電子出版英文翻譯

電子出版在中國的發(fā)展歷史一、電子出版在中國的發(fā)展歷程近20年來中國的印刷出版業(yè)經(jīng)歷了從鉛排直接到使用激光照排、從飛機(jī)運(yùn)送報(bào)紙版面紙型直接到通過衛(wèi)星遠(yuǎn)傳版面信息沒有經(jīng)過貼毛條而直接輸出整頁彩色版面直至現(xiàn)在用因特網(wǎng)技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)報(bào)社、印刷廠的全數(shù)字化等這樣一個(gè)跨越式發(fā)展過程從而使中國的印前技術(shù)跨人了世界前列。整個(gè)歷程可歸結(jié)為以下4次技術(shù)革命。第一次技術(shù)革命二告別鉛與火，從鉛排直接跳到先進(jìn)的激光照排（1987～1993）20多年前中國的印刷廠幾乎都用鉛字排版我們在調(diào)查研究了第二代光機(jī)式照排機(jī)、第三代陰極射線管式照排機(jī)的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)后根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)中國技術(shù)發(fā)展水平和漢字字?jǐn)?shù)多等特點(diǎn)決定跳過當(dāng)時(shí)流行的第二三代照排機(jī)直接發(fā)展當(dāng)時(shí)世界上尚無商品的第四代激光照排系統(tǒng)。因而中國印刷業(yè)沒有經(jīng)歷第二代光機(jī)式照排機(jī)、第三代陰極射線管式照排機(jī)從鉛排直接跳到最先進(jìn)的第四代激光照排。在實(shí)施激光照排方案時(shí)漢字字?jǐn)?shù)多、字形信息存儲(chǔ)量太大的問題迫使我們比西方同行更早采用字形的輪廓描述以減少信息量；又因?yàn)闈h字筆劃較密放大或縮小時(shí)要求橫、豎等筆劃必須均勻。促使我們最早采用附加提示信息（HNT）描述橫、堅(jiān)等筆劃的寬度及其頭尾的特點(diǎn)等以保證字形成倍變化時(shí)的筆劃勻稱此外我們在一開始就采用整版輸出方案無論排書或排報(bào)都實(shí)現(xiàn)了整頁排版和整頁輸出。因此中國沒有經(jīng)歷輸出毛條、人工貼版的過程直接跳到屏幕整頁組版整頁輸出。第二次技術(shù)革命：跳過用報(bào)紙傳真機(jī)傳版，采用以頁面描述語言為基礎(chǔ)的遠(yuǎn)程傳版80年代中國報(bào)社用飛機(jī)向外地運(yùn)送紙型個(gè)別城市用報(bào)紙傳真機(jī)傳版因?yàn)橛惺д嫱獾氐挠∷①|(zhì)量明顯下降。由干我國報(bào)社使用相同類型的排版系統(tǒng)故從1990年底起我們用統(tǒng)一的頁面描述語言傳送報(bào)紙版面接受方解釋頁面信息后可以毫不失真地恢復(fù)成原來版面輸出制版。而且信息量大大減少大約只有通常傳真方式的1／50因而傳輸速度很快。1992年《人民日報(bào)》社通過衛(wèi)星用這種方式向全國22個(gè)城市傳送版面平均每兩分鐘就能傳完一版。這一技術(shù)很快在國內(nèi)和海外中文報(bào)業(yè)推廣。1992年后我國大多數(shù)中央級報(bào)紙都采用這種方式將報(bào)紙版面遠(yuǎn)傳到外地省報(bào)和一些市報(bào)也在省內(nèi)傳版極大地?cái)U(kuò)大了發(fā)行量。第三次技術(shù)革命二告別傳統(tǒng)的電子分色機(jī)1992年前。中國彩色出版物全部用進(jìn)口的電子分色機(jī)制作報(bào)紙一頁彩版用分色機(jī)出膠片人工剪貼需2—3小時(shí)。我們于1987年提出發(fā)展開放式的彩色照排系統(tǒng)以取代電分機(jī)。舊92年1月《澳門日報(bào)》采用國產(chǎn)彩色報(bào)紙出版系統(tǒng)將文字與彩色照片臺一處理輸出一頁彩版僅需20多分鐘（現(xiàn)縮短為2分鐘）從而開始了告別電分機(jī)的彩色出版技術(shù)革命?，F(xiàn)在已有幾百家報(bào)紙出彩版幾十家報(bào)紙?zhí)焯斐霾拾?。國產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)占彩報(bào)市場90％以上的份額。舊94年我們又研制出高檔彩色桌面出版系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量可與電分機(jī)相媲美從而進(jìn)人了畫刊、彩色雜志領(lǐng)域。第四次技術(shù)革命：告別紙和筆．實(shí)現(xiàn)新聞信息處理全過程的管理1994年1月《深圳晚報(bào)》采用方正采編流程管理系統(tǒng)，編輯自己組版開始告別紙和筆。目前這樣的報(bào)社已有200多家。除采編流程管理系統(tǒng)外還發(fā)展了廣告管理和制作系統(tǒng)、發(fā)行系統(tǒng)、電子報(bào)系統(tǒng)等并與報(bào)紙組版系統(tǒng)緊密集成組成報(bào)社信息的一體化管理方案。Internet的發(fā)展為高集成度的報(bào)社整體解決方案提供了有利的條件現(xiàn)在版面信息不僅用于印刷還可直接輸出到Web服務(wù)器，形成時(shí)效很好的電子報(bào)紙；稿件數(shù)據(jù)采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的XML語言供網(wǎng)上測覽。由于支持Intranet、Internet用戶可在任何地點(diǎn)利用Internet進(jìn)行采編流程處理?！稄V州日報(bào)》總編在美國時(shí)。通過Inter，et了解報(bào)社工作流程使國外同行非常驚訝。二、網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版將成為電子出版在中國發(fā)展的主流幾年前出現(xiàn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版的概念當(dāng)時(shí)是由兩個(gè)概念組成的即“基于Web的印刷出版”和“以Web為媒體的出版”。這兩個(gè)概念今天已經(jīng)被統(tǒng)一在”基于Web的跨媒體出版”的旗下。報(bào)社、出版社的跨媒體出版報(bào)社、出版社的跨媒體出版已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)跨越時(shí)空，信息量大的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢。對報(bào)業(yè)影響最大。對于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的ICP報(bào)社的優(yōu)勢在于品牌效應(yīng)、信息源廣和采編體系強(qiáng)大。盡快將報(bào)社現(xiàn)有的優(yōu)勢在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上體現(xiàn)成為中國報(bào)社普遍的愿望。從1995年10月20日《中國貿(mào)易報(bào)》的第一份中國內(nèi)地網(wǎng)上報(bào)紙的出現(xiàn)到現(xiàn)在中國幾乎所有的主要報(bào)紙都實(shí)現(xiàn)了網(wǎng)上發(fā)布。網(wǎng)上發(fā)布的主要技術(shù)問題是如何解決印刷出版數(shù)據(jù)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版數(shù)據(jù)格式上的差別。這一問題在中國并沒有嚴(yán)重的技術(shù)障礙，這主要是得益于我們當(dāng)年在設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)社采編流程系統(tǒng)時(shí)的技術(shù)選擇。當(dāng)XML標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還處在起草階段時(shí)我們就將XML定為采編流程系統(tǒng)稿件的歸一化數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并將XML數(shù)據(jù)通過排版軟件的軟插件植人版面，實(shí)現(xiàn)XML數(shù)據(jù)到印刷的接口。通過自主開發(fā)的電子報(bào)系統(tǒng)再將XML數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成HTML從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了新聞數(shù)據(jù)的網(wǎng)上發(fā)布。目前中國已經(jīng)有30多家大報(bào)社采用了這種跨媒體的新聞發(fā)布解決方案。中國的出版社在esook技術(shù)的影響下近兩年也開始計(jì)劃將出版社的內(nèi)容以esook方式在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上發(fā)行。出版社保存著大量的用方正排版軟件、微軟Word軟件等軟件格式存放的電子檔圖書。要實(shí)現(xiàn)這些圖書的網(wǎng)上發(fā)行。需要解決數(shù)據(jù)的網(wǎng)上訓(xùn)覽器、版權(quán)保護(hù)、出版服務(wù)器和數(shù)據(jù)格式的歸一化。現(xiàn)在這些技術(shù)問題都已解決從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了印刷圖書和eBook的同步出版和圖書出版領(lǐng)域的跨媒體出版。工作流程技術(shù)將在中國印刷出版行業(yè)使用中國印刷企業(yè)在數(shù)字化改造過程中，普遍存在著數(shù)字化制作輸出與手工折手并存的現(xiàn)象。這種不徹底的數(shù)字化狀況對CTP的應(yīng)用及生產(chǎn)效率的大幅度提高產(chǎn)生不良影響。工作流程技術(shù)為打破中國目前這種數(shù)字化與手工并存的局面。提供了技術(shù)支持。工作流程技術(shù)在中國的推廣具有自己獨(dú)特的方式。大多數(shù)企業(yè)都以最終實(shí)現(xiàn)CTP輸出為目標(biāo)從實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字化折手開始逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字打樣、PDF輸出、DAM管理最終實(shí)現(xiàn)全流程的數(shù)字化。數(shù)字化折手這一告別剪刀的技術(shù)通過折手軟件的推廣普及使許多印刷廠取消了無論在人數(shù)上還是在廠房面積上都占制版很大比重的手工排版搬掉了叮P普及道路上的一個(gè)障礙。數(shù)碼打樣的普及相對數(shù)字化折手具有更高的難度。除了客戶認(rèn)可的原因以外印刷廠數(shù)據(jù)化管理水平低導(dǎo)致印刷適性不穩(wěn)定是數(shù)碼打樣難于推廣的另一個(gè)原因。目前印刷廠和設(shè)備廠商都已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到這一點(diǎn)并開始著手解決。印刷企業(yè)生產(chǎn)流程的發(fā)展在另一方面也推動(dòng)了印刷企業(yè)管理流程的發(fā)展。在中國各類企業(yè)中，印刷行業(yè)是以計(jì)算機(jī)作為生產(chǎn)工具最為普及的行業(yè)但這個(gè)行業(yè)的信息化管理水平卻一直很低。生產(chǎn)和管理信息化上的反差成為這個(gè)行業(yè)的一個(gè)特色。以印刷企業(yè)生產(chǎn)流程管理為代表的企業(yè)內(nèi)部電子商務(wù)系統(tǒng)。在企業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的重要性已經(jīng)被越來越多的企業(yè)所認(rèn)識。基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的電子出版將在中國獲得更廣泛的發(fā)展過去我國印刷出版業(yè)是以技術(shù)跨越方式發(fā)展的，今后也將如此。在中國一些現(xiàn)在尚未看上電視的地區(qū)，卻可以用上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的不平衡目前中國印刷出版的發(fā)展空間還很大。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)目前中國每年人均印刷品消費(fèi)僅10美元左右，僅為發(fā)達(dá)國家的二十到三十分之一。在這樣的市場背景下印刷出版和網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版共同促進(jìn)、共同繁榮的發(fā)展趨勢是可以預(yù)見的。面對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)中國的出版印刷行業(yè)表現(xiàn)出極大的熱情許多企業(yè)適時(shí)地調(diào)整自己的方向在新的環(huán)境下重新定位。報(bào)紙、書刊出版行業(yè)選擇跨媒體出版作為新的發(fā)展方向設(shè)計(jì)制作企業(yè)將業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)展到網(wǎng)頁和跨媒體數(shù)據(jù)的制作印刷企業(yè)通過擴(kuò)大印刷品的種類及服務(wù)項(xiàng)目來擴(kuò)大自己的業(yè)務(wù)和生存空間。這些調(diào)整給電子出版增添了新的概念和新的內(nèi)容更增添了新的活力。人類社會(huì)文明的發(fā)展進(jìn)步是無止境的，印刷與出版作為人類文明的產(chǎn)物一定會(huì)與人類文明一起不斷發(fā)展。HISTORYOFDEVELOPMENTOFELECTRONICPUBLISHINGINCHINA

THEDEVELOPMENTCOURSEOFELEVTRONICPUBLISHINGINCHINA

Overthepast20yearsChina'sprintingandpublishingindustryhasexperiencedthedirectemissionfromtheleadtotheuseoflaserPhototypesetting,deliveryofnewspapersfromtheplanedirectlytothematrixlayoutofinformationviasatelliteFarEasTonenotdirectlyaffixedtothetopfullcolorlayoutoutputuptonowwiththeInternettechnologynewspapers,printingofall-digital,andsosuchadevelopmentbyleapsandboundssothattheprocessofChina'spre-presstechnologypeoplecrosstheworld.Throughoutthecourseofthefollowingcanbeattributedtothetechnologicalrevolution4th.

THEFIRSTTECHNOLOGYINNOVAION:leavingleadandfireandleapingdirectlyfromleadtypecompositiontowardslaserphoto-typecomposition

Morethan20yearsagoalmostallofChina'sprintinglayoutweusetypeofinvestigationandresearchofthesecond-generationtypeImagesetter-raymachine,thethirdgenerationofcathoderaytubetechnologyImagesettercharacteristicsaccordingtotheprevailingleveloftechnologicaldevelopmentinChinaandtheChinesecharactersandmorefeaturessuchasthenumberofwordsAtthattime,decidedtoskipthegenerationofthepopularNo.2andNo.3ImagesetterdirectthedevelopmentoftheworldatthattimethereisnocommodityPhototypesettingfourth-generationlasersystems.

China'sprintingindustryandthusneverexperiencedthesecond-generationtypeImagesetter-raymachine,thethirdgenerationofcathode-raytubefromtheleadplatoonImagesetterskiptothemostadvancedfourth-generationLaserPhototypesetting.

LaserPhototypesettingintheimplementationoftheprogrammorethanthenumberofwordsofChinesecharacters,orthographicinformationstorageproblemmuchmorethanWesterncounterpartsforceustoadopttheoutlineofthecharacterdescribedinordertoreducetheamountofinformation;becausestrokesofChinesecharactersmorecloselyrequestedzoominorouthorizontal,verticalmustbeuniform,suchasstrokes.Promptedustofirstpromptedtheuseofadditionalinformation(HNT)descriptionofhorizontal,Kennedy,suchasthewidthofstrokesandheadtoensurethatthecharacteristicsofchangesinshapeofthestrokesmultipliedsymmetryFurthermore,weintroducedrightfromthestartinafullprogramregardlessoftheoutputroworrowareachievedatfulllayoutandfulloutput.Therefore,Chinadidnotexperiencetheoutputofthetop,pastetheversionoftheprocessofartificialjumpdirectlytothescreenfullfullversionoftheoutputgroup.

THESECONDTECHNOLOGYINNOVATION:bypassingthefacsimilenewspapertransmissionandadoptingtheremotepagedescriptionlanguagetransmission.80'sChinesenewspaperdeliverybyairfromoutsideindividualcitiesmatrixmassversionofafaxmachinewithanewspaperbecausetheprintqualityofthedistortionfieldhasdeclinedmarkedly.Bythestemofournewspapertousethesametypeoflayoutsystembytheendof1990willthereforebewithdrawnfromourpagewithaunifieddescriptionlanguagenewspaperstosendthepagetoexplaintheinformationtherecipientcanberestoredwithoutanydistortionintotheoriginalplatelayoutoutput.Butalsosignificantlyreducetheamountofinformationisusuallyonlyaboutfax1/50andthereforequicktransferspeeds.1992"People'sDaily"viasatelliteagencyinthiswayin22citiesacrossthecountrytosendatwo-minuteaveragepageChuanfinishedversionwillbeableto.ThistechnologyquicklyinthedomesticandoverseaspromotionofChinesenewspapers.After1992,mostofcentralChina'snewspaperswillbeusedthiswaytothefieldFarEasTonenewspapersandanumberofthecityoftheprovincereportedthattheprovincealsoreportedChuangreatlyexpandededitionofCirculation.

THETHIRDTECHNOLOGYINNVOATION:farewellthetraditionalelectroniccolorseparationscanner

Pre-1992.AllpublicationsbyChineseimportsofcolorelectronicpaperseparationmechanismusingacolorversionofthefilmcolorseparationmachinemanualcut-and-pastetake2-3hours.In1987weproposedthedevelopmentofopen-endcolorsystemtoreplacethepowerPhototypesettingext.92yearsoldinJanuary,"theMacaoDailyNews"newspaperpublishedtheuseofChinese-madesystemwillcolortextandcolorphotosofadealwithTaiwan'soutputofonlyonecolorversionmorethan20minutes(nowshortenedto2minutes)inordertobidfarewelltopowerbeganpublishingcolortechnologyextensionrevolution.Hundredsofnewspapersnowhaveacolorversionofthedozensofcolorversionofthenewspapereveryday.Choireportedthatdomesticsystemaccountedformorethan90%marketshare.94yearsoldwehavedevelopedahigh-qualitycolordesktoppublishingsystemcanbecomparablewiththeelectricalextensioninordertoenterthepictorial,thefieldofcolormagazine.

THEFOURTHTECHNOLOGYINNVOATION:throwingawaythepaperandpenbyimplementingthefullcontroloftheworkflowofnewsprocessing.

InJanuary1994,"theShenzhenEveningNews,"theuseofprocessmanagementsystemisnowediting,edittheirownversionofthebeginningofafarewellthepaperandthepengroup.Atpresent,thishasbeenmorethan200newspapers.Inadditiontoeditingprocessmanagementsystemalsodevelopedtheadmanagementandproductionsystems,distributionsystems,electronicsystemsandreportedthatthenewspapergroupcomposedoftightlyintegratedversionofthesystemintegrationofthenewspaperinformationmanagementprograms.Internet'sdevelopmentasahighlevelofintegrationsolutionsforthenewspaperprovidedanoverallfavorableconditionsnotonlyisthelayoutinformationcanalsobeusedforprintingtheoutputdirectlytotheWebserver,spentagoodformofelectronicnewspaper;manuscriptXMLdatastandardfortheonlinelanguagetesttabled.DuetosupportIntranet,InternetusersmayuseInternettocarryoutanyplaceprocessestodealwithreportersandeditors."GuangzhouDaily"editor-in-chiefintheUnitedStates.ThroughInter,etunderstandingnewspaperworkflowsosurprisedforeigncounterparts.

NETWORKPUBLISHINGWILLBECOMETHEMAINSTREAMOFDEVELOPMENT

Emergedafewyearsagotheconceptofwebpublishingatthattimeitwascomposedoftwoconcepts,namely"Web-basedprintingandpublishing"and"WebPublishingforthemedia."Todaythesetwoconceptshavebeenunifiedinthe"Web-basedcross-mediapublishing,"theunit.

Newspapers,publishersofcross-mediapublishing

Newspapers,publishinghouseshavestartedthecross-mediapublishing.Internetacrosstimeandspace,informativefeaturesandadvantages.Thegreatestimpactonthepress.ForontheInternetICPnewspaperhastheadvantageofbeingbrand,widelysourceofinformationandapowerfuleditingsystem.NewspaperassoonaspossibletheadvantagesoftheexistingInternet,newspapersinChinareflectthegeneralwishofthepeople.

SinceOctober20,1995,"ChinaTradeNews,"thefirstnewspaperinMainlandChinatheemergenceoftheInternetinChinahasalmostallthemajornewspapersarepublishedonline.Publishedonlinethemaintechnicalproblemishowtosolvetheprintingandpublishingdataandwebpublishingdataformatdifferences.TheproblemisthatChinadoesnothaveserioustechnicalobstacles,mainlyduetothedesignofournewspaperreportersandeditorsduringtheprocessoftechnologychoicesystem.WhentheXMLstandardisstillinthedraftingstage,wewillbeXMLworkflowsystemforeditingthemanuscriptnormalizeddatastandardsandXMLdatapublishingsoftwarelayoutsoftplugimplantation,therealizationofXMLdatatotheprintinginterface.Throughself-developedelectronicreportingsystemandthenconvertedtoXMLdataHTMLdatainordertoachieveapressreleaseonline.Atpresent,Chinahasmorethan30majornewspapersusepressreleasesthatcross-mediasolutions.

China'sPressinesookundertheinfluenceoftechnologyoverthepasttwoyearshavebeguntoplanthecontentofpublisherstoesookissueintheInternet.PresssavealotofuseisnowpublishingsoftwaresuchasMicrosoftWordsoftwareformatsoftwarestoredintheelectronicbookfile.Toachievethesebookson-lineissue.Dataneedtobeaddressedinrelationtotheonlinetraining,andcopyrightprotection,serveranddatapublishedinthenormalizedformat.NowthatthesetechnicalproblemshavebeensolvedinordertoachievetheprintingofbooksandeBookpublishingandbookpublishingsynchronizationfieldofcross-mediapublishing.

WorkflowtechnologytotheChineseprintingandpublishingindustry

Chineseprintingenterprisesinthedigitaltransformationprocess,theprevalenceofdigitalproductionoutputandco-existhandinhandfoldingphenomenon.ThetotalnumberofsuchconditionsontheCTPoftheapplicationandproductionefficiencyhaveanegativeimpactonasubstantialincrease.WorkflowtechnologytobreakChina'scurrentdigitalcoexistwiththemanual.Providedtechnicalsupport.

WorkflowtechnologyinthepromotionofChinahasitsownuniqueway.ThemajorityofenterprisesinordertoultimatelyachievetheobjectiveofCTPoutputdigitalfromthebeginningoftheprogressiverealizationoffoldedhandsdigitalproofing,PDFoutput,DAMmanagementfinallyrealizethedigitizationoftheentireprocess.

ThenumberoffoldingscissorsinhandinthisbidfarewelltothetechnologythroughhandsfoldedsoftwareprintingplanttopromoteuniversalabolitionofmanyintermsofthesizeorareaattheplantwereaccountedforalargeproportionofmanualplatelayoutthebitePontheroadtoauniversalobstacles.

Therelativepopularityofdigitalproofingdigitalfoldedhandswithahigherdegreeofdifficulty.InadditiontothereasonsforcustomersoutsidetheprintingplantofthemanagementoflowlevelsofdataleadtoinstabilityPrintabilityisdifficulttopromotedigitalproofinganotherreason.Atpresent,theprintingplantandequipmentmanufacturershavebeenawareofthisandbegintoaddress.

Printingcompaniesinthedevelopmentofproductionprocessesontheotherhand,theprintingbusinesstopromotethedevelopmentofmanagementprocesses.VarioustypesofenterprisesinChina,theprintingindustryisbasedonthecomputerasatoolofproductionbutthemostpopularsectorsoftheindustrythelevelofinformationmanagementhasbeenverylow.Productionandmanagementinformationofthecontrasthasbecomeafeatureoftheindustry.Inprintproductionandprocessmanagementfortheenterpriseonbehalfofe-commercesystems.Intheimportanceofproductionhasbeenmoreandmoreenterprisesarerecognized.

THEELECTRONICPUBLISHINGBASEDONTHEINTERNETWILLBEFURTHERDEVELOPE