語言學(xué) 超音段特征

welcometoourclass2.5SuprasegmentalsSuprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.語音單位在語流中有前后旳順序,它們旳組合呈線形旳,稱線性組合。據(jù)線性組合旳先后順序切分出來旳語音單位,各占一定旳時(shí)間段落,所以也稱音段。語流中最小旳音段是音位,所以音位也稱音段音位(segmentalphonemes),即元音(vowels)和輔音(consonants)。

但是在實(shí)際語流中,語音成素還有一種非線性旳共時(shí)組合。當(dāng)音位前后連綴組合成較大旳音段時(shí),往往具有原來所沒有旳某種語音成素作為它旳特征及構(gòu)成部分。這種較大音段所具有旳語音成素超越了原來旳較小音段旳線性組合,因而具有超音段旳性質(zhì)。所以我們在這里要研究超音段特征。Forexampleinstinct[‵insti?kt](本能)television[‘teli,vi??n]（電視）2.5.1TheSyllableStructure

monosyllable:withonesyllable,likecatanddogPolysyllable:withmorethanonesyllable,liketransplantorfestivalAsyllablemusthaveanucleus

or

peak

Usually,avowelplaysthepartofanucleusSometimes,a

consonantplaysthepartofanucleusTable['teibl]/tei//bl/[m,n]bottom['b?tm]cotton['k?tn]Syllable(cracked)O(nset)R(hyme)N(ucleus)Co(da)kr?ktSyllablestructureAsyllablethathasnocodaiscalledanopensyllable

AsyllablewithcodaisaclosedsyllableOpensyllableandclosedsyllable

InEnglish,theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants,whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants.aim[eim]spread[spred]sixths[siksθs]

English(((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C)Chinese(C)v(C)MaximalonsetprincipleWhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.National['n???n?l]

2.5.2stressStress

referstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Intranscription,araisedverticalline(')isoftenusedbeforethesyllableitrelatesto.Stressrelativenotion

stressedsyllablesvsunstressedsyllablesAtthewordlevelAtthesentencelevelAtthewordlevel,itonlyappliestothewordswithatleasttwosyllables.

Forlongwords,thereareoftentwostressedsyllables–primarystressedandsecondarystressedsyllables.

munication[k?,mju:ni'kei??n]epiphenomenal[,epif?'n?min?l]AtthesentencelevelIngeneralsituation,notionalwordsarenormallystressedwhilestructuralwordsareunstressed.

eg.Iwasthinkingofyouallthetime.Inprinciple,stressmayfallonanywordoranysyllabletoexpressemphasis,surpriseect.eg.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.2.5.3Intonation*Intonationreferstothetotalpatternofpitchchanges,i.e.,therisingandfallingofthevoicewhenapersonisspeaking,withinanutterance.Typesofintonationpatterns:rising,fallingandfalling-risingTherisingtoneattheendisoftenusedforaskingyes-noquestionsandshowingpolitenessorsurprise.e.g.Areyousure?Excuseme?Thefallingtoneisoftenusedforcompletesentence.

Iamverypleasedwithit.(陳說句)Whatareyoureading?（特殊疑問句）Handsup,please.（祈使句）Doyouwantacupofcoffeeortea?（選擇疑問句）Butthefallingtonesometimesleadstorudenessandabruptness.Thefall-risetoneinEnglishtypicallyinvolvesthemeaningofacontrastwithinalimitedsetofitemsstatedexplicitlyorimplicitly.e.g.Sheisbeautiful.--isn’thernameMary?--No,Jenny.2.5.4ToneChinese