國家開放大學(xué)2021年《管理英語1》課程隨堂練習(xí)1

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！11Passage1AgingCrisisinChina1“Aging,”saysAlexKalache,HeadoftheProgrammeonAgingattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine,“isthenumberoneproblemintheworld.Andifitisnotaddressednow,therewillbeseriousconsequences.”Itisthe“numberoneproblem”becausethenumbersofpeopleover60–andparticularlythoseover80–aregrowingfast.TherapidagingtrendinChina’spopulationalsoposesimmediatechallengestoChinesesociety.HowcanChinafacethischallenge?Asthesocialstructurechangesintermsofdemographics,sowilltradition.2In1959therewere200millionpeopleover60intheworld,accountingfor8percentofthetotalpopulation.Itispredictedthatinchina,by2000,thenumberofretiredpeoplewillbeseveraltimesthatofthemid-90’s.In2020theywillhaveincreasedbyseveraltimesagain.Theproblemisthatasmoreandmorepeoplelivelongerandtheirnumbersincreasebothinactualnumbersandrelativetothegeneralpopulation,therewillbefewerpeopletocareforthem.Thedependencyratio,asitiscalled,isalsoaffectedbythefactthatwomen,whohavebeenthetraditionalcaretakersoftheelderly,arebecomingmorecareer-orientedandarenotathometocarefortheirparents.3Onesolutionisseniorhomes.Traditionally,itisconsideredaChinesevirtueforchildrentotakecareoftheirparents.Butifpeopleareworkinglonghours,olderparentsfeellonelyathome.Atseniorcitizencentres,theycangetgoodcarefromthenurses,whoarealsowillingtolistentotheirstories.“WhenIfirstcamehere,Icomplainedaboutmydaughter’sdecision.Butgradually,Ibegantolikethisplace,”WeiWenkuei,86,said.“Thenursesaremoreattentivethanahousemaid,andthefoodisgood.”WeiisstayingatthePeixinSeniorCitizenscentreinNanshiDistrict.ThereareonlythreeseniorcentresintheDongjiaduNeighbourhoodinNanshiDistrict,Whichisnotenoughformorethan20,000peopleovertheageof60.However,theneighbourhoodhasabout15000laid-offwomenworkerswhoareeagerforjobs,andtheareaexpectstoopenseveralnewcentresinthenearfuture.Thegovernmentisnotonlyencouragingindividualstorunseniorcitizen’shomes,butthegovernmentitselfisbuildingcentres.4Somesaythatthesehomeisolatetheelderlyfromtherestofsocietyandthatkeepinganintergenerationalbondisnecessaryforarich,wisesociety.Anothermodelwhichhelpsoldpeopletolivemoreindependentlyisknownas“careinthecommunity.”Auniqueexampleofthisisthe“SOSBellsfortheElderly”systemwhichwasintroducedinChangqiaoNeighbourhoodintheWesternDistrictin1996,andhasprovedsuccessful.Familieswereencouragedtovolunteertoformmutualhelp“pairs”withelderlypeoplewhohadnochildrennearbytocareforthem.Bellswereaffixedatthebedsideoflonelyandillseniorcitizensandconnectedtothehomeofthe“pairhousehold.”Whenthebellrings,thehelpergoesatonce.InMay1997,theBeijingCommitteefortheElderlyhademergencybellsinstalledin297homesinBeijing’s10districts.5Althoughlargersocialwelfaresystemreformneedstobeundertaken,thesechangesinthetraditionalwayofcaringforoldpeopleshowaChinawhichisreadyandwillingtodealwithchangeinacreativeway.Nowthat“over-population”and“theagingcrisis”areseenasproblemsbymodernsocietyworld-wide,itisimportantthattheelderlyarenotignored,alienatedormistreated,butrathertreasuredfortheirgreatstoreofexperience.Theseareproblemsthatneedthoughtfulsolutions.Directions:1Findthefollowingsentencesinpassage1andusethecontextofthesentencetodeterminethemeaningoftheunderlinedword.Thenchoosethewordorphrasewhichbestexpressestheword’smeaningandwriteyouranswersonyouranswersheet.(Theparagraphinwhichthesentenceappearisindicatedinthebrackets.)1.Andifitisnotaddressednow,therewillbeseriousconsequences.”(paragraph1)A.togivethenameoftheplaceB.tomakeaspeechC.todealwith2.Asthesocialstructurechangesintermsofdemographics,sowilltradition.(paragraph1)A.jobsB.populationC.gender3.Traditionally,itisconsideredaChinesevirtueforchildrentotakecareoftheirparents.(paragraph3)A.goodqualityB.benefitC.advantage4.Thenursesaremoreattentivethanahousemaid.(paragraph3)A.listeningcarefullyB.politelyhelpfulC.warm-hearted5.Nowthat“over-population”and“theagingcrisis”areseenasproblemsbymodernsocietyworld-wide,itisimportantthattheelderlyarenotignored,alienatedormistreated,butrathertreasuredfortheirgreatstoreofexperience.(paragraph5)A.badlytreatedB.welltreatedC.properlytreatedDirections:Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyaretrueorfalseaccordingtopassage1.Writetrue(T)orfalse(F)againstthenumberforitems6-10.6.AccordingtoAlexKalache,over-populationisthenumberoneproblemintheworld.7.WeiWenkueifellinlovewithPeixinSeniorCitizensCentreimmediatelywhenshewentthere.8.Onlythegovernmenthastherighttobuildseniorcitizen’shomes.9.“SOSBellsfortheElderly”systemisauniqueexampleof“careinthecommunity.”10.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassage,theelderlyshouldbewelltreatedratherthanforgotten.PartIIQuestions11–20arebasedonPassage2.Passage22BargainFashion1.Scavengingforhand-me-downsisawayoflifeforthosewhohavefewresourcesandneedtoputclothesontheirbacks.Forothersonthehighconsumerend,eventhoughtheyhavemoreincome,it’sbecomeapastime.It’sfun,it’schallengingandtheclothes,theybelieve,makeafashionstatement.Rummagingthroughthriftshops,combingweekendfleamarketsandyardsales,visitingvintagefashionstores,andevensurfingtheInternethasbecomeapassionforpeopleseekingoutfashiontreasuresonthecheap.2.Someliketothinkofitasfrugalliving—acarefulorthriftywaytolive,awaytoprotectboththeirpocketbookandtheenvironment.Withthegrowingconcernforwaste,somepeoplefeelthisisonewaytheycandotheirpartbyrecyclingandreusing.InSanFrancisco,California,thereare1500recycleshops,sellingeverythingfromusedrefrigeratorstodesignereveninggowns.SanDiego,California,boastsmorethan2,000secondhandshopsalongwithaquarterlynewspapercalled“SecondHandNews”withareadershipofthousandsofpeople.This56publicationcontainsinformationonstorelistings,shopratings,comingevents,andnewsoftrendsinrecycling.Peoplefromallsectorsofsocietyread“SecondHandNews”tolearnaboutwhat’shappeninginthesecondhandscene.Theinterestisgrowingintheuseoftheseshops—somedropofftheirgoodsthattheynolongerwantorneed,somecometobrowseandseewhatit’sallabout,otherscometosearchforthatpieceofclothingthatwillmakethemstandoutinacrowd.3.RecyclecentersandshopsoriginatedthroughcommunityserviceorganizationssuchastheYMCA,SalvationArmy,GoodWillandchurchgroups.Onesuchorganization,theSt.VincentDePaulinSanDiego,gotitsstartin1948andisstilldoingaboomingbusinesstoday.Organizationssuchastheseofferawiderangeofgoodsandproductsfromusedhouseholditemstobabyclothes.Inmanyurbancentersthesetypesofshopscatertotheneediersegmentofthepopulation.4.Butasrecyclingbecamefashionableduringthe1980s,individualsopenedsecondhandshopsgearedtothemiddleandevenupperclassesofsociety.Shopslike“Michael’s”indowntownSanDiego,AuntieHelen’sinNewYork,andBrotherBennie’sinLosAngelesspecializeinvintageclothingandaccessoriesforbothmenandwomen.Theyclaimtostocksecondhandgoodsofthe“finestquality”atlowprices.“ChoosinganeveninggownatMichael’sisalmostlikeshoppingatHarrodsinLondonorBarney’sinNewYork,exceptit’salotmoreexciting,”saysGennie,afashionmodelbasedinSanDiego.“Youcanchoosefromclothesthatlotsoffamouspeopleowned,andthere’saseamstressrighttheretomakeadjustments.Youevengettheoptionofafullrefundupto1—1/2hoursafterapurchaseifyougetithomeanddecideit’sreallynotforyou,”sheexplains.5.TherecyclecrazeisnotjustallhappeningintheUnitedStates,itseemstohavetakenmuchofthewholeworldbystorm.SomepeopleinTokyo,Japanmaketheirlivingbywhattheycall“thrifting”:Designershirethemtoshopfortreasures,whichthenformthebasisoftheirnextfashioncollection.JamesAshtonsayshe’sbecomeaprofessionalscout.“Igotoclubstoseewhatthekidsarewearing,thenhuntdownoldfabric,abeltbuckleoracoolsweaterpatternatafleamarket,”heexplains.Thedesignertheninventsanewlookusingthegoodsthescouthasgathered.“Somearefashionwizards,othersbecomefamousjustbycopyingthriftitems,”saysAshton.6.InLondon,England,huntingforvintageclothingandjewelryhasbecometheinthingtodo.Helen,ofHelenUffnerVintageClothing,hasahugecollectionofgarmentsfrom1850throughthe1970s,someofwhichareforsale,otherssherentsoutforuseinfeaturefilms.“AnumberofthecostumesforOut3ofAfrica,whichsetoffaSafarifad,camefrommycollection,”sheexclaims.Asyoureyepassesoverthegoodsinhershopyoucanguessthatavintageshoecollectorwouldbedelightedtoseehershoecollection.Ontherackareapairof1970sCharlesJourdanplatformshoeswithcarvedwoodenchunkyheelsandbraided,yellowpatentleatherstraps.Thatsamechunkylookwasrevivedin1997,ahotiteminfashioncirclesthen.Nowshesays,“Thispairisjustwaitingfortherightfoot.”7.Theideaistotakefragmentsofthepasttocreateanimageforyourself.Thelookmayormaynotbesellinginthedesignerboutiquedownthestreet,butyoucanstillbesatisfiedknowingyou’vedoneyourpersonallookbyyourself—andonthecheaptoboot.(Wordcount=807)Directions:Readpassage2andtrytofindeachwordusingtheparagraphmarkers()andthenfillinthechartbelow.Thefirstoneisdoneforyouasanexample.(20points,2pointseach.)VocabularyMeaningPartofSpeechconsumeRootnoun/12thrifty(2)poorer16fashionable(3)adjustments(4)delighted(6)1718noun1920delightPartIIIQuestions21–30arebasedonPassage3.Passage3Seventy-fourYearsofWinterOlympicGlory1Chamonix,1924:TheGameswerefirstknownasthe"InternationalWinterSportsWeek."Itwasn'tuntil1925thattheywereofficiallynamedtheOlympicWinterGames.NorwayandFinlanddominatedNordicskiing,speedskatingandbobsleigh.TwodaysbeforetheClosingCeremony,theInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)wasapprovedastheofficialorganizingcommitteefortheGames2St.Moritz1928:UnseasonablewarmweathercreatedhavocwiththeeventsattheSwissAlpineresort,whileNorwaycontinuedtodominate.SonjaHenie,just15,combinedgracewithathleticabilitytowinthefirstofthreeOlympicgoldmedalsinwomen'sfigureskating.Japansentitsfirstdelegation--sixskiersandoneofficial.3LakePlacid,1932:WarmweatheragainhittheGames,forcingorganizerstohaulsnowfromCanadatotheupstateNewYorktown.Thefour-manbobsleighracehadtobepostponeduntilaftertheClosingCeremony.Dog-sledracingandwomen'sspeedskatingweredemonstrationeventsandEdwardEagan,aSummerGamesOlympicmedallistin1920,wasonthewinningU.S.four-manbobsleighteamtobecomethefirstsummer-wintermedallist.4Garmischi-Partenkirchen,1936:Blizzardconditions,andapossibleboycottbytheIOCoverAdolphHitler'spoliticsthreatenedtheGamesinitially.Europeanspeedskatersdominatedthemedals4standingsaftertheOlympicsreturnedtothecontinentalstyleofracingagainsttheclockratherthan"groupstarts"usedfouryearsearlier.5StMoritz,1948:TheSwissresorthostedtheWinterGamesforthesecondtime,favouredasaneutralvenuefollowingWorldWarII.GermanyandJapanwerenotallowedtoparticipate,whilesingle-personsledracingwasheldforthefirsttimesincethepreviousSt.MoritzGames.AmericanJohnHeatonrepeatedassinglesilvermedallistaftertwodecadesonthesidelines.6Oslo,1952:TheWinterGameshelditsfirsttorchrelay,kindledatthehomeofNorwegianskiinglegendSondreNorheim.Attendanceateventswasexceptionalwiththeskijumpaloneattractingcrowdsof150,000,anOlympicattendancerecordforboththeSummerandWinterGames.Women'scross-countryskiracesmadetheirOlympicdebutandAmericanDickButtondefendedhisfigureskatingtitle.7Cortinad'Ampezzo,1956:TheSovietUniondebutedattheWinterGames,whileastadiumbuilttohold10,000spectators--inatownofabout6,000--hostedtheskatingandhockeyevents.AustrianToniSailorperformedanAlpineskiing"hattrick,"whichwas,takinggoldinthemen'sdownhill,giantslalomandslalom.ChiharuIgayawonthemen'sslalomsilver,Japan'sfirstWinterOlympicmedal.8SquawValley,1960:ThroughthecampaigningoflandownerAlexanderCushing,themountaintowninnorthernCaliforniaedgedInnsbruckinvotingbytheIOC.Women'sspeedskatingbecomesanofficialmedalevent,andbiathlonwasaddedtotheOlympicprogram.EastandWestGermanysentajointteam,usingBeethoven'sNinthSymphonyastheirnationalanthem.9Innsbruck,1964:ForthefirsttimeintheWinterGames,theOlympicflamewaslightedatOlympia,Greece.Butthewarmestwinterin58yearsinInnsbruckleftminimalsnowcoveranddifficultconditionsatmanyvenues.*LugemadeitsOlympicdebut,asdidthemicrochip,whichwasusedinjudgingandtimingatevents.IndiaalsodebutedattheWinterGames.10Grenoble,1968:The"snowyGames"attractedonlyabout70,000spectatorsontheground,but500millionviewerswatchedthemontelevision.WomenwereforcedtotakegendertestsforthefirsttimeintheOlympics,whileFrenchmenJean-ClaudeKillyhandledheavypressurefromcountrymenwithsuperbstyle,grabbingallthreeOlympicAlpineskiinggoldsonoffer.11Sapporo,1972:AtthefirstWinterOlympicsheldinAsia,adisputeoveramateurstatuscametotheboilwhentheIOCbannedAustrianskistarKarlSchranzfromtheGamesbecausehehadbeenpaidforappearinginaskimaker'sadvertisement.AmericanfigureskaterJanetLynnsettledforwomen'sbronzebutwontheheartsofthelocalaudiencewhilehotelmanagerFranciscoFernandezOchoastagedasurprisevictoryinthemen'sslalomforSpain'sfirstgoldmedallistintheWinterOlympics.12Innsbruck,1976:TheWinterGamesreturnedtoInnsbruckafterDenver,theplannedhost,decidedtogivetheGamesbackduetofearofover-developmentandamushroomingbudget.AustrianFranzKlammergrabbedthemen'sdownhillgoldbeforeahomecrowdwhileAmericanDorthyHamillpirouettedtowomen'sfigureskatinggold.IcedancingbecameanOlympicmedalevent.13LakePlacid,1980:Thehostofthe1932WinterGamesgainedaunanimousvotefromtheIOC.AmericanEricHeidensweptallfivegoldmedalsinmen'sspeedskating,whileAustria'sAnnemarieMoser-Proell,afterdisappointmentinSapporo,snatchedthewomen'sdownhillgold.14Sarajevo,1984:Sapporoofferedin1978tohostthe1984WinterGamesifnoothercitiesdecidedtobid,butSarajevocameforwardtowelcomearecord49countriesinthefirstWinterGamesheldinEasternEurope.KatarinaWittofEastGermanywonthefirstoftwofigureskatinggolds.515Calgary,1988:CanadahosteditsfirstWinterOlympicsandthefirstthatspanned16days.U.S.TVnetworkABCpaidarecord$309millionforbroadcastingrightsand,despiteChinooks--warm,drywindsoutoftheRockyMountains--thatdisruptedtheschedule,Italy'sAlbertoTombaemergedaskiingherowithgoldinthemen'sslalomandgiantslalom.Britain'sMichaelEdwards"EddieintheEagle"capturednomedalsbutgrabbedtheheartsofmillionswithhisamateurbravadoontheskijump.Freestyleskiing,shorttrackspeedskatingandcurlingweredemonstrationsports.16Albertville,1992:OrganizedbyformerskiinggreatJeanClaudeKilly,the16thWinterGameswerehitbycriticismoverthedistancebetweenvenuesintheFrenchAlps.ButJapanenjoyeditsbestmedalvictoriesever,winningtheNordiccombinedteamgoldandatotalofsevenmedals-thisequaledthetotalmedalswonbyJapaninallpreviousWinterOlympicscombined.Canada'sKerrinLee-Gartnerthrilledoneandallwithgoldinthewomen'sdownhill.17Lillehammer,1994:Thetownof23,000wasrecognizedbymanyashavinghostedthebestWinterGamestodate.Hugeenergeticcrowds,goodweatherandsmoothtransportationwereallwidelyacclaimed.LocalfavouriteJohannOlavKossshowedwhyhewasknownas"TheBoss"bywinningthreespeedskatinggoldmedals,allinworld-recordtimes.ThemediawasengrossedbyfeudingU.S.figureskatersTonyaHardingandNancyKerrigan,butOksanaBaiuifromtheUkraineupstagedthembothtotakethewomen'sgold.18Nagano,1998:BackinJapanforasecondtime,thisWinterGameswasrecognizedasbeinghigh-techandenvironmentallyfriendly.*WintersnowsuitsdesignedspecificallyformembersoftheIOC,theorganizersandvolunteersattheOlympics,weremadefamousbythefacttheycouldberecycledintousableoil.TheOlympicVillageofferedfreeinternetuseforallathletes,manysettinguptheirownhomepageforfanstowishthemgoodluckbeforetheirevent,andcongratulatethemafterwards.Theenvironmentwasalsoenriched-leftoversfromtheOlympicVillagecafeteriawererecycledintofertilizer.Worldrecordsforboththemenandwomen'sspeedskatingwerebrokenbyskatersfromtheNetherlandsandGermany,andChineseaerialskiersmadetheirfirstdazzlingdebutwithXuNannanbringinghomeasilverforherdoublebacksomersaultwithatripletwist.Curling,women'shockeyandsnowboardingwereaddedtotheWinterGames.Directions:ReadPassage3andmatchthefollowingOlympicGamesintheleftcolumnwiththeirrelevantdescriptionsintherightcolumn.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.（20points,2pointsforeachchoice）21.Chamonix,192422.StMoritz192823.LakePlacid,193224.Oslo,1952A.inwhichEdwardEaganbecamethefirstsummer-wintermedallistB.inwhichChiharuIgayawonJapan’sfirstWinterOlympicmedalC.inwhichwomen’sspeedskatingbecomesanofficialmedaleventD.lasting16days25.CortinaD’Ampezzo,195626.SquawValley,1960E.firstknownasthe“InternationalWinterSportsWeek”F.inwhichthefirsttorchrelaywasheld27.Grenoble,1968G.inwhichJapansentitsfirstdelegation28.Sapporo,1972skatingH.inwhichAmericanEricHeidensweptallfivegoldmedalsinmen’sspeed29.LakePlacid,1980I.heldinAsiaforthefirsttime630.Calgary,1988J.inwhichwomenwereforcedtotakegendertestforthefirsttimePartIVQuestions31–40arebasedonPassage4.Passage4TheTrampAndThePhilosopherIn1911,apennilessyoungmusic-hallartistleftEnglandforAmerica.Hisfuturewasuncertain,buthedidnotbelieveitcouldbeunhappierthanhispast.HehadgrownupinLondon’sEastEndandexperiencedgreatpoverty.Hismother’slifehadbeensohardthatshehadfinallygonemad,andhisfatherhaddiedofdrink.Bothparentshadbeenonthestageandlivedinthehopethattheywouldonedaybe“stars”.Theirsonwasdeterminedtosucceedwheretheyhadfailed.By1914hisoptimismanddeterminationwerejustified.CharlesChaplinwasthemosttalkedaboutmaninAmerica,thekingofsilentmovies.Hewasnotonlyadmiredasafirst-classactorandcomedian,buthewasalsomakinghisnameasadirector.Howdidhereachthetopofthefilmworldinsuchashorttime?Hewasnotaninstantsuccess.However,hegraduallybegantodevelopthecharacterofthetrampthatwealwaysconnectwithhisname.Heborrowedideasfrommanysources,andthoughhe“stole”mostofhisclothesfromotherslapstickcomediansofthetime,hedevelopedhisownspecialmannerismstogowiththem.Heusedhisbowlerhattosignalsecretmessagesandhiswalkingstickallowedhimtocauseconfusionandpunishhisenemyfromadistance.Hegottheideaforhisfamousflat-footedwalkfromaLondontaxidriverwhohadsorefeet.Charlie,thetramp,lookedveryfunny,buthewasalsolovable.Insidehistramp’sclothes,theaudiencesawahumanbeingwhowaspoor,butdreamedofbeingrich,whowasuglybutwantedtobehandsome,whowaslonelyanddesperatelywantedagirlfriend.Thetrampwasagreatromantic,buthealwayslosthishearttogirlswhoforsomereasonhadtoleavehim.Theaudiencewouldbemovedbythis,butbeforetheyhadtimetoreachfortheirhandkerchiefs,Charlie’sfeetwouldgetinthewayandtheywouldlaughinstead.Inhisearlydaysasadirector,Chaplinproducedsixty-twoshortsilentcomedyfilmsinfouryears.Hewasabletotakecompletecontrolofhisworkandhewouldusehismanygiftsashewished.Hewasamasteroftheartofmime,andasanacrobatheusedtoperformmanydangerousstunts.Buthisgreatestgiftwashissenseoftiming–somethingwhichhesaidhadcometohimfromhismother,whohadbeenadancer.Lateronhisfilmsbegantobemoreserious.InTheKid,whichisaboutanorphan,Chaplinrememberedhisownfearandunhappinesswhenhewasseparatedfromhismother.Then,in1929,theWallStreetStockMarketcollapsed.SuddenlythereweretrampslikeCharlieeverywhere,andthecrueldivisionbetweentherichandpoorisreflectedintheopeningsceneofCityLights.Chaplinnowfelttheneedtocommentonthefateoftheworldaswellasonthelifeofhishero.AtthistimehemadeTheGreatDictatorwhichmadefunofHitler’sphilosophyandmannerisms.HedescribedHitleras“thisamazingimitationofme”.Extremeright-wingpeopleinAmericapersuadedtheAmericansthroughthepressthatChaplinwastooleft-wing.WhenhewasonavisittoBritaintheAmericangovernmentrefusedtogivehimare-entryvisa.Soin1948hedecidedtomakehishomeinSwitzerland.HismarriagetothelovelyOonaO’Neillwashappy,andhebecametheproudfatherofeightchildren.Neverthelesshestillfeltbitterandthefilmshecontinuedtomakeshowthis.TheKinginNewYorkisthestoryofakinglivinginaforeigncountrywhoismadetosufferforhisbeliefs.AmericastillsuspectedChaplin’spoliticalbeliefsandhisfilmswerenotshownthere.7Itwasnotuntil1972thatChaplinandHollywoodfinallymadeuptheirquarrelandhewasinvitedbacktoreceiveanapology–andtheawardofanOscar.Hewasgivenahero’swelcomeandwasdeeplymoved.Then,in1975,aged86,hereturnedtoLondon,thecityofhisbirth.HewenttoBuckinghamPalacetobeknightedbytheQueen.Charlie,thetramp,wouldhavefallenoverasheleft.SirCharlesChaplinsimplywept.Readpassage4carefullyandthendecidewhetherstatements31-40aretrueorfalsebasedonyourunderstandingofthepassage.WriteTfortrueandFforfalseagainstthenumberofthestatementontheanswersheet.(20points,2pointseach.)31.CharlesChaplinwenttoAmericain1911.32.CharlesChaplin’sparentsthoughttheywere“stars”.33.CharlesChaplinwasnotonlyafirst-classcomedianbutalsoadirector.34.CharlesChaplinborrowedhisideasfrommanysources.35.Charleschaplin’sfilmsbecamemoreandmoreserious.36.Right-wingpeopleinAmericathoughtChaplinwastooleft-wing.37.CharlesChaplindecidedtomakehishomeinBritain.38.CharlesChaplinhadeightchildren.39.After1948,CharlesChaplin’sfilmswereshowneverywhereinAmerica.40.CharlesChaplinreceivedtheawardofanOscarin1972.PartVPassage5WhyStudyPublicSpeaking?1Today,beyondtherelativesecurityofthecollegeoruniversityclassroom,nearly7,000speakerswillstandinfrontofAmericanaudiencesanddeliverspeeches.Andduringthosesametwenty-fourhours,peoplewillmakemorethan30millionbusinesspresentations.Thesespeakerswillexpressandelaboratetheirideas,championtheircauses,andpromotetheirproductsorservices.Thosewhoaresuccessfulwillmakesales,obtainsupport,andeducateandentertaintheirlisteners.Manywillalsoenhancetheirreputationsaseffectivespeakers.Toachievethesegoals,eachwillbeusingtheskills,principles,andartsofpublicspeaking.2Consider,too,thatsomewhereonacollegecampusrightnowisthestudentswhowillonedaydeliveraninauguraladdressafterbeingsworninasPresidentoftheUnitedStates;thestudentwhowillappearonnationaltelevisiontoaccepttheTonyAwardforBestActress,ortheAcademyAwardforBestDirector;andthestudentofdoctorsandmedicaltechnicians,orwhosewordswillannouncethepassageofimportantlegislation.3Studyingandpracticingpublicspeakingbenefitsyoupersonally,professionallyandpublicly.PersonalBenefitsofStudyingpublicSpeakingFirst,masteringpublicspeakingcanhelpyouacquireskillsimportanttoyoursuccessincollege.4AccordingtoarecentCarnegieFoundationreport:“Tosucceedincollege,undergraduatesshouldbeabletowriteandspeakwithclarity,andtoreadandlistenwithcomprehension.Languageandthoughtareinextricablyconnected,andasundergraduates8developtheirlinguisticskills,theyimprovethequalityoftheirthinkingandbecomeintellectuallyandsociallyempowered.”5Second,publicspeakingcanhelpyoubecomemoreknowledgeable.Thereisasayingthatwelearn:10percentofwhatweread,20percentofwhatwehear,30percentofwhatwesee,and70percentofwhatwespeak.6Considerforamomenttwodifferentwaysofstudyinglecturenotesforanexam.Onemethodistoreadandrereadyournotessilently.Analternativeismoreactiveandmakesyouasenderofmessages.Youstandinyourroom,putyourlecturenotesonyourdresser,anddeliverthelectureoutloud,pretendingyouaretheinstructorexplainingthematerialtotheclass.Whichmethoddoyouthinkpromotesbetterunderstandingandretentionofthecoursematerial?Youwillnotbesurprisedtolearnthatit’sthesecondmethod.7Speakingisanactiveprocess.Youdiscoverideas,shapethemintoamessage,anddeliverthatmessageusingyourvoiceandbody.Theactofspeakingisacrucialtestofyourthinkingskills.AstheBritishauthorE.M.Forsterobserved,“HowdoIknowwhatIthinkuntilI’veseenwhatI’vesaid?”Theprocessofdevelopinganddeliveringanideaclarifiesitandhelpsmakeituniquelyyourown.ProfessionalBenefitsofStudyingPublicSpeaking8Studyingcommunication,andspecificallypublicspeaking,isimportanttoyounotonlypersonallybutalsoprofessionally.Infact,numerousstudiesdocumentastrongrelationshipyourchancesoffirstsecuringemployment