專題04詞句猜測(cè)題上下取證知其意-備戰(zhàn)2023年高考英語(yǔ)破解閱讀理解講練測(cè)

專題04詞句猜測(cè)題-上下取證知其意熟知題型特點(diǎn)與設(shè)問(wèn)方式題型特點(diǎn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式詞句猜測(cè)題著重考查利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。主要通過(guò)以下兩點(diǎn)進(jìn)行考查：(1)要求根據(jù)閱讀材料，結(jié)合學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)判斷生詞、詞組或熟詞在特定語(yǔ)境中的含義以及一些句子的意思；(2)代詞指代題也是詞句猜測(cè)的?？碱?lèi)型。①Whatdotheunderlinedwords“...”meaninParagraph...？②Whatdoes“...”underlinedinParagraph...referto？③Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”inParagraph...？④WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph...suggest？用活4大猜測(cè)詞義技法為做好詞義猜測(cè)題，學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)熟練掌握《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》規(guī)定的詞匯，在日常學(xué)習(xí)、訓(xùn)練中還要注重積累生僻詞匯和短語(yǔ)，掌握構(gòu)詞法的基本知識(shí)，對(duì)各種前綴、后綴的變化形式了然于胸；還應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行合理推測(cè)，掌握一定的解題技巧。在高考閱讀理解中，學(xué)生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個(gè)：一是被已認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo)；二是被完全不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的意思所阻擋，從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀速度以及對(duì)文章的理解。其實(shí)解決這兩個(gè)困難的一個(gè)重要法寶是學(xué)生在心目中樹(shù)立起上下文觀念，要學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)法、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)和上下文等線索確定詞義。詞義猜測(cè)題不僅要求具備一定構(gòu)詞法，而且也要求對(duì)上下文具有比較全面的理解。做詞義猜測(cè)題時(shí)，應(yīng)注意畫(huà)線生詞后面的定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句通常用來(lái)解釋生詞的意義。另外，還要注意生詞后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)、引號(hào)、括號(hào)都可用于提示詞意。下面介紹4種行之有效的猜詞技法，希望對(duì)學(xué)生提高閱讀理解中詞義猜測(cè)題的解題能力有所幫助。技法(一)利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義類(lèi)型1定義作者有時(shí)會(huì)通過(guò)給某些詞匯下定義來(lái)幫助讀者理解詞義，尤其是在一些科普類(lèi)、社科類(lèi)以及與專業(yè)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的文章中。此時(shí)，常使用的信號(hào)詞匯有i.e.、is、are、is/arecalled、mean、referto、knownas等。【典例】(2021·全國(guó)甲卷閱讀C)Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(橫桿),Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!_Safe!_Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe！”probablymean？A．Becareful！B．Welldone！C.Noway!D．Don'tworry！解析根據(jù)選段中的Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.可知，作者將Safe定義為cool，即“出色的”；同時(shí)結(jié)合下文可知，在作者成功完成了一次滑板動(dòng)作后，同伴們都大喊Safe!Safe!Safe！來(lái)表示祝賀或鼓勵(lì)作者，夸作者“做得好”。自主解答__B__類(lèi)型2舉例有時(shí)，畫(huà)線詞后會(huì)跟一些具體的例子，這些例子能幫助學(xué)生理解該詞的詞義。此時(shí)常出現(xiàn)的信號(hào)詞匯有suchas、such...as、forexample、forinstance、like、including、especially等。【典例】(2020·北京高考閱讀D)CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraph1probablymean？A．Enormousinquantity.B．Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality.D．Presenteverywhere.解析根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞后的Forexample可知，下文是對(duì)畫(huà)線詞所在句的舉例：算法幫助人們?cè)诮鹑谑袌?chǎng)進(jìn)行大量的交易，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)出現(xiàn)在城市的街道，智能手機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)不同語(yǔ)言間的轉(zhuǎn)換等。這些例子都是人工智能被廣泛應(yīng)用到生活中不同領(lǐng)域的體現(xiàn)，由此可以推測(cè)出，畫(huà)線詞用于形容人工智能的普遍現(xiàn)象。自主解答__D__類(lèi)型3重述作者為了使某一復(fù)雜難懂的詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義更清楚，通常會(huì)使用常用的、簡(jiǎn)明的詞或詞組對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋，這就是重述。重述部分通過(guò)逗號(hào)(有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)或括號(hào))與句子的其他部分隔開(kāi)或用信號(hào)詞引導(dǎo)。常見(jiàn)的信號(hào)詞匯有or、namely、thatis、inotherwords、thatistosay、tobemoreexact、toputinanotherway等。【典例】(2021·全國(guó)乙卷閱讀B)Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphones,accordingtoasurvey(調(diào)查)．OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcategory.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean？A．Admit.B．Argue.C.Remember.D．Remark.解析畫(huà)線詞所在的句子中有破折號(hào)，而畫(huà)線詞又位于破折號(hào)之前，因此，須特別注意破折號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容，破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容一般是對(duì)上文的進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明。根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞所在句的下文可知，很多人保留座機(jī)是為了預(yù)防緊急情況，并有一部分人根本不用座機(jī)。畫(huà)線詞所在句是說(shuō)，有三分之一的人承認(rèn)座機(jī)不是必須要有的東西，他們將其作為一種心理安慰。因此concede意為“承認(rèn)”。自主解答__A__類(lèi)型4同義詞或近義詞有時(shí)，在畫(huà)線單詞或短語(yǔ)的上下文會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞匯，它往往暗示了該詞或短語(yǔ)的含義，這時(shí)就可以根據(jù)同義、近義的替代關(guān)系推知生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。同義詞、近義詞常見(jiàn)的信號(hào)詞匯有and、or、like、aswell、similarly、too、also、either等?！镜淅?2022·全國(guó)乙卷閱讀C)Thatincludeshugesavingsin_maintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.29.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto？A．Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.解析根據(jù)文章選段第一句的句意“那包括大幅節(jié)省maintenance的費(fèi)用和更好地保護(hù)鐵路人員安全”可知，A項(xiàng)不符合該處語(yǔ)境，故排除；選段第二句兩次出現(xiàn)了maintenance一詞，下文提到了inspectandrepair，由此可以推出，maintenance的含義就是inspectandrepair。B項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)在選段最后一句，與maintenance關(guān)系不大，D項(xiàng)在選段中未出現(xiàn)，故排除B、D兩項(xiàng)。自主解答__C__類(lèi)型5反義詞有時(shí)作者會(huì)用表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞連接意思相反的兩個(gè)詞或句子，這時(shí)就可以根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測(cè)詞義。常見(jiàn)的表示對(duì)比或反義的信號(hào)詞匯有(whether...)or、unlike、but、yet、however、while、although、nevertheless、instead、ratherthan、incontrast、onthecontrary、ontheotherhand等?！镜淅?2020·新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀D)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto？A．Bigeaters.B．Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.D．Tallthinpersons.解析根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞所在句的前半句Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions可知，現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)該避免和體重較重、點(diǎn)大份飯菜的人一起吃飯；后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)該避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫(huà)線詞和heavierpeople意義相反。自主解答__D__技法(二)根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測(cè)詞義有時(shí)作者并未在文中對(duì)某個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行明顯的解釋說(shuō)明，此時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理，以確定某一復(fù)雜難懂的單詞或短語(yǔ)的意義。類(lèi)型1轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系【典例】(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀C)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph？A．Acquire.B．Export.C.Destroy.D．Distribute.解析根據(jù)選段前兩句可知，探險(xiǎn)家們第一次踏上北美大陸之前，北美土著人把這里多種多樣的野生動(dòng)物照顧(takecareof)得很好。由畫(huà)線詞所在句可知，此處講述的是不幸的事情，Unfortunately表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再結(jié)合下文的描述可猜出此處表達(dá)的是，這些探險(xiǎn)者和定居者只用了幾十年的時(shí)間就破壞了這些資源的大部分。由此可推斷，decimate與takecareof的含義相反。自主解答__C__類(lèi)型2對(duì)比關(guān)系有時(shí)，文中會(huì)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，或會(huì)出現(xiàn)與生詞意思相反的詞。因此，學(xué)生可以根據(jù)句中的對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。【典例】(2020·5月天津高考閱讀D)Historygroundsusinourroots.Historyisanimportantandinterestingfieldofstudy,andlearningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper,moremeaningfulglimpse(一瞥)intoourancestralpasts,andhowwegottowhere_we_are_today．Manypeoplefeelliketheyneedasenseofculturalbelonging,whichissomethingthatstudyingyourrootsandbeingopen-mindedtotheevolutionofyourculturecanprovide.51.Theunderlinedpart“wherewearetoday”inPara.2probablymeans________.A．theturningpointinourhistoryB.thepresentstateofournationC.thelocationofourhomelandD.thetotalareaofourcountry解析根據(jù)畫(huà)線部分前的learningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper,moremeaningfulglimpse(一瞥)intoourancestralpasts可知，學(xué)習(xí)祖國(guó)的歷史可以讓我們更深入、更有意義地了解我們祖先的過(guò)去，下文與其形成對(duì)比關(guān)系，即學(xué)習(xí)歷史也可以幫助我們了解我們國(guó)家的現(xiàn)在。自主解答__B__類(lèi)型3類(lèi)比關(guān)系作為一種推理方法，類(lèi)比關(guān)系是指類(lèi)比各對(duì)象之間存在的一種相似性(共同特征)，它通過(guò)比較不同對(duì)象間的某些相似屬性，從而推出另一屬性也可能相似。常見(jiàn)的表示類(lèi)比關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞匯有similarly、like、also、justas、aswell等?！镜淅?2019·天津高考閱讀D)...Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion：whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？We'veallknownpeoplewhorun_out_of_steambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A．Endone'sstruggleforliberty. B．Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D．Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.解析在本句中，people與蒸汽機(jī)形成隱性類(lèi)比，兩者的一個(gè)共同特征就是“動(dòng)力，活力”，而runoutof表示“用完，用盡”。由此可推知，畫(huà)線短語(yǔ)的意思是“失去動(dòng)力”。再聯(lián)系選段最后一句中的I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowing可知，作者談?wù)摰氖悄切┎辉賹W(xué)習(xí)成長(zhǎng)的人。因此，畫(huà)線短語(yǔ)runoutofsteam指失去學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力。自主解答__D__技法(三)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義很多情況下，我們?cè)陂喿x理解中遇到的生詞是派生詞或合成詞。根據(jù)這些詞的前綴、后綴、詞根或所構(gòu)成合成詞的意思，熟練運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法來(lái)判斷生詞的含義是一種十分快速且有效的閱讀技巧?！镜淅?2020·新高考Ⅱ卷閱讀B)IdecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruitMyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway—sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallythe_offenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.25.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender”inparagraph8referto？A．Thestudent'sparent.B.ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C.Theauthor'sgrandchild.D.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.解析根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)可知，“-er”為后綴，當(dāng)其與動(dòng)詞組合時(shí)，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend為動(dòng)詞，意為“違反；冒犯”。所以offender有“犯規(guī)者；違反者”之意。結(jié)合上文中出現(xiàn)的forbiddenfruit以及下文提到的returnthebelonging可推斷，畫(huà)線詞所在句表示，通常theoffender會(huì)在放學(xué)的時(shí)候過(guò)來(lái)，作者就會(huì)把東西歸還給他/她。因此，theoffender就是攜帶“違禁物品”的人。自主解答__D__技法(四)根據(jù)常識(shí)或上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義【典例】(2022·全國(guó)甲卷閱讀C)Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotake_the_plunge．AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo，”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous.Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Trychallengingthings. B．Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories. D．Sticktoapromise.解析根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞所在段內(nèi)容可知，主人公Ginni從小就對(duì)旅行情有獨(dú)鐘，她去過(guò)英國(guó)，但總是渴望去探索更遠(yuǎn)的地方，當(dāng)她從舞蹈行業(yè)退休并且她的兒子最終自立門(mén)戶后，她決定是時(shí)候去……。再結(jié)合下文所闡述的她拿到學(xué)位后去周游世界和去南極洲的經(jīng)歷可推斷，taketheplunge的含義類(lèi)似于“嘗試冒險(xiǎn)”。自主解答__A__ANearMountEverest'speak,theclimbersfacedachoice:headforthesummit,likeothershaddone,orstoptosavetheinjuredman.DanielMazurhadspentsevenhoursclimbingupthemountainthroughiceandsnow,andnowhesensedthatsuccesswasnear.Heandhiscompanionswerelessthanthreehoursawayfromthespectacular29，035-footsummit.Asthemenlookedoutonthesnow-coveredpeaksbelow,Mazursuddenlysawaflashofbrightyellowtohisleft.Ontheedgeofacliffwasamansittingcross-legged.Withoutanoxygenmask,sleepingbag,foodorwater,therewasnoreasonforhimtobealiveat28，000feet,andheseemedtoknowit.HelookedupatMazur.Almostanyexperiencedclimberwho'sbeentoMountEverestknowssomebodywhodidn'tmakeitback.“Therearetimeswhenyouliterallyhavetostepoversomebody'sbodytogettothetop，”saysMazur.NearthepeakonthatclearMaymorning—amountaineer'sdream,Mazurdescribes—heandhisteammembersquietlyrealizedtheyhadachoicetomake:Shouldtheyphoneintheman'ssituationtohisgroupandcontinueon?Orstaywithhim,untilhelparrived?Intheend,Mazurknew,therewasonlyonepossibledecisiontobemade.“Luckily，”hesays,“everyonemadethe_right_one．”Theygotthemanawayfromthecliff'sedgeandhelpedhimbackintohissnowsuit.Withtheinjuredclimbersecured,Mazurradioeddowntohighbasecamp.ItwasalmostnoonwhenadozenSherpasfinallyarrivedtohelptakethemandownthemountain.Theman'snameisLincolnHall.Hallknowshe'saluckyman,thathecouldverywellhavebecomethe12thpersontodieonEverestthisyear—thedeadliestseasonsincethe1996tragedy.Althoughhisrescueisincredible,ithassparkedadebateaboutclimberswholeavebehindthesickandinjuredinpursuitofEverest'sgrandprize.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。即將登上珠穆朗瑪峰的DanielMazur一行遇到一名奄奄一息的登山者，他們會(huì)做出怎樣的選擇呢？1．HowlongwouldittakeDanielMazurtoreachEverest'speak?A．Threehours. B．Sevenhours.C．Tenhours. D．Thirteenhours.解析：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段可知，DanielMazur一行已經(jīng)攀登了7個(gè)小時(shí)，還差3個(gè)小時(shí)就能登上珠穆朗瑪峰。2．DanielMazurfoundtheman________．A．a(chǎn)ttheveryhalfwaypointB．onthetopofthemountainC．whenhewasclimbingdownD．whenhenearlyreachedthetop解析：D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段可知，當(dāng)DanielMazur一行發(fā)現(xiàn)那名奄奄一息的登山者時(shí)，已經(jīng)離山頂不遠(yuǎn)了。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“therightone”inParagraph6referto?A．Tomakeaphonecall.B．Tohelpsavetheman.C．Torealizetheirdream.D．Tocontinuethejourney.解析：B詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文可知，DanielMazur一行只面臨兩種選擇：繼續(xù)前行或留下來(lái)救助那名登山者；根據(jù)下文可知，他們選擇了后者。因此畫(huà)線詞指的是幫助救助那名登山者。4．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．12peoplediedonEverestin1996.B．11peoplediedonEverestthisyear.C．ThepublicdoubtLincolnHall'sstory.D．RescuestoriesarecommononEverest.解析：B推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，如果LincolnHall沒(méi)有被救，那么他將成為今年死在珠峰上的第12名登山者。BBlueskythinking,mostoftenusedinproductdesignandmarketing,isarequesttoeliminateallconstraints,andtoworkonaprojectfreeofanyrestrictions.Theproblemisthatthebenefitsofworkingonablue-skyprojectareoften,butnotalways,moreromancethanreality.Constraintsareveryusefulinfindingnewideas.Therequestto“thinkbluesky”canoftenleadpeopleintothetrapofignoringseeminglysmaller,orsimplerideas,that,ifexplored,couldleadtothebestsolutions.Itcancertainlybefuntothinkaboutsolvingbiggerormoreopenproblems.Imaginingwhatyou'ddowitha500%largerbudgetoranextramonthofprojectschedulemightyieldaninsightthattransfersbacktotheactualconstraints.Butthedesiretowork“bluesky”reflectsamisunderstandingofhowconstraintsoftenhelp,ratherthanhinder,_thecreativeprocess.Aconstraint,whichcaninitiallyseemfrustrating,isanimportantkindofinformation.Itgivesyousomethingtostartwith,andworkagainstingeneratingandtestingideas.Forexample,it'smucheasiertowriteapoemthatrhymes,thantowriteoneinfreeverse.Thestructureofarhymeprovidesinformationtoworkwithandastructure,orshape,totryputtingideasinto.Dr.SeussfamouslywroteTheCatinTheHatbasedonaconstraintfromthepublishertouselessthan250differentwords.Therearemanydifferentkindsofconstraints,andthewaytheconstraintisdefinedcanchangehowusefulornotitisinsolvingaproblem.Oftenit'sdefiningtheproblemthoughtfully,andworkingtoexamineandstudythedifferencesofitsconstraints,thatiswheretherealbiginsightsarefound.Ofcoursehavingtoomanyconstraints,oronesthatconflictwitheachother,canmakeaproblemunsolvable.Sometimespeopleareaskedtodothefirstrateworkonthethirdratebudgetandit'dbeunfairtotellthemthatiftheywerecreativeenoughtheycouldsucceed.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。在完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)時(shí)，我們都討厭各種限制。本文告訴我們，限制其實(shí)也有其有利的一面。5．What'stheproblemwithblueskythinking?A．Beingtoospecific.B．Beingtoorealistic.C．Losingsightofdetails.D．Makingdecisionsslowly.解析：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，“藍(lán)天思維”的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，人們往往會(huì)忽略一些表面細(xì)小之處。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hinder”inParagraph2mean?A．Prevent. B．Change.C．Improve. D．Influence.解析：A詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段可知，畫(huà)線詞所在句中的ratherthan后面的詞應(yīng)該與前面的help意義相反。因此畫(huà)線詞與prevent意思相近。7．WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbygivingsomeexamplesinParagraph3?A．Constraintsmakepeoplecreative.B．Constraintshelpartiststosucceed.C．Constraintshelpustobeginaproject.D．Constraintscanbefrustratingsometimes.解析：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知，約束和限制的一個(gè)好處是：它為我們開(kāi)始一項(xiàng)工作提供了一些已有的信息，后面的舉例都是為了說(shuō)明此意。8．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofconstraints?A．Enoughisenough.B．Themore,thebetter.C．Bettertobeavoided.D．Alittleisbetterthannone.解析：A推理判斷題。作者前面指出了限制的一些好處，但是結(jié)尾又強(qiáng)調(diào)限制多了不是好事。由此判斷A項(xiàng)(適可而止)表達(dá)了作者的意思。C(2022·長(zhǎng)春市學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量調(diào)研抽測(cè))There'sachildlikejoythatcomeswithorderingsomethingonline—whetheritbeclothesorkitchenstuff.Wesitanxiouslyrefreshingthepostalserviceorexpresspagestoseewhenouritemswillarrive,andwebecomeoverlyexcited,hopefulandanxious.AccordingtoOwenO'Kane,apsychologistandwriter,eventhesmallestpositivefutureeventscanmotivateuswhenwe'refeelingdown—especiallyduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,whichhasbeenfilledwithunexpecteddisappointments.Waitingforaparcelmaynotjustrepresentanimaginedpositivefuturewhereyoucancontrolyourneedsforabookoratoasterorashirt,makinglifefeelmoremanageable,butcanalsoserveasatemporarydistraction(分心的事物)fromtheboringlifebecauseitgivesyousomethingnewtowakeuptoandgetexcitedabout.However,peoplewent_into_a_frenzywhenthepostalserviceannouncedthatitsmaildeliverywouldbecomepermanentlyslower.Andthen,manybecameworriedaboutwhethertheiritemswouldarriveontime,appearinabrokenstate,orsimplynotliveuptotheirexpectations.Adelayedpackagemayseeminsignificanttosome.Butforothers,ge