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學(xué)必求其心得,業(yè)必貴于專(zhuān)精學(xué)必求其心得,業(yè)必貴于專(zhuān)精學(xué)必求其心得,業(yè)必貴于專(zhuān)精題型突破(七)主旨大意之文章或段落大意題A(2017·南京九中模擬)Perhapseveryoldgenerationsinceancienttimeshascomplainedaboutyoungpeople,andtodayisnodifferent.Isn’titclearthatcomparedwithourgloriousselves,kidsthesedaysareself-absorbedsocialnetworkaddicts?However,thissummer,myimpressionoftoday'skidshasbeenrestoredbythestoryofRachelBeckwith。Shecouldteachmygenerationagreatdealaboutmaturityandunselfishness—eventhoughshe’sjust9yearsold,orwaswhenshediedonJuly23.Atage5,RachelhadherlonghairshornoffandsenttoLocksofLove,whichuseshairdonationstomakeartificialhairforchildrenwhohavelosttheirownhairbecauseofcancerorotherdiseases.Afterthat,Rachelannouncedthatshewouldgrowherhairlongagainanddonateitagain。Andthat'swhatshedid.Thenwhenshewas8yearsold,herchurchbeganraisingmoneytobuildwellsinAfricathroughanorganizationcalledcharity:water。Rachelwasastonishedwhenshelearnedthatotherchildrenhadnocleanwater,sosheskippedherninthbirthdayparty.Rachelsetupabirthdaypageonthecharity:waterwebsitewithatargetof300.Insteadofpresents,sheaskedherfriendstodonate9eachtocharity:water.FinallyRachelraisedonly220-whichhadleftherjustabitdisappointed。Then,onJuly20,aserioustrafficaccidentleftRachelcriticallyinjured.Churchmembersandfriends,seekingsomewayofshowingsupport,begandonatingonRachel’/Rachel—anddonationsreachedher300goal,andkeptrising.ButRachelcouldn'thearthatshehadraisedbeyondthe47,544thatthesingerJustinBieberhadraisedforcharity:wateronhis17thbirthday.“IthinkRachelwouldhavebeenoverjoyedforshesecretlyhadacrushon(迷戀……)him,”Rachel’smomsaid。WhenitwasclearthatRachelwouldneverregainconsciousness,thefamilydecidedtoremovethelifesupportsystem.HerparentsdonatedherhairforthefinaltimetoLocksofLove,andherorganstootherchildren。WordaboutRachel'slastfund-raisingspread。Contributionspouredin,oftenin9each.Thetotaldonationssoontopped100,000,then300,000.Thisisastorynotjustofonegirl,butofayounggenerationofoutstandingproblem-solversworkingcreatively.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文講述了一個(gè)善良的女孩RachelBeckwith的慈善行為,告訴我們新一代的年輕人能夠創(chuàng)造性地解決問(wèn)題。1.WhenwasitthatRachel’shairwasdonatedforthefinaltimetoLocksofLove?A.Atherageof5。B.Afterherdeath.C.Rightafterthetrafficaccident。D.Beforeherninthbirthday。答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段可知是她的父母在她去世以后把她的頭發(fā)捐給LocksofLove的。故選B。2.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.Rachel’shairdonations。B.Akindgirl,Rachel。C.Theauthor’simpressionoftoday'skids.D.AlessonfromRachel.答案B解析主旨大意題??v觀全文可知,本文講述一個(gè)善良的女孩子RachelBeckwith的慈善行為.故選B。3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftoday’skidsafterheknewthestoryofRachelBeckwith?A.Theyaregoodatsocialnetwork。B.Theyareunselfishasgrown—ups。C.Theycangetproblemssettledeffectively。D.Theyhavenarrowmindsandcareaboutnothing.答案C解析推理判斷題.根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“。。.butofayounggenerationofoutstandingproblem—solversworkingcreatively?!笨芍?作者在得知Rachel的故事之后,認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在的孩子能夠創(chuàng)造性地解決問(wèn)題。故選C.B(2017·南京九中模擬)Forhighschoolleaversstartingoutintheworkingworld,itisveryimportanttolearnparticularskillsandpracticehowtobehaveinanintervieworhowtofindaninternship(實(shí)習(xí)).Insomecountries,schoolshaveprogramstohelpstudentsontothepathtowork。IntheUnitedStates,however,suchprogramsarestillfewandfarbehind。Researchshowsthatifhighschoolsprovidecareer—relatedcourses,studentsarelikelytogethigherearningsinlateryears.Thestudentsaremorelikelytostayinschool,graduateandgoontohighereducation.InGermany,studentsasyoungas13and14areexpectedtodointernships.Germancompaniesworkwithschoolstomakesurethatyoungpeoplegettheeducationtheyneedforfutureemployment.ButinAmerica,educationreformprogramsfocusonhowwellstudentsdoinexamsinsteadofbringingthemintocontactwiththeworkingworld.HarvardEducationschoolprofessorRobertSchwartzhascriticizededucationreformersfortryingtoplaceallgraduatesdirectlyonthefour-yearcollegetrack.Schwartzarguedthatthisapproachleavesthecountry’smostvulnerable(易受影響的)kidswithnojobsandnoskills.Schwartzbelievedthatthebestcareerprogramsencouragekidstogoforhighereducationwhilealsoteachthemvaluablepracticalskillsathighschool。JamesMadisonHighSchoolinNewYork,forexample,encouragesstudentstochooseclassesoncareer—basedcourses。Theschoolthenhelpsthemgainon—the-jobexperienceinthosefieldswhilethey’restillathighschool。However,evenforteenswhoseschoolsencouragethemtoconnectwithwork,thejobmarketisdaunting.IntheUS,unemploymentratesfor16-to19—year—oldsareabove20percentforthethirdsummerinarow.“Theriskisthatifteenagersmissoutonthesummerjobexperience,theywillbecomepartofthisgenerationofteenswhohadtroubleinlandingajob,”saidMichael,aresearcherintheUS.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文通過(guò)與德國(guó)中學(xué)情況的比較,說(shuō)明在美國(guó)中學(xué)里很缺乏有關(guān)職業(yè)的基本課程。4.AccordingtoRobertSchwartz,highschoolstudentsshould.A.directlycarryonhighereducationB.getcontactwiththeworkingworldC.focusontheirperformanceinexamsD.notmissoutonthesummerjobexperience答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Schwartzbelievedthatthebestcareerprogramsencouragekidstogoforhighereducationwhilealsoteachthemvaluablepracticalskillsathighschool。"可知,Schwartz認(rèn)為美國(guó)中學(xué)生應(yīng)該多學(xué)習(xí)一些與工作有關(guān)的實(shí)用技能。故選B。5.Theunderlinedword“daunting”inParagraph6mostprobablymeans“”.A.incredible B.motivatingC.impressive D.discouraging答案D解析詞義猜測(cè)題。從畫(huà)線詞后的“IntheUS,unemploymentratesfor16-to19—year—oldsareabove20percentforthethirdsummerinarow.”可知,美國(guó)的失業(yè)率很高,故可推知它的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)是令人沮喪的。故選D。6.What’sthemainideaofthetext?A.RemarksonrecentUShighschooleducationreform.B.TipsonfindingjobsforhighschoolleaversintheUS.C.Thelackofcareer-basededucationintheUShighschools.D.TheseveresituationofunemploymentintheUS.答案C解析主旨大意題.文章第一段點(diǎn)明主題:在美國(guó)中學(xué)里有關(guān)職業(yè)的課程很缺乏,下文進(jìn)行了具體的對(duì)比和介紹。故選C.7.Intheauthor’sopinion,Germanhighschoolleavers.A.enjoymorecareer-relatedcoursesthanthatoftheUSB.needmorecareeradvicefromtheirschoolsC.performbetterinexamsthanAmericanstudentsD.a(chǎn)relessbroughtintocontactwiththeworkingworld答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的介紹以及第四段第一句可知,德國(guó)的中學(xué)生比美國(guó)的中學(xué)生享有更多的與職業(yè)有關(guān)的課程教育。故選A。C(2017·鎮(zhèn)江一模)Thehabit—formingprocesswithinourbrainsisathree-steploop(回路).First,thereisacue,atriggerthattellsyourbraintogointoautomaticmode(模式)andwhichhabittouse.Thenthereistheroutine,whichcanbephysicalormentaloremotional.Finally,thereisareward,whichhelpsyourbrainfigureoutifthisparticularloopisworthrememberingforthefuture.Overtime,thisloop—cues,routines,rewards—becomesmoreandmoreautomatic.Thecueandrewardbecomeintertwined(交織的)untilapowerfulsenseofanticipationandadesireappears.Eventually,ahabitisborn。Habitsaren’tdestiny.Habitscanbeignored,changed,orreplaced。Butthereasonwhythediscoveryofthehabitloopissoimportantisthatitrevealsabasictruth:Whenahabitappears,thebrainstopsfullyparticipatingindecision—making。Itstopsworkingsohard,orshiftsfocustoothertasks.Sounlessyoudeliberatelyfightahabit—unlessyoufindnewroutines—thepatternwillunfoldautomatically.Habitsneverreallydisappear.They'reencoded(把……編碼)intothestructuresofourbrain,andthat’sahugeadvantageforus,becauseitwouldbeawfulifwehadtorelearnhowtodriveaftereveryvacation.Theproblemisthatyourbraincan'ttellthedifferencebetweenbadandgoodhabits,andsoifyouhaveabadone,it’salwayslurking(潛伏)there,waitingfortherightcuesandrewards。Thisexplainswhyit’ssohardtocreateexercisehabits,forinstance,orchangewhatweeat。Oncewedeveloparoutineofsittingonthesofa,ratherthanrunning,orsnackingwheneverwepassadoughnutbox,thosepatternsalwaysremaininsideourheads。Bythesamerule,though,ifwelearntocreatenewneurological(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的)routinesthatoverpowerthosebehaviors—ifwetakecontrolofthehabitloop—wecanforcethosebadtendenciesintothebackground.Andoncesomeonecreatesanewpattern,studieshavedemonstrated,goingforajogorignoringthedoughnutsbecomesasautomaticasanyotherhabit。Ofcourse,thosedecisionsarehabitual,effortless。Aslongasyourbasalganglia(基底核)iscompleteandthecuesremainconstant,thebehaviorswilloccurunthinkingly.Atthesametime,however,thebrain'sdependenceonautomaticroutinescanbedangerous.Habitsareoftenasmuchacurseasabenefit.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇科普說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了習(xí)慣是如何形成的。8.Whatcanwelearnaboutthehabitloopfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Ithelpsyourbrainunderstandwhatisworthremembering。B.Itisathree-steploopconsistingofacue,aroutineandareward。C.Itbecomesautomaticanddevelopsasenseofanticipationanddesire。D.Itrevealsabasictruththatthepatternofahabitwillunfoldautomatically.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)前兩段的內(nèi)容,尤其是第一段中的“Thehabit-formingprocesswithinourbrainsisathree-steploop(回路).First,thereisacue。。.Thenthereistheroutine.。。Finally,thereisareward。.?!笨芍?習(xí)慣形成的過(guò)程是一個(gè)三步走的回路,分別是:提示、慣例和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。故選B項(xiàng)。9.Theadvantageofhabitsneverreallydisappearingisthat。A.wecaneasilychangewhatweeatB.wedeveloparoutineofsittingonthesofaC.wedon’tnecessarilylearnaskillagainD.wecandistinguishbetweenbadandgoodhabits答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第三段中的“Habitsneverreallydisappear。。.itwouldbeawfulifwehadtorelearnhowtodriveaftereveryvacation?!笨芍?從未真正消失的習(xí)慣會(huì)被編入我們的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)中,正是得益于此,我們不必重新學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)技能.故選C項(xiàng)。10.WhatcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceinParagraph4?A.Habitscanbechangedandreplaced。B.Habitscannotbeignoredorcreated。C.Oldpatternsalwaysexistinourbrains.D.Newpatternsseldomremaininourbrains。答案A解析推理判斷題.根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Andoncesomeonecreatesanewpattern,studieshavedemonstrated,goingforajogorignoringthedoughnutsbecomesasautomaticasanyotherhabit.”可知,研究表明,一旦有人創(chuàng)造了新的模式,慢跑或忽視甜甜圈就變得和任何其他的習(xí)慣一樣自動(dòng)化了。由此可推斷,習(xí)慣可以被改變或替代.故選A項(xiàng)。11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Thediscoveryofthehabitloop。B.Theautomaticpatternofhabits。C.Theresearchonthehabit-formingprocess。D.Thebrain’sdependenceonautomaticroutines。答案B解析主旨大意題。本文主要介紹的是習(xí)慣的形成是一個(gè)自動(dòng)化的過(guò)程,一旦人們創(chuàng)造了新的習(xí)慣回路模式,習(xí)慣就可以被忽略、改變或替換.故B項(xiàng)最能概括文章主旨。D(2017·蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)四市二模)Scientistsshouldbeallowedtochangeaperson’sDNAinwaysthatwillbepassedontofuturegenerations,butonlytopreventseriousandstronglyheritable(遺傳)diseases,accordingtoanewreportfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesandtheNationalAcademyofMedicine。However,makingchangestothesegenesinordertoimproveorchangetraitssuchasstrength,intelligenceorbeautyshouldremainoff-limits,thereportauthorsconcluded.Changingtheso—calledgermline(種系)isillegalintheUnitedStates。Ithaslargelybeenconsideredethicallyoff-limitshereaswell,atleastwhilebioethicistsandscientistsconsideredtheunforeseeneffectsandunexaminedmoraldilemmasofusingnewgene-editingtechnologies。However,scientistshavemovedforwardaggressivelytoexplorethepossibilityofchangingdiseasegenesinotheradulthumancellswitharevolutionarytechniqueknownasCRISPR—Cas9。Itiswidelybelievedthatgeneeditingofthissortcouldtreatpatientswithmetabolic(新陳代謝的)disorders,certaincancers,andarangeofotherdiseasesthatarisefromgeneticmutations(突變)—withoutchangingthegermline.Lastyear,ChinesescientistslaunchedatrialthatusesCRISPR—Cas9inatreatmentforlungcancer.Whilethetrial’soutcomeisawaitedwithhighanticipation,scientistsoutsideChinahaveexpressedconcernthatethicalreservationsintheUnitedStatesandEuropewillputthematadisadvantage。CRISPR-Cas9makesgeneeditingmorestraightforward,morepreciseandfarmorewidespread.Assuch,theNationalAcademies’reportacknowledgesthatchangingheritableDNAineggs,spermandearlyembryosisfastbecoming“arealisticpossibilitythatdeservesseriousconsideration”.The22-memberpanelofscientistsandbioethicistswhoproducedthereportcompletedacomprehensivereviewoftheissuesraisedbythatprospect?!癈linicaltrialsinvolvinggermlineeditingshouldonlybepursuedtotreatdiseasesthatcannotbeimprovedwithreasonablealternatives,”the22—memberpanelofscientistsandbioethicistssaid.Inaddition,theyadded,scientistsshouldconvincinglydemonstratetheyaretargetingagenethateithercausesorstronglymakesacarrierlikelytosufferfromaseriousdiseaseorcondition,andthattheyhaveweighedthelikelyrisksandbenefitsofchangingthatgene.Finally,scientistsshouldconductlong—termfollow-upstudiestoknowhowgeneeditingaffectsthenextgenerations.Publicdebateanddiscussionaboutthetechnologyshouldcontinue,thepaneladded.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇科普類(lèi)的說(shuō)明文,主要是關(guān)于對(duì)DNA進(jìn)行修改從而減少遺傳性疾病的相關(guān)研究以及由此引發(fā)的擔(dān)憂.12.Inwhatcircumstancescanscientistschangeaperson’sDNA?A.Makingapersonlookmuchyounger.B.Protectingfuturegenerationsfromsomeheritablediseases。C.Usingthemostadvancedgene—editingtechnologies。D.Changingthegermlineforabetterfunction。

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