草坪發(fā)展簡史

HistoryofTurfgrassesBiblicalreferences:grassesusedinPersianandArabiangardens13thcenturyliteraturereferredtotheuseofturnonlawn“bowling”areasTheword“turf”isderivedfromtheSanskrit“darbhus”,meaningaturfofgrass16-17thcentury,golfandturfareasdevelopedHistorycontinuedFirstlawnmowerinventedbyEdwinBudding,England,1830PrivatelawnsdevelopedinVictorianEngland,broughttoUSbyEnglishsettlers.Hadtowaituntilthehardwoodforestswereclearedtopermitgrassestablishment.Williamsburgclassicexampleofsmallturfareasateachhouse.Thiswasthechange.OriginofTurfgrassesMostspeciesusedforturfarenotnativetoNorthAmerica,withtheexceptionofbuffalograss.AlltheprimaryspecieshavebeenintroducedMostturfspeciesare“forest-fringe”species,whichdistinguishesthemfromtallerprairiespeciesOriginofTurfgrassesTurfgrassesdevelopedincloseassociationwithdomesticatedanimals.ManthusunwittinglyimposednaturalselectiononmanyofthegrasseswenowuseforturfOnlygrassesabletowithstandrepeatedgrazing(closecutting)wereabletosurviveManygrassesintroducedtoUSasfeedforlivestockfromtheships,orseedthat“hitchedaride”RecentHistory

Tremendouschangesinlast40years

Linkedtorisinginterestingolf,TVManynew,improvedcultivars(cultivatedvarieties-anamedvariety)Pesticidedevelopment-2,4-DoneoffirstRefinedfertilizerprograms,inorganicfertilizersNewequipmentsuchasaerifier,verticalmower,modernirrigationsystemsSizeoftheTurfGrassIndustryUNITEDSTATES(1983)25To30millionacres(sizeofnewengland)$25BillioninannualmaintenanceCOSTSSTATESURVEYS=$1BILLIONEACHNewYork(1982),California(1983),Virginia,NorthCarolina(1986)Pennsylvania(1992)NorthCarolinaSurvey(1994)Over2MillionAcres$1BillioninAnnualMaintenanceCostsOver2MillionHomelawns76,000MilesofRoadsides500GolfCourses(12MillionRoundsofGolf)WhatSpeciesareGrowninNC?Tallfescue 52%oftotalBluegrass/fescue 8%Bermudagrass 7%Centipedegrass 4%others:zoysiagrass,ryegrass,bahiagrass,carpetgrass,St.AugustinegrassWhere’stheMoney?

HowGolfCoursesAllocate$Labor,Mowing 28.3%oftotalMowingEquipmentetc. 15.1%Labor,Pesticides 8.4%Fertilizer 7.9%Labor,Irrigation 3.6%SegmentsoftheTurfGrassIndustryHomelawnsRoadsidesGolfCourseLawnCareParksAthleticFieldsSodProductionSchoolsCommercialGroundsCemeteriesChurchesInstitutionsTurfSalesAirportsSelectedTurfandTurf-relatedOccupationsCemeteriesManagementConsultantsEducation/ExtensionEquipmentManufacturers/SalesFertilizerManufacturers/SalesGardenStores/NurseriesGolfCourseOperationsMore...SelectedTurfandTurf-relatedOccupationsIrrigationInstallationandDesignJournalism,Newsletters,Etc.Landscaping/ConstructionLawnCareLawnServiceFirmsLimeProduction/SalesParksManagementPesticideManufactures/SalesResearchSeedFirms/SalesSodProductionTurfManagement,Parks,Etc.DefinitionsTurfAcoveringofmowedvegetationplusthemedium(soil)inwhichthegrassesaregrowingTurfgrasstheplantcommunityconsistingofcertainspeciesinthePoaceaeformingacontinuousgroundcoverwithpersistsunderregularmowingandtrafficDefinitionsGrassAnyPlantofthePoaceaFamily(Cereals,Forages,Bamboo)ParallelVenationMonocot-HavingOneCotyledon(SeedlingLeaf)intheSeedDefinitionsTurfgrasscultureScienceandpracticeofestablishingandmaintainingturfgrassTurfgrassmanagementEncompasseslaborsupervision,recordkeeping,budgeting,andcostaccountingaswellascultureSodHarvestedturfDefinitionsGreenAcloselymowed,highlymanicuredturfgrassmaintainedforaspecificpurposeTypes:golf,bowling,tennisNativeGrassOriginateandpersistinaregionNaturalizedGrassAdaptandpersistbutnotoriginatefromtheregionCLASSIFICATIONOFMERIONKENTUCKYBLUEGRASS

Kingdom PlantaeDivision EmbryophytaSubdivision PhanaerogamaBranch AngiospermaeClass MonocotyledoneaeSubclass GlumiforaeOrder PoalesFamily PoaceaeSubfamily PooideaeTribe PoeaeGenus PoaSpecies pratensisCultivar MerionTheImportanceofTurfIn1971lifemagazineconductedasurveyandfoundthat95%ofrespondentssaid"greengrassandtreesaroundme"isthemostimportantenvironmentalfactorIn1980BetterHomesandGardenschoselawnsasmostimportantlandscapingelement(61%)ReasonsforTurfAestheticsOrnamentalGrassesMentalRelaxationRecreationExerciseSportingEventsReasonsforTurfSafetyReduceGlareRoadsideStoppingReduceFireReduceRodents,SnakesReduceInjuriesReasonsforTurfEnvironmentalQualityModerateTemperatures15DegreesCoolerThanBareGround30DegreesCoolerThanConcreteReasonsforTurfEnvironmentalQuality(continued)ReduceErosionReducedust,lengthenlifeofequipmentReducenoise30-40%Convertunusableland-landfillsforexampleReasonsforTurfEnvironmentalQuality(continued)RecycleeffluentReleaseoxygenAbsorbtoxicemissionsReduceallergies(butcanalsocauseallergies)ReasonsforTurfEconomicsRealtorssaylandscapingadds6%tovalueHomeownerssaylandscapingadds15%tosellingpriceSellfasterRecoveryvalue100-200%butonly40-70%forpatioanddeckSportingEventsthatUtilizeTurfasaPlayingSurfaceArcheryBadmintonBaseballCricketCroquetFootballFrisbeeGolfHorseracingHorseshoesLawnBowlingLawnDartsPlaygroundsRugbySkiing,lawnSkiing,snowSoccerSoftballSteepleChaseTetherballTrack&FieldVolleyballTurfQualityTurfqualityisafunctionofuse,appearanceandplayabilityTherearetwocategories:VisualFunctionalVisualQualityDensity-numberofshootsperareaTexture-leafwidthUniformity-evenappearanceColorGrowthhabit-typeofshootgrowthSmoothness-surfacefeaturethataffectsqualityandplayabilityDensityTextureUniformitySmoothnessFunctionalQualityRigidityResistenceofleavestocompressionElasticityTendencyofleavestospringbackResiliencyCapacitytoabsorbshockwithoutchangingsurfaceYieldClippingsremovedwithmowingRigidityElasticityBallRollClippingsVerdureFunctionalQuality(continued)VerdureAerialshootsremainingaftermowingRootingAmount,depthofrootgrowthRecuperativecapacityRecoverypotentialTENGOODREASONSTOGROWALAWNHomeLawnsHelptheEnvironmentThenexttimeyou'remowingonahotday,thinkingthatgreenconcretemayreallybetheanswer,considerallofthewaysyourlawnreturnsyourfavorofgoodcare:10GoodReasonstogrowalawn1.Thefrontlawnsofablockofeightaveragehouseshavethecoolingeffectofabout70tonsofairconditioning.Theaveragehomecentralairconditioningunithasabout3-4toncapacity.Considerhowmuchenergyissavedbythoselawns!10GoodReasonstogrowalawn2.Onahotsummerday,grasscanbe10to14degreescoolerthanexposedsoilandasmuchas30degreescoolerthanconcreteorasphalt.3.A50by100footwell-maintainedgrassareawillcreateenoughoxygentomeettheneedsofafamilyoffoureveryday.10GoodReasonstogrowalawn4.Actinglikeagiganticsponge,lawnsabsorballtypesofairbornepollutantssuchassoot,dustandcarbonmonoxide,aswellasnoise.5.Recentstudiesshowhealthylawnsabsorbrainfallsixtimesmoreeffectivelythanawheatfieldandfourtimesbetterthanahayfield,beingexceededonlybyvirginforest.Lawnsfilterthemoisturetothewatertablewhereitcanagainbeusedbyeveryone.10GoodReasonstogrowalawn6.APennStateUniversitystudyshowed"thicklawnsslowthevelocityofrunoffandallowthewatertoinfiltrate."Ahealthy,highqualitylawnwasatleast10timesmoreeffectivethanapatchylawnwith