ofCW胸肉,胴體重的%30.66d31.65cd32.39bc33.02b33.11b34.34aAbdominalfat,%ofCW腹脂,胴體重的%2.42a1.99b2.15ab2.12b1.95bc1.71bcQuickChick:75%第29頁/共39頁Weightgain,14-28daftertwoweeksoffeeding

飼喂2周后（14-28天）增重Cleardose-responsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lys對日糧中增加蛋＋胱:賴氨酸比例有明著的劑量反應。Performanceofpositivecontrolslightlybetter陽性對照組的生產性能要稍微高些。Regression回歸Exponential,r2=0.97

RATIO:74%指數(shù)曲線，r2=0.97,比例:74％QuickChick:75%第30頁/共39頁Weightgain,grower,14-35d

Responsewasofnon-linearnature

生長雞(14-35d)體增重：非線性反應Cleardose-responsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lys對增加的蛋＋胱:賴氨酸有明顯的劑量反應。Performanceofpositivecontrolslightlybetter陽性對照生產性能要好一些。Lyssecondlimiting賴氨酸是第二限性能氨基酸。Regression回歸Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys:75%指數(shù)曲線，r2=0.99,

TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比：75％QuickChick:75%第31頁/共39頁Feedconversion,grower,14-28d

Responsewasalmostlinear

飼料轉化率，生長雞(14-28d),反應幾乎呈線性TheresponsetoincreasingTFDMet+Cys:Lys對增加TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例的反應：

wasstrong:>20points很強列：>20點wasalmostlinear幾乎呈線性FCRofpositivecontrolwasbetterthantheremaining陽性對照的FCR比其它組更好Regression回歸Exponential,r2=0.95

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.95

TFD蛋+胱:賴氨酸>82.4%QuickChick:75%第32頁/共39頁Feedconversion,grower,14-35d

Asymptotewasnotachieved

生長雞(14-35d)的FCR：沒有達到漸近線TheresponsetoincreasingTFDMet+Cys:Lys對增加TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸的反應wasstrong:20points強烈：20點wasalmostlinear幾乎呈直線FCRofpositivecontrolwasbetterthantheremaining陽性對照比其它各組好。Regression回規(guī)Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.99

TFD蛋+胱：賴氨酸>82.4%QuickChick:75%第33頁/共39頁Carcassyield,grower,35d

胴體產量，生長雞，35天Carcassyieldimprovednon-linearlywith>1.5points胴體產量非線性增加，>1.5點Asymptotewasnotachieved沒有達到漸近曲線Regression回規(guī)Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.99

TFD蛋+胱:賴氨酸>82.4%QuickChick:75%第34頁/共39頁Breastmeatyield,grower,35d

胸肉產量，生長雞，35天AlmostlinearresponsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lys對增加的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸幾乎呈線性反應>2.5points

大于2.5百分點Positivecontrolshowedhighestperformance陽性對照表現(xiàn)出最好的性能Regression回規(guī)Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.99

TFD蛋+胱:Lys>82.4%QuickChick:75%第35頁/共39頁Summaryandconclusion總結和結論

OptimalMet+Cys:Lysingrowerperiod

生長期肉雞最優(yōu)的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸ClearresponsestoincreasingdietaryTFDMet+Cys:Lys.對增加日糧中TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸表現(xiàn)出明顯的反應。partlylinear,partlynon-linear

部分線性，部分非線性strongeffects

(>250ggain,20pointsFCR,>1.5pointscarcassyield,>2.5pointsBMY)有顯明的影響(>250g增重,20點FCR，>1.5點胴體產量,>2.5點胸肉產量)Performanceofpositivecontrolwasslightlyhighercomparedtotheothertreatments陽性對照組的生產性能比其它組稍微高些ConfirmationthatLyswassecondlimiting證明賴氨酸是第二限制性氨基酸Regressionanalysissuggested回規(guī)分析表明optimalTFDMet+Cys:Lysratioof75%formaximisingweightgain以最大增重為指標，最優(yōu)的TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例是75%optimalTFDMet+Cys:Lysratioof>82%forminimisingFCR以最優(yōu)飼料轉化效率為指標，最優(yōu)的T