《老托福閱讀文章50篇》

PASSAGE1

Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,theterm“icebox“hadenteredtheAmerican

language,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensinthe

UnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,

taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,fresh

fish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreight

cars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,

Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,went

tofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhousehold

convenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearly

nineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoa

scienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebest

iceboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwas

themeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortsto

economizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoing

itsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethe

delicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.

Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenon

therighttrack.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,

forwhichthevillageofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedanicebox

ofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswould

passuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhiscompetitorstopayapremiumprice

forhisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,one-poundbricks.Oneadvantageofhis

icebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketat

nightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theinfluenceoficeonthediet

(B)Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration

(C)Thetransportationofgoodstomarket

(D)Sourcesoficeinthenineteenthcentury

2.Accordingtothepassage,whendidtheword"icebox”becomepartofthelanguage

oftheUnitedStates?

(A)in1803

(B)sometimebefore1850

(C)duringthecivilwar

(D)neartheendofthenineteenthcentury

3.Thephrase"forward-looking''inline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)progressive

(B)popular

(C)thrifty

(D)well-established

4.Theauthormentionsfishinline4because

(A)manyfishdealersalsosoldice

(B)fishwasshippedinrefrigeratedfreightcars

(C)fishdealerswereamongtheearlycommercialusersofice

(D)fishwasnotpartoftheordinaryperson'sdietbeforetheinventionoftheicebox

5.Theword"ifinline5refersto

(A)freshmeat

(B)theCivilWar

(C)ice

(D)arefrigerator

6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanobstacletothe

developmentoftheicebox?

(A)Competitionamongtheownersofrefrigeratedfreightcars

(B)Thelackofanetworkforthedistributionofice

(C)Theuseofinsufficientinsulation

(D)Inadequateunderstandingofphysics

7.Theword"rudimentary"inline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)growing

(B)undeveloped

(C)necessary

(D)uninteresting

8.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould

(A)completelypreventicefrommelting

(B)stopairfromcirculating

(C)allowicetomeltslowly

(D)useblanketstoconserveice

9.TheauthordescribesThomasMooreashavingbeen"ontherighttrack'1(lines

18-19)toindicatethat

(A)theroadtothemarketpassedclosetoMoore'sfarm

(B)Moorewasanhonestmerchant

(C)Moorewasaprosperousfarmer

(D)Moore'sdesignwasfairlysuccessful

10.Accordingtothepassage,Moore'siceboxallowedhimto

(A)chargemoreforhisbutter

(B)traveltomarketatnight

(C)manufacturebuttermorequickly

(D)produceiceallyearround

11.The“produce"mentionedinline25couldinclude

(A)iceboxes

(B)butter

(C)ice

(D)markets

PASSAGE2

ThegeologyoftheEarth*ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesof

water.PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionally

reactive.Itdissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandis

constantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.

Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhichare

transportedbywindoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidesthe

essentialagentofcontinentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewater

tricklesdowntoformbrooks,streams,andrivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthe

hydrographicnetwork.Thisimmensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowarda

singlereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecause

watertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthe

referencepoint,thatis,sealevel.

Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthoughthecycleisnotrandombutis

ameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeas

theaveragetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughoneofthethreereservoirs一

atmosphere,continent,andocean-weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awater

moleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsona

continentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowstheimportance

oftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwater

transportonthecontinents.

Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthe

continents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesium

aredissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstay

wheretheyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.

Sometimessoilsaredestroyedandtransportedmechanicallyduringflooding.The

erosionofthecontinentsthusresultsfromtwocloselylinkedandinterdependent

processes,chemicalerosionandmechanicalerosion.Theirrespectiveinteractionsand

efficiencydependondifferentfactors.

1.Theword"modifying”inline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)changing

(B)traveling

(C)describing

(D)destroying

2.Theword"which**inline5refersto

(A)clouds

(B)oceans

(C)continents

(D)compounds

3.Accordingtothepassage,cloudsareprimarilyformedbywater

(A)precipitatingontotheground

(B)changingfromasolidtoaliquidstate

(C)evaporatingfromtheoceans

(D)beingcarriedbywind

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatthepurposeofthe"hydrographicnetwork*1(line8)isto

(A)determinethesizeofmoleculesofwater

(B)preventsoilerosioncausedbyflooding

(C)movewaterfromtheEarth'ssurfacetotheoceans

(D)regulatetherateofwaterflowfromstreamsandrivers

5.Whatdeterminestherateatwhichamoleculeofwatermovesthroughthecycle,as

discussedinthethirdparagraph?

(A)Thepotentialenergycontainedinwater

(B)Theeffectsofatmosphericpressureonchemicalcompounds

(C)Theamountsofrainfallthatfallonthecontinents

(D)Therelativesizeofthewaterstorageareas

6.Theword"rapidity”inline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)significance

(B)method

(C)swiftness

(D)reliability

7.Theword"they"inline24refersto

(A)insolubleions

(B)soluble可溶的ions

(C)soils

(D)continents

8.AllofthefollowingareexampleofsolubleionsEXCEPT

(A)magnesium

(B)iron

(C)potassium

(D)calcium

9.Theword"efficiency"inline27isclosestinmeaningto

(A)relationship

(B)growth

(C)influence

(D)effectiveness

PASSAGE3

TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,

usingthereeds,grasses,barks,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesof

allsortsandsizes-notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fish

traps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.

Ofalltheseexperts,noneexcelledthePomo-agroupwholivedonornearthe

coastduringthe1800*8,andwhosedescendantscontinuetoliveinpartsofthesame

regiontothisday.Theymadebasketsthreefeetindiameterandothersnobiggerthan

athimble.ThePomopeopleweremastersofdecoration.Someoftheirbasketswere

completelycoveredwithshellpendants;otherswithfeathersthatmadethebaskets*

surfacesassoftasthebreastsofbirds.Moreover,thePomopeoplemadeuseofmore

weavingtechniquesthandidtheirneighbors.Mostgroupsmadealltheirbasketwork

bytwining-thetwistingofaflexiblehorizontalmaterial,calledaweft,around

stifferverticalstrandsofmaterial,thewarp.Othersdependedprimarilyoncoiling—

aprocessinwhichacontinuouscoilofstiffmaterialisheldinthedesiredshapewith

tightwrappingofflexiblestrands.OnlythePomopeopleusedbothprocesseswith

equaleaseandfrequency.Inaddition,theymadeuseoffourdistinctvariationsonthe

basictwiningprocess,oftenemployingmorethanoneoftheminasinglearticle.

Althoughawidevarietyofmaterialswasavailable,thePomopeopleusedonlya

few.Thewarpwasalwaysmadeofwillow,andthemostcommonlyusedweftwas

sedgeroot,awoodyfiberthatcouldeasilybeseparatedintostrandsnothickerthana

thread.Forcolor,thePomopeopleusedthebarkofredbudfortheirtwinedworkand

dyedbullrushrootforblackincoiledwork.Thoughothermaterialsweresometimes

used,thesefourwerethestaplesintheirfinestbasketry.

IfthebasketrymaterialsusedbythePomopeoplewerelimited,thedesignswere

amazinglyvaried.EveryPomobasketmakerknewhowtoproducefromfifteento

twentydistinctpatternsthatcouldbecombinedinanumberofdifferentways.1.

WhatbestdistinguishedPomobasketsfrombasketsofothergroups?

(A)Therangeofsizes,shapes,anddesigns

(B)Theunusualgeometric

(C)Theabsenceofdecoration

(D)Therarematerialsused

2.Theword"fashion”把。。。塑造成inline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)maintain

(B)organize

(C)trade

(D)create

3.ThePomopeopleusedeachofthefollowingmaterialstodecoratebaskets

EXCEPT

(A)shells

(B)feathers

(C)leaves

(D)bark

4.Whatistheauthor'smainpointinthesecondparagraph?

(A)TheneighborsofthePomopeopletriedtoimproveonthePomobasketweaving

techniques.

(B)ThePomopeoplewerethemostskilledbasketweaversintheirregion.

(C)ThePomopeoplelearnedtheirbasketweavingtechniquesfromotherNative

Americans.

(D)ThePomobasketshavebeenhandeddownforgenerations.

5.Theword"others”inline9refersto

(A)masters

(B)baskets

(C)pendants

(D)surfaces

6.Accordingtothepassage,aweftisa

(A)toolforseparatingsedgeroot

(B)processusedforcoloringbaskets

(C)pliablematernalwovenaroundthewarp

(D)patternusedtodecoratebaskets

7.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidthePomopeopleuseasthewarpintheir

baskets?

(A)bullrush

(B)willow

(C)sedge

(D)redbud

8.Theword"article物品"inline17iscloseinmeaningto

(A)decoration

(B)shape

(C)design

(D)object

9.Accordingtothepassage.Therelationshipbetweenredbudandtwiningismost

similartotherelationshipbetween

(A)bullrushandcoiling

(B)weftandwarp

(C)willowandfeathers

(D)sedgeandweaving

10.Theword"staples”原材料inline23isclosestinmeaningto

(A)combinations

(B)limitations

(C)accessories附件，零件

(D)basicelements

11.Theword"distinct"inlime26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)systematic有系統(tǒng)的，有組織的，有條理的。。。

(B)beautiful

(C)different

(D)compatible

12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPomobasketscanbebestinferredfrom

thepassage?

(A)BasketsproducedbyotherNativeAmericanswerelessvariedindesignthan

thoseofthePomopeople.

(B)BasketsproducedbyPomoweaverswereprimarilyforceremonialpurposes.

(C)Therewereaverylimitednumberofbasketmakingmaterialsavailabletothe

Pomopeople.

(D)ThebasketmakingproductionofthePomopeoplehasincreasedovertheyears.

PASSAGE4

Theterm"HudsonRiverschool0wasappliedtotheforemostrepresentativesof

nineteenth-centuryNorthAmericanlandscapepainting.Apparentlyunknownduring

thegoldendaysoftheAmericanlandscapemovement,whichbeganaround1850and

lasteduntilthelate1860*s,theHudsonRiverschoolseemstohaveemergedinthe

1870'sasadirectresultofthestrugglebetweentheoldandthenewgenerationsof

artists,eachtoassertitsownstyleastherepresentativeAmericanart.Theolder

painters,mostofwhomwerebornbefore1835,practicedinamodeoftenself-taught

andmonopolizedbylandscapesubjectmatterandweresecurelyestablishedinand

fostered；序bythereigningAmericanartorganization,theNationalAcademyof

Design.TheyoungerpaintersreturninghomefromtraininginEuropeworkedmore

withfiguralsubjectmatterandinaboldandimpressionistictechnique;theirprospects

forpatronageintheirowncountrywereuncertain,andtheysoughtseek的過(guò)去式to

attractitbyattainingacademicrecognitioninNewYork.Oneoftheresultsofthe

conflictbetweenthetwofactionswasthatwhatinpreviousyearshadbeenreferredto

asthe"American0,"native”，or,occasionally,"NewYork"school-themost

representativeschoolofAmericanartinanygenre—hadby1890becomefirmly

establishedinthemindsofcriticsandpublicalikeastheHudsonRiverschool.

Thesobriquetwasfirstappliedaround1879.Whileitwasnotintendedas

flattering,itwashardlyinappropriate.TheAcademiciansatwhomitwasaimedhad

workedandsocializedinNewYork,theHudson'sportcity,andhadpaintedtheriver

anditsshoreswithvaryingfrequency.Mostimportant,perhaps,wasthattheyhadall

maintainedwithacertainfidelityamanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistent

withthoseofAmerica'sfirstpopularlandscapeartist,ThomasCole,whobuiltacareer

paintingtheCatskillMountainsceneryborderingtheHudsonRiver.Apossible

implicationinthetermappliedtothegroupoflandscapistswasthatmanyofthem

had,likeCole,livedonornearthebanksoftheHudson.Further,theriverhadlong

servedastheprincipalroutetoothersketchinggroundsfavoredbytheAcademicians,

particularlytheAdirondacksandthemountainsofVermontandNewHampshire.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)TheNationalAcademyofDesign

(B)PaintingsthatfeaturedtheHudsonRiver

(C)NorthAmericanlandscapepaintings

(D)ThetrainingofAmericanartistsinEuropeanacademies

2.Before1870,whatwasconsideredthemostrepresentativekindofAmerican

painting?

(A)Figuralpainting

(B)Landscapepainting

(C)Impressionisticpainting

(D)Historicalpainting

3.Theword"struggle11inline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)connection

(B)distance

(C)communication

(D)competition

4.Theword"monopolized”獨(dú)占,壟斷inline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)alarmed

(B)dominated統(tǒng)治

(C)repelled擊退,抵制repel

(D)pursued從事，追蹤，追擊

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthefunctionoftheNationalAcademyof

Designforthepaintersbornbefore1835?

(A)Itmediatedconflictsbetweenartists.

(B)Itsupervisedtheincorporationofnewartistictechniques.

(C)Itdeterminedwhichsubjectswereappropriate.

(D)Itsupportedtheirgrowthanddevelopment.

6.Theword"itHinline12refersto

(A)matter

(B)technique

(C)patronage贊助

(D)country

7.Theword"factions派“inline13isclosestinmeaningto

(A)sides

(B)people

(C)cities

(D)images

8.Theword"flattering0inline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)expressive

(B)serious

(C)complimentary贊美的,贊賞的

(D)flashy浮華廟

9.Wheredidtheyoungergenerationofpaintersreceiveitsartistictraining?

(A)InEurope

(B)IntheAdirondacks

(C)InVermont

(D)InNewHampshire

PASSAGE5

Perhapsthemostobviouswayartisticcreationreflectshowpeopleliveisby

mirroringtheenvironment—thematerialsandtechnologiesavailabletoaculture.

Stone,wood,treebark,clay,andsandaregenerallyavailablematerials.Inaddition,

dependingonthelocality,otherresourcesmaybeaccessible:shells,horns,gold,

copper,andsilver.Thedifferentusestowhichsocietiesputthesematerialsareof

interesttoanthropologistswhomayask,forexample,whypeoplechoosetouseclay

andnotcopperwhenbothitemsareavailable.Althoughtherearenoconclusive

answersyet,thewayinwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparent

initschoiceanduseofartisticmaterials.Theuseofcertainmetals,forexample,may

bereservedforceremonialobjectsofspecialimportance.Orthebeliefinthe

supernaturalpowersofastoneortreemaycauseasculptortobesensitivetothat

material.

Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologististherealizationthatalthough

thematerialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextentlimitorinfluencewhatitcan

doartistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.Whydotheartists

inJapanesesocietyrakesandintopatterns;andtheartistsinRomansocietymeltsand

toformglass?Moreover,evenwhenthesamematerialisusedinthesamewayby

membersofdifferentsocieties,theformorstyleoftheworkvariesenormouslyfrom

culturetoculture.Asocietymaysimplychoosetorepresentobjectsorphenomena

thatareimportanttoitspopulation.AnexaminationoftheartoftheMiddleAgestells

ussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeologicaldoctrine.Inaddition

torevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsociety'sartmay

alsoreflecttheculture'ssocialstratification.

1.Accordingtothepassage,gold,copper,andsilverare

(A)moredifficulttohandlethanwoodand

(B)oftheirstablesocialconditions

(C)oftheuniquestylisticfeaturesoftheirart

(D)availableonlyinspecificlocations

2.Theword"conclusive"最后的，確定的inline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)definitive

(B)controversial

(C)concurrent并發(fā)的，協(xié)作的，一致的

(D)realistic

3.Theword''apparent"inline8isclosestinmeaningto

(A)attractive

(B)logical

(C)evident顯然的

(D)distinct

4.Whydoestheauthormentionthe^supernaturalpowersofastoneortree"inline

10?

(A)toshowthatsomesculptorsavoidworkingwithspecificmaterials

(B)toemphasizetheunusualpropertiesofcertainmaterials

(C)asanexampleofhowartcanbeinfluencedbyculturalbeliefs

(D)asanillustrationoftheimpactoftheenvironmentonreligiousbeliefs

5.Theword"it"inline13refersto

(A)realization

(B)society

(C)extent

(D)influence

6.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthormentionstheJapaneseandRomansocieties

because

(A)theyinfluencedeachotherstone

(B)commonlyusedbyartistsinallsocieties

(C)essentialtocreateceremonialobjects

(D)theyusedthesameartisticmaterialinverydifferentways

7.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutsandaretrue

EXCEPT

(A)Itisusedtocreateglass.

(B)Romanartistsmixitintotheirpaints.

(C)Itsusevariesfromculturetoculture.

(D)Japaneseartistsuseittocreateartisticpatterns.

8.ThewordnMoreover而且，此夕卜”inline16isclosestinmeaningto

(A)similarly

(B)inaddition

(C)incontrast

(D)frequently

9.Theword"preoccupation”全神貫注inline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)involvement

(B)separation

(C)relationship

(D)argument

10.Theword^^primary^^inline21isclosestinmeaningto

(A)discrete(記concrete)不連續(xù)的，離散的

(B)preliminary初步的，預(yù)備的

(C)ideal

(D)fundamental

PASSAGE6

Potash(theoldnameforpotassiumcarbonate)isoneofthetwoalkalis(theother

beingsoda,sodiumcarbonate)thatwereusedfromremoteantiquityinthemakingof

glass,andfromtheearlyMiddleAgesinthemakingofsoap:theformerbeingthe

productofheatingamixtureofalkaliandsand,thelatteraproductofalkaliand

vegetableoil.TheirimportanceinthecommunitiesofcolonialNorthAmericaneed

hardlybestressed.

Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butforglass-or

soap-makingeitherwoulddo.Sodawasobtainedlargelyfromtheashesofcertain

Mediterraneanseaplants,potashfromthoseofinlandvegetation.Hencepotashwas

morefamiliartotheearlyEuropeansettlersoftheNorthAmericancontinent.

ThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmofthe

economyofcolonialNorthAmerica,andpotashwasoneofitsfirstconcerns.Itwas

requiredfortheglassworks,thefirstfactoryintheBritishcolonies,andwasproduced

insufficientquantitytopermittheinclusionofpotashinthefirstcargoshippedoutof

Jamestown.ThesecondshiptoarriveinthesettlementfromEnglandincludedamong

itspassengersexpertsinpotashmaking.

Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswaspiledupandburned

intheopen,andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesin

thebottom,andwaterwaspouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrel

wasboileddowninironkettles.Theresultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethe

massintowhatwascalledpotash.

InNorthAmerica,potashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttotheclearingof

landfbragriculture,foritwasestimatedthatasmuchashalfthecostofclearingland

couldberecoveredbythesaleofpotash.SomepotashwasexportedfromMaineand

NewHampshireintheseventeenthcentury,butthemarketturnedouttobemainly

domestic,consistingmostlyofshipmentsfromthenortherntothesoutherncolonies.

FordespitethebeginningofthetradeatJamestownandsuchencouragementsasa

seriesofactsntoencouragethemakingofpotash/1beginningin1707inSouth

Carolina,thesoftwoodsintheSouthprovedtobepoorsourcesofthesubstance.

1.Whataspectofpotashdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Howitwasmade

(B)Itsvalueasaproductforexport

(C)Howitdiffersfromotheralkalis

(D)ItsimportanceincolonialNorthAmerica

2.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofbothpotashandsodaEXPECT:

(A)Theyarealkalis.

(B)Theyaremadefromseaplants.

(C)Theyareusedinmakingsoap.

(D)Theyareusedinmakingglass.

3.Theyphrase"thelatterninline4refersto

(A)alkali

(B)glass

(C)sand

(D)soap

4.Theword"stressed"Vinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)defined

(B)emphasized著重,強(qiáng)調(diào)

(C)adjusted

(D)mentioned

5.Theword"interchangeable”可互換的inline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)convenient

(B)identifiable

(C)equivalent相等的，相當(dāng)?shù)?，等價(jià)物

(D)advantageous

6.Itcanbeinfen*edfromthepassagethatpotashwasmorecommonthansodain

colonialNorthAmericabecause

(A)thematerialsneededformakingsodawerenotreadilyavailable

(B)makingpotashrequiredlesstimethanmakingsoda

(C)potashwasbetterthansodaformakingglassandsoap

(D)thecolonialglassworksfoundsodamoredifficulttouse

7.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingwereneededformakingpotash

EXCEPT

(A)wood

(B)fire

(C)sand

(D)water

8.Theword"adjunct"inline22isclosestinmeaningto

(A)addition附加物

(B)answer

(C)problem

(D)possibility

9.Accordingtothepassage,amajorbenefitofmakingpotashwasthat

(A)itcouldbeexportedtoEuropeinexchangeforothergoods

(B)ithelpedfinancethecreationoffarms

(C)itcouldbemadewithavarietyofmaterials

(D)stimulatedthedevelopmentofnewwaysofglassmaking

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,thesoftwoodsintheSouthposedwhichofthe

followingproblemsforsouthernsettles?

(A)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryplentiful.

(B)Thesoftwoodscouldnotbeusedtobuildhouses.

(C)Thesoftwoodswerenotverymarketable.

(D)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryusefulformakingpotash.

PASSAGE7

AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfofthe

eighteenthcentury,itbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavast

andgrowingagriculturalhinterland.Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmore

crowded,asfarmersfromwithinaradiusof24ormorekilometersbroughttheir

sheep,cows,pigs,vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirectsaletothe

townspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughoutthe

perioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarket

wasopenedonSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhill

Marketbeganoperation.

Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedin

Philadelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonial

cities.Thefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplaces

towould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,

werepopularitems.

Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthe

competition,retailmerchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Although

governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessful,the

ordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants*side,asincreasing

businessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Exportmerchantsbecame

differentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegantoappear

inadditiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.

OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethe

surroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.

Theydidtheirbusiness,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidthey

catertothegovernorandhiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothe

capitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthe

courtsofjustice.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance

(B)Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter

(C)ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia

(D)TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatnewmarketsopenedinPhiladelphia

because

(A)theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets

(B)theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose

(C)existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation

(D)farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.

3.Theword"hinterland”腹地inline3isclosestinmeaningto

(A)traditi