土工程管理專業(yè)英語翻譯chapter

ChapterTheproductofaconstructionprojectcanexistforhundredsofyears.建筑項目可以存在數(shù)百年。Peopleoccupythebuildings,maintaintherefineriesoperatethepipelinesandusethebridges.人However,nooneinctsquiteasintimaywiththesefacilitiesasthosewhodreamofthem,designthemandbuildthem然而，沒有人能像構(gòu)思者、設計者、建造者一樣與建筑設施有如Constructionprojectsarebornfromideas.Foranideatoberealized,itmustbetranslatedintographicformwhichinturnmustbetransformedintoafinishedproduct.要使一個想法成為現(xiàn)實，就必須把它轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閳D象形式，接著把圖紙形Theideaisdefinedbytheownerdevelopedbythedesignerandproducedbytheconstructorwhothenturnsitovertotheowner.這個構(gòu)思是優(yōu)業(yè)主定義，由設計師發(fā)展，由建造者生產(chǎn)并將其Thiscircledefinestheconstructionproject.Thischapterconcentratesonthepeoplewhofilltherolesofowner,designer,andconstructor.這Whofillstheserolesandhowtheyrelatetoeachotheraredeterminedbymanyfactors,includingthetimemoneyprojectuniquenessandculturalenvironment.這些人扮演這些角色和他們?nèi)绾蜛tfirstglance,therolesseemsimpletodefine:theowneristheonewiththedeeppockets,thedesigneristheexpert,andtheconstructoristheguywiththetruckandthebackhoe.乍一Acloserlook,howeverrevealsamorecomplexandinterestingreality.然而研究的越仔細，我們Thecloseryouexaminethem,themorecomplicatedandindistincttheroles e.當你越仔細Asprojectsgrowincomplexity,ownersareincreasinglyturningtooutsideconsultantstorepresenttheirinterests.隨著項目變得越來越復雜，業(yè)主越來越多地尋求外部顧問來代表他們的利益。Theseprogrammanagersmayinfactbeemployedbydesignorconstructionfirmsthatmayormaynothaveadirectstakeinthedesignorconstructionoftheproject.事實上，這些項目經(jīng)理可能會Ownersespeciallyinlargecompaniesmayalsobearchitectsengineersorconstructorsbytraining;andexperiencedconstructioncompaniesoftenemployarchitectsandengineersasstaffmembers.theownerTheemployer,promoter,owner,ortheastheymaybecalledindifferentces,aretheoneswhoareresponsiblefortheinitiationandthefinancingofnewconstructionprojects.通常我們說Theymaybeinthepublicsectororintheprivatesector.業(yè)主可能會在公共領(lǐng)域中或在私人領(lǐng)Publicsectorownerarebasicallytheernmentagencies/departmentsandareinvolvedincivilengineeringworkssuchashighways,dams,bridges,tunnels,andbuildingworkssuchasschools,libraries,hospitals,etc.公共領(lǐng)域業(yè)主基本上市部門里，并且參與像公路，水壩，橋梁，Privatesectorownerismostlyassociatedwithbuildingconstructionworkssuchasofficecomplexes,hos,shopmalls,apartmentcomplexes,privatehousingestates,etc.私營領(lǐng)域業(yè)主大多數(shù)是sinthepublicsectormaybeinfluencedbybothsocialandpoliticaltrendsandneeds,andthedesiretobuildmaybelimitedbythesefactors.在公共領(lǐng)域的業(yè)主既受社會需求和政治傾向的Theprivatesector,which passestheindividualhouseownerandthelargemultinationalcorporation,willprobablydirectitscapitalspendingtotheventuresthatareconsideredtobefinanciallyprofitable.包括私人住宅和大型公司的私營領(lǐng)域，可能會將投入到被認Thishastendedtobeviewedonabuilding’slifecycleratherthanuponinitialconstructioncoststhearchitectThearchitecthastraditionallybeentheleaderofthedesignteam.在傳統(tǒng)意義上來講，建筑師是Becauseprojectstodayrequirealargeamountofspecializedtocompletethedesign,thearchitectmayrequiretheassistanceofconsultantsfromotherprofessionaldisciplines.由于的項目需要Thearchitectsfunctionistoprovidethewithanacceptableandsatisfactorybuildinguponcompletion.建筑師的職責是給業(yè)主提供一完工基礎上的、可接受的和令人滿意的結(jié)果。Thiswillinvolvetheproperarrangementofspacewithinthebuilding,shapes,form,typeofconstructionandmaterialsenvironmentalcontrolsandaestheticconsideration.這就包括建筑形態(tài)、Acontractorwhobelievesthatthearchitectisattemptingtoexercisepowersbeyondthoseassignedunderthecontract,caninsistthatthearchitectspecifyinwritingtheconditionsthatallowsuchpowers.如果確信建筑師正在試圖行使合同以外的權(quán)利時，他可以堅持讓建筑師以的形Thearchitectwillgenerallyoperateundertherulesofagencyonthepartoftheemployer.ThismeansthatinstructionsgiventothecontractorwillbeacceptedandpaidforbytheInthenormalpre-contractstagethearchitect’sdutyistoprepareadesignfortheworks.在正常的Thismayinvolvethreefacts:architecturaldesign,constructionaldetailingandcontractadministration.這可能設計三個方面：建筑設計，構(gòu)造詳圖和合同管理。ThearchitectureduringtheworkmustexhibitreasonableskillandcareinthedesignoftheThearchitectwillalsogenerallybeheldresponsibleforanyworkdelegatedtoanother.建筑師通常Duringthepost-contractstagetheworktobeundertakenbythearchitectislargelysupervisionandadministration.在合同履約階段，建筑師的工作大部分是大量的監(jiān)督和管理。Somedrawingsanddetailsmaystillneedtobeprepared,particularlywherethecontractorrequestssuchinformation.可能需要準備一些圖紙和詳細信息，特別是承包商需要了解詳細信s.Thedutiesofadministrationareusuallytodescribethevariousfunctionssuchasissuinginstructionstothecontractorthatmustbecarriedoutduringtheprogressoftheworks.的職責通常是描述thetysurveyor測量Thetysurveyorhasfunctionsrangingfromameasurertobuildingaccountantandacostadviser.工料測量師的職責范圍涵蓋了從測量師到建設會計和成本顧問的一系列工作。Theemphasisofthetysurveyor’sworkhasshiftedfromonesolelyassociatedwithaccountingfunctions,tooneinvolvedinallmattersofforecastingfinancialmattersregardingtheTheinitialdutyofthetysurveyoristoforecastandevaluatethedesignineconomictermsbothonaninitialandlife-cyclecostbasis.工料測量師的最初職責是預測和估計基于建設成本Secondly,heorshemustpreparethetenderingationusedbythecontractorand,finallyreportoninterimpaymentsandfinancialprogress,andthepreparationandcontrolofthefinaltheThereisawiderangeofdifferenttypesofengineersemployedinaconstructionproject.在一個建Thesemayrangefromcivilandstructuralengineerstobuildingservicesengineers.這些范圍可能Civilengineersareresponsibleforthedesignandsupervisionofcivilandpublicworksengineering,andareemployedinasimilarwaytothatofarchitectsemployedonabuildingconstructionproject.Inaddition,theengineer’scounterpartworkingforthecontractorisoftenacivilengineer.Theirworkcanbeverydiverse,andmayincludeprojectsassociatedwithtransportation,energyrequirementssewageschemesorlandreclamationprojects.他們的工作非常多樣化，包括與運Thearchitectonbehalfoftheusuallyemploysstructuralengineers.代表業(yè)主的建筑師通Theyactasconsultantstodesigntheframeandtheotherstructuralmembersinbuildings.他們作Thebuildingservicesengineersareresponsiblefordesigningthemechanical,electrical,HVAC(heating,ventilationandair-conditioning),andotherrelatedsystemsthatarerequiredintoday’smodernbuildings.設備工程師負責設計機械設備，電力，暖通系統(tǒng)（熱風，通風和空themaincontractorAgeneralormaincontractorundertakesthemajorityoftheconstructionwork.總承包商承擔主Thesefirmswillvaryinsizeemployingfromafewtomanythousandsofemployees.這些公司規(guī)Althoughthereisnocleardividinglinebetweenbuildingandcivilengineeringworks,manyfirmstendtospecializeinonlyoneoftheresectors.雖然在建筑和土木工程建筑中沒有明確的分界線，Thesmallestbuildingfirmsmayspecializeinonetrade,andassuchmayactaseitherdomesticsubcontractorsorjobbingbuildercarryingoutmainlyrepairsandsmallalternations.最小型的建Ontheverylargeprojectsitisgenerallyusualtofindspecialistfirmsforpiling,steelwork,tunneling,dredgingoperations,etc.在非常大的項目上，總承包商通常會尋找專業(yè)公司來打樁，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的Thecontractorsagreetocarryouttheworksinaccordancewiththecontractsandtheinstructionsfromthearchitect.承包商同意按照合同文件和建筑師的指令來開展工作。Theyagreetodothisusuallywithinastatedperiodoftimeandforanagreedsumofmoney.他們Themaincontractormustalsocomplywithallstatutorylawsandregulationsduringtheexecutionofthework,andensurethatsubcontractors,rs,andvendorswhoareemployedonthesiteabidebytheseconditionsalso.在工程的執(zhí)行過程中，總承包商也必須符合所有法定的法律和subcontractorItisveryunusualtodayforasinglecontractortoundertakealltheconstructionworkswiththeirownwork.如果今要一個承包商承擔所有的整個建設工作，這是非常不尋常的。Eveninthecaseofminorbuildingprojectsthemaincontractorislikelytorequiretheassistanceofspecialisttradefirms.專業(yè)貿(mào)易公司的幫助。Workundertakenbyfirmsotherthanthemaincontractorsiscalledsubcontractors.承擔工作的公Whenthemaincontractorhasthedomtochooseanysubcontractorsofhisownchoice,thenthissubcontractorisknownasthe’domesticsubcontractor’.當總承包商可以任何分包Eveninthecaseofthedomesticsubcontractor,approvalhastobesoughtfromthearchitect,althoughitisrarefortheapprovalnottobegiven.即使是指定內(nèi)部分包商，也必須尋求建筑師Incasetheowner(throughthearchitect)specifiescertainfirmsorcontractorswhothemaincontractorcanemploysassubcontractorsthentheyarecallednominatedsubcontractors’.如果業(yè)thetradesFromthetimethefirstpencilislaidtopaperinthedesignprocesstothecompletionofshopdrawingsandcoordinationdrawings,thegoalistoinstructthepeoplewhoactuallyperformtheworkinthefield:thetrades-people.從在設計圖紙上畫下第一筆開始到完成施工圖紙和一些相Thetradesformthecoreoftheconstructionindustry--aconstantthroughoutitshistory.Thewaysinwhichprojectsaremanagedhavechangedovertheyearsbutdespiteimprovementsinmethodsandmaterialsandtheintroductionofrobotics,buildingsarestillerectedpiecebypiece.Whathaschangedisthemakeupofthetrades.Thenumberoftradesneededonthejobhasgrownwiththecomplexityofthebuildings.工作上所Whereoncetherewereelectricians,therearenowalsospecialistsin municationsandsecurity.曾經(jīng)有電工的地方，現(xiàn)在還需要有 Whereoncetherewereplumbers,therearenowalsopipefittersandsprinklercontractors.Mostconstructionprocessesrequirespecializedtraining.大多數(shù)建設施工過程需要專業(yè)的培訓。Oncomplexbuildingsitesasmanyasfifteendifferenttradesmaybeworkingonagivenday.在復15個不同專業(yè)的人在工作。material 材料供應Aprojectmayhavetalenteddesigners,innovativeconstructorsandwealthysophisticatedowners;butwithoutmaterialstobuildwith,theprojectwouldbeonlyadream.一個項目可能具有天才的Materialsandbuildingcomponentsaremanufactured,andsometimesinstalledbyrs.材料Auser'schoiceofmaterialsisbasedpartonperformance,durability,andaestheticappeal.用戶對Butwithoutthehelpofrsandtheirtradeassociations,architectsandengineerswouldbedauntedbywhichmaterialstospecifyconstructorsbywhichmethodsofmaterialassemblytouse.但如果沒有供應商和他們行業(yè)的幫助和工程師可能要為指定什么材料而感到發(fā)equipmentrs設備供應Dependingontheproject,equipmentcanyaverybigroleinconstruction.就建設項目情況而Highwayjobs,largeexcavations,bridges,tunnels,andtallbuildingsallrelyheavilyontheuseofequipmenttocarryoutthework.公路建設工作，大型開挖，橋梁，隧道和建筑等工作的Thepeoplewhosupplythisequipmentofferitforsaleorrent.設備供應商會提供設備的或Rentalarrangementscanvaryonpointsconcerningwhomaintainstheequipmentandwhetheritcomeswithanoperator.租賃協(xié)議要使設備是否配備有操作員而有所不同。Constructioncompaniesdecidetobuyorrentbasedsolelyoneconomicsandwhethertherewillbealaterusefortheequipment.施工企業(yè)買或租用設備僅僅基于他們的經(jīng)濟狀況以及后期是否Smallhandtoolsportablegeneratorshugetowercranesexcavatorsbackhoesandscaffoldingareallexamplesofequipmentusedonconstructionprojects.小型手動工具，手提式發(fā)電機，巨型Amajordifferencebetweenequipmentandmaterialisthattheequipmentdoesnot epartoftheprojectattheend.設備和材料之間的主要區(qū)別在于最后設備不會成為該項目的一部分。otherBeforeaprojectevenstarts,manyissuesmustberesolved.甚至在項目開始前，我們就需要解決許多問題。Financingiscertainlyoneofthebiggest.融資問題當然是頭等大事。Wherethemoneycomesfromhowthefundingissetup,andthetermsandconditionsofthefundingallyadirectroleinhowtheprojectwillbemanaged.從何而來，項目基金如何建立以Manyfinancialinstitutionsareinvolvedinfundingconstructionprojectsandsomeofthefundingmaycomefromernmentagenciesaswell.建設項目項目的融資涉及到許多金融機構(gòu)，一些也可能來自于的部門。Certainpublicagenciesareinterestedintheprojectfromaregulatory.從的角度，Theyhavetheauthoritytoruleontheconditionsofbuildingandcandenytherighttobuildiftheprojectisdeemednotinthepublicinterest.他們有權(quán)力去規(guī)定建設的環(huán)境并且如果他們認為項Theseagenciesincludezoningboards,nningboards,historicalcommissions,andbuildingcodeofficials--alllocallyadministeredandcontrolled.這些機構(gòu)包括區(qū)域，規(guī)劃部門，檔Theprojectalsomustbeinsured.Insurancecomesfrommanysources.有很多種類Somecompaniesprovidepropertyinsurancetotheowner,liabilityinsurancetothedesigner,andbondinginsurancetotheconstructor.一些公司為業(yè)主提供財產(chǎn)為設計者提供責任，Whencontractsarebeingprepared,companiesoftenconsultwithlawyersbeforeagreeingtoanyconditions.當我們準備合同的時候，公司經(jīng)常在簽訂任何合同之前咨詢。Lawyersadvisetheirsonwaystominimizeliability,risk,anddisputeresolutionandhelptheirsnegotiatetheseissuesthroughcontractlanguage.會使責任風險最小化以及解決，Whendisputesemergethatcannotbesolvedbytheprojectteammembers,thelawyerswilloftengetinvolve