英語(yǔ)段落寫作方法與技巧

PartTwo:ParagraphWritingChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph1.段落的主題與主題句2.段落的擴(kuò)展3.段落的結(jié)尾ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns1.列舉法(Listing)2.舉例法(Exemplification)3.時(shí)空順序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)4.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)5.比較對(duì)照法(Comparison&Contrast)6.分類法(Classification)2021/5/91Ⅰ.段落的主題與主題句II.段落的擴(kuò)展III.段落的結(jié)尾

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

TheStructureofaParagraph2021/5/92Ⅰ.段落的主題與主題句1. 段落的主題2. 段落的主題句Back

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph2021/5/931.段落的主題

通常一篇文章只有一個(gè)中心思想，這個(gè)中心思想可以分為幾個(gè)主題，每個(gè)主題由一個(gè)段落來完成。 段落的組成通常包含三個(gè)要素：主題句(topicsentence)、擴(kuò)展句(supportingsentence)和結(jié)尾句(concludingsentence)。BackChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraphⅠ.段落的主題與主題句2021/5/94

一個(gè)段落只表達(dá)一個(gè)主題思想（主題句）,一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的其它句子（擴(kuò)展句）必須從屬于這一思想，一個(gè)段落通常還有一個(gè)結(jié)尾局與主題句相呼應(yīng)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(TheUnityofaParagraph)。不同的主題思想應(yīng)放在不同的段落中表達(dá)，否則容易枝杈橫生，使人不得要領(lǐng)。

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/95例如：主題句：Beijingisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itslargepopulation,anditsrapidindustrialdevelopment.

該主題句有三個(gè)不同的觀點(diǎn)揉在一起，如果作為一個(gè)段落的主題句則不符合要求，該主題句可分解為三個(gè)主題句，由三個(gè)段落分別來完成。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/96請(qǐng)看下面的段落有什么問題：

MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCA（Youngmen’sChristianAssociation基督教青年會(huì)）foranexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframe（身軀）again.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby(早產(chǎn)兒）.ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/97

本段的主題句是“Iliketokeepphysicallyfit”，段中所有的句子應(yīng)圍繞這一主題。但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevantsentences，一個(gè)是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek，另一個(gè)是Mymotherwasapremature

baby.

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/98

主題句是一個(gè)段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含兩個(gè)基本內(nèi)容：1）本段要討論的中心人物或事物——即主題詞；2）作者對(duì)這個(gè)中心人物或事物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或見解——即擴(kuò)展范圍或關(guān)鍵詞。 主題句既不能過于概括，也不能過于具體。主題句過于概括（即過于籠統(tǒng)或題目太大），很難用幾句話說清楚，通常會(huì)因?yàn)榈貌坏綉?yīng)有的充實(shí)而顯得空泛無(wú)力，從而造成不能有效地表達(dá)主題思想。主題句過于具體（即缺乏概括性的觀點(diǎn)），則無(wú)法展開段落，作者的思想就沒有發(fā)揮的余地，容易造成對(duì)一個(gè)意思的重復(fù)描述。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

2.段落的主題句Back2021/5/99

例如主題句：“Americanfoodisterrible”和“Pollutionisaseriousproblem”就過于概括；而主題句：“HespeaksEnglish”和“Iboughtacarlastweek”就過于具體。

主題句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主題句放在句首是一種好的寫作方法，可以時(shí)刻提醒作者不要跑題，而且便于讀者閱讀理解。主題句放在句中，對(duì)段落的組織較困難，一般用在記敘和描述文體中。主題句放在句尾通常是段落的開始列舉事例或事實(shí)，最后總結(jié)歸納，引出段落的主題思想。有時(shí)作者為強(qiáng)調(diào)起見，在段落的開頭點(diǎn)明了主題，結(jié)尾又會(huì)重復(fù)主題，不過不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，而是在意思上與開頭相呼應(yīng)，或者對(duì)段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/910

其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干擴(kuò)展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺，這就是段落的完整性(TheIntegrityofaParagraph)

。擴(kuò)展句和主題句之間，一要形成意義的相關(guān)性——即所有的擴(kuò)展句都必須是主題句的延伸或證明，對(duì)主題句起支持的作用；二要具有邏輯的合理性——即句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過渡必須流暢，這就是段落的連貫性(TheCoherenceofaParagraph)。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

BackII.段落的擴(kuò)展

2021/5/911

在一個(gè)段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且邏輯順序排列正確，但是如果缺乏句與句之間的恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡，整個(gè)段落的連貫性仍會(huì)受到影響。一般使用合適的過渡詞語(yǔ)來加強(qiáng)句與句之間的銜接或連貫。一個(gè)段落通常由“啟”、“承”、“轉(zhuǎn)”、“合”這樣的一些環(huán)節(jié)構(gòu)成，也就是說要正確使用啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合的詞或詞組，這樣的段落才會(huì)既有統(tǒng)一性、完整性，又有連貫性。下面是一些常用的“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”過渡詞語(yǔ)：ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/9121.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句atfirst首先atpresent當(dāng)今currently最近；現(xiàn)在first首先；第一

firstly首先f(wàn)irstofall首先generally一般說來

generallyspeaking一般說來

inthebeginning首先inthefirstplace首先ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/9131.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

itisclearthat…顯然itisself-evidentthat…不言而喻lately最近presently此刻；現(xiàn)在recently最近thereissomeevidencethat…現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明thereisnodoubtthat…毫無(wú)疑問tobeginwith…首先tostartwith…首先Back2021/5/9142.“承”即承接，用來承接主題句或第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句also又；并且asamatteroffact事實(shí)上atthesametime同時(shí)besides另外；此外certainly必然地；肯定地consequently結(jié)果；因此especially特別是forexample例如forinstance例如fromnowon從此furthermore此外；而且inaddition此外inadditionto…除……之外ineffect事實(shí)上infact事實(shí)上inotherwords換言之inparticular特別是inthesameway同樣地indeed確實(shí)likewise同樣地ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/915moreover此外；而且morethanthat再者；更重要的是nodoubt無(wú)疑or即；也就是說namely即；也就是說particularly特別是second第二secondly第二similarly同樣地so所以soon不久suchas例如ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/916ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

take…forexample以……為例thatis,…即；也就是說thatistosay,…即；也就是說therearemanyreasonswhy………的原因有許多third第三thirdly第三themostimportant再者；更重要的是truly事實(shí)上；其實(shí)是what’smore再者；更重要的是what’smoreimportant再者；更重要的是Back2021/5/917although雖然asopposedto與……相反but但是conversely相反地despite盡管fortunately幸運(yùn)地however無(wú)論如何；然而inoppositionto與……相反inotherwords換言之inspiteof盡管insteadof相反luckily幸運(yùn)地3.“轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/9183.“轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

nevertheless然而；不過onthecontrary相反地ontheotherhand另一方面otherwise不同樣地unfortunately不幸地unlike不同于regardlessof不管；不顧thedifferencesareasfollows區(qū)別如下whereas然而while然而；另一方面yet然而；但是Back2021/5/919accordingly于是tosumup總之a(chǎn)saconsequence因此asaresult結(jié)果atlast最后atlength最后briefly簡(jiǎn)言之consequently因此finally最后hence因此inall總之inaword簡(jiǎn)言之inbrief

簡(jiǎn)言之inconclusion

最后；總之

4.“合”即合攏，總結(jié)，表示段落的結(jié)束ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/920ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

inconsequence結(jié)果inshort簡(jiǎn)言之insum總之insummary總之last最后一點(diǎn)lastly最后一點(diǎn)inthelastplace最后shortly簡(jiǎn)言之so因此therefore因此thus因此tosumup總之tosummarize總之Back2021/5/921例如：

Manystudentshavedifficultytakingtest.Asaresult,theygetpoorgradesontheirquizzes.Theymust,therefore,workharderinclasstocommunicatetheirunderstandingofthecourse.Inaddition,theyusuallydevotegreatperiodsoftimetowritingassignmentsinthehopethattheseassignmentswillraisetheiraverages.Finally,manyoffertodoextraassignmentsduringvocationsinanefforttoraisetheirgrades.Theeffectsofdoingpoorlyonevenonequizcanbestressfultomoststudents.

在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合適的過渡詞語(yǔ)使得文章銜接自然、字句通順、內(nèi)容連貫。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/922

結(jié)尾句通常是對(duì)段落的歸納總結(jié)和概括，也可以是對(duì)主題加以評(píng)論。在論述性較強(qiáng)的議論文體中，一般都有結(jié)尾句。例如：1)Forthepasttenyears,trafficjamsinBeijinghavebeenmoreandmoreserious.(2)Therearemanyreasonsbutingeneraltheycomedowntothreemaincauses.(3)First,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomyinBeijing,toomanytransportationtoolsarebroughtintouse,especiallytaxisandprivatecarswhichcountforaremarkablenumberoftrafficjams.

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

III.段落的結(jié)尾Back2021/5/923(4)Next,thetrafficsysteminBeijingwasestablishedmainlyinthe1940’s.theroadsarestillnarrowthattheycannotbearsuchheavytraffic.(5)ThefinalreasonisthatthepopulationofBeijinghasbeenincreasingsofastthattherearemanypedestriansonthestreets.(6)Fromtheforegoing,itisclearthatthetrafficsysteminBeijingmustbere-establishedassoonaspossible.分析上面段落，我們可以看出：(1)是引入句，（2）是主題句，（3）（4）（5）是擴(kuò)展句，（6）是結(jié)尾句。

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/924方法2.舉例法(Exemplification)1.列舉法(Listing)

3.時(shí)空順序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)4.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)6.分類法(Classification)

5.比較對(duì)照法(Comparison&Contrast)

段落的展開，有很多方法和模式，下面介紹最常用的幾種：ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns2021/5/9251．列舉法(Listing)——Ageneralstatementsupportedbyspecificdetailsorreasons

列舉法是指在主題句之后列舉一些足以支持主題句觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)。這種具體細(xì)節(jié)一般是事實(shí)描述、數(shù)據(jù)、例子等。一般來講，所列舉的具體細(xì)節(jié)按照重要性遞增的順序排列。列舉法常常和舉例法結(jié)合起來使用。我們來看看下面這個(gè)用列舉法展開的段落：ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/926ChattingOnline—MyMostRewardingExperience(1)Asoneofmymostrewardingexperiences,chattingonlinehasbroughtalotofbenefitstomylife.(2)Foronething,ithelpsmeavoidnervousnessandembarrassmentIusedtofeelinregulartalks.(3)Unliketheface-to-faceconversation,itoffersmemuchfreedomintimetothinkoutmyideasandpreparethemwellbeforepostingthemonthescreen.(4)Foranother,itaddsnolittletotheimprovementofmyEnglish.點(diǎn)擊繼續(xù)ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/927(5)Throughonlinechatting,Ihavemorechancestospeakwithnativespeakers,thusbathingmyselfintheseaofgenuineEnglish.(6)Themostvaluableresultofchattingonlineisthatitgivesmeinsightsintootherculturesandkeepsmymindopentobetterwaysofseeingthings.(7)NowItendtoseethingsfromamoreobjectiveperspective.8)Inshort,thereisnotanythinginmyfreetimethatismorebeneficialthanchattingonline.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/928

根據(jù)本段的主題句——（1）句，

作者列舉了三個(gè)理由——（2）、（4）、（6）句，分別由foronething,foranother,themostvaluableresult等連接詞語(yǔ)引出，并分別給予必要的進(jìn)一步的闡述——（3）、（5）、（7）句（二級(jí)擴(kuò)展），使得該段條理清楚、層次分明、內(nèi)容連貫。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/929

常用于列舉法段落的過渡詞有以下幾組。一般要相互呼應(yīng)，不混用。

1.First,…second,…third,…last2.firstly,…secondly,….thirdly,…finally3.thefirst…,thesecond…,thethird…,…thelast4.tobeginwith/tostartwith/inthefirstplace,… then/next/inaddition (to)/besides/also/moreover,…furthermore /whatismore,….finally

運(yùn)用列舉法展開段落的寫作模式如下：

Topicsentence——Detail1——Detail2,——Detail3,…Concludingsentence.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/930Homework:

MarkingupaBookisIndispensabletoReading參考范文：

Whyismarkingupabookindispensable（必不可少的）

toreading?First,itkeepsyouawake.Idon’tmeanmerelyconscious;Imeanwideawake.Inthesecondplace,reading,ifitisactive,isthinking,andthinkingtendstoexpressitselfinwords,spokenorwritten.Themarkedbookisusuallythethought-throughbook.Finally,writtenhelpsyourememberthethoughtsyouhad,orthethoughtstheauthorexpressed.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9312.舉例法(Exemplification)——Ageneralstatementsupportedbysomeexamples

作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/932

我們來看看下面這個(gè)用舉例法展開的段落：

Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/933

本段采用了三個(gè)事例來說明主題句，分別由連接詞forexample,foranotherexample和besides引出，最后由Inshort引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。

常用于舉例法段落的句型、句式和詞語(yǔ)有：Forexample/instance,Therearemanyexamplestoshowthat…Thiscanbeillustrated/shownbythefollowingexamples/instances.Oneexampleis….Anotherexampleis…Anexampleofthisis/involves…

運(yùn)用舉例法展開段落的寫作模式如下：Topicsentence——oneormoreexamples——Concludingsentence.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/934Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

參考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Ihavegotabetterunderstandingofthiswithmyownexperience.Yesterdaymorning,Iwenttothebookstoretobuysomebooks.WhenIgotthere,Isawaforeignladytalkingtoasalesgirl.Butthesalesgirlcouldnotunderstandwhatshewassaying.Iwentuptothem.ShetoldmesheneededapocketEnglish-Chinesedictionary.SoItoldthesalesgirlwhattheforeignerwantedtobuy.Inamomenttheforeignladygotthedictionaryandshewasveryhappy.Bothsheandthesalesgirlthankedmealot. ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/935Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

參考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Firstly,ifyouknowaforeignlanguageyoucancommunicatewithit'snativespeakersthusenablingyoutomakealotmorefriends.Secondly,itwillhelpyoutoknowaboutanothercultureandopenyourmindtonewwasofseeingthings.Thirdly,itmayofferyoumorechancestofindagoodjobinajointventureenterprise

oranforeign-fundedenterprise.So,knowingaforeignlanguageisveryimportant,wecollegestudentsmustworkhardtomasteraforeignlanguage.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9363.時(shí)空順序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)——Todescribeaseriesofactionsorasituationaccordingtothetimeorspacesequence

時(shí)空順序法是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序，通過對(duì)一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，有層次、分步驟地表達(dá)主題的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/937例如：

YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididn'thearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididn'treadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadn'tgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidn'tnoticeasignonadoorthatsaid"WetPaint"andsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldn'tgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/938

本段采用的是時(shí)間順序法，根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everythingIdidwentwrong，作者按時(shí)間順序列舉了他所做的8件錯(cuò)事，分別由first,then,duringthecoffeebreak,afterlunch等連接詞語(yǔ)引出，使得該文條理清楚、內(nèi)容連貫。

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/939

再看一例：

Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/940

本段是按照事物發(fā)展的空間和先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的過程。作者采用了許多表示空間位置的詞匯，如：Intheflatopposite,outside,lookoutthroughthewindow等等，使讀者仿佛身臨其境。

常用于時(shí)間順序法段落的過渡連接詞有：first,atthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等可以表示時(shí)間先后的詞匯。

常用于空間順序法段落的過渡連接詞有：fromhere,inside,outof,infrontof,behind,atthebackof,nextto,beside,on,over,above,under,beneath,beyond,ontheright/left-handside,onthecorner,ontheoppositesideof,between等可以表示空間位置的詞匯。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/941Homework:

MyDormitoryisaLarge,SpaciousandComfortableRoomwithFourBeds參考范文：

Mydormitoryisalarge,spaciousandcomfortableroomwithfourbeds.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarefacedwithalargewindowonthesouthernsideoftheroom.Belowthewindowisalargedeskonwhichthereisaclock,atelephoneandacomputer.Aroundthedeskarefourchairsforustositonduringourstudy.Thefourbedsarelocatedinthefourcornersoftheroom.Betweenthetwobedsontheeastsideoftheroomisalargewardrobeforhangingclothesandstoringbedding.Oppositeto

itisalargebookcasewithneatlyarrangedbooks.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9424.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)——Toanalyzethe

causesofsthortheeffectsofsth

因果分析法是通過分析事物的因果關(guān)系來展開段落。我們可以先提出某種現(xiàn)象，然后分析導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因，這就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先給出原因，然后再說明原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果，這就是一因多果（例2）。運(yùn)用因果分析法展開段落最好把主題句放在句首，即一果或一因放在開頭。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/943

例1:

(1)Nowthere’salargegapbetweenrichandpoorinChina.(2)Thecauseliesinthreeaspects.(3)Firstthegapistheresultoftheeconomicreform.(4)Somebecomemillionairesbyworkinghardandseizingtheopportunities.(5)Meanwhiletheslowdevelopmentinagricultureandtheclosedownofmanystate-ownedenterpriseshinderthefarmersandworkersfromgreatlyraisingtheirlivingstandards.(6)Second,thecurrentdistributionofincomeisnotscientificenough,thuswideningtheincomedifference.(7)Third,whilemostmakemoneyhonestly,therearesomedishonestbusinessmenandgovernmentagentswhohaveaccumulatedlargefortunesthroughillegalways.

（一果多因）此段中，（1）是引導(dǎo)句，（2）是主題句，（3）、（6）、（7）是擴(kuò)展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/944例2：(1)WheneverweturnonTV,wewillseeadvertisements.(2)Advertisementsareoneofthemostfrustratingpartsofwatchingtelevision.(3)Inthefirstplace,theadvertisementswastetime.(4)Forinstance,inordertoseea90-minutemovie,wehavetospendanother20to30moreminuteswatchingadvertisements.(5)Inthesecondplace,theadvertisementsinterrupttheviewers.(6)Forexample,theviewersmayforgettheplotofashowduringtheadvertisements.(7)Inthethirdplace,theymakepeopleunderconstanteconomicpressure.(8)Theadsmakemanyproductslookmoreattractivethantheyreallyare.(9)Theyalwaysmakepeoplespendmorethantheycanafford.(10)SinceadscouldnotdisappearfromTVscreen,thetelevisionviewersmustbeawareandcriticaloftheadvertisementsinordertoendurethem.（一因多果）此段中，（1）是引導(dǎo)句，（2）是主題句，（3）、（5）、（7）是擴(kuò)展句，（4）、（6）、（8）、（9）分別是（3）、（5）、（7）句的二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句，（10）是結(jié)尾句。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/945

試分析上述段落的展開方式和因果關(guān)系。因和果是相對(duì)而言的，有時(shí)一個(gè)原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果又會(huì)成為導(dǎo)致另一種結(jié)果的原因，從而形成一系列的因果關(guān)系。請(qǐng)看下例：

Asthepriceofeverythingincreases,workersdemandhigherwagestokeepupwithrisingcosts.Thiscanproducesfurtherincreasesinpricesoradecreaseddemandformanufacturedgoods,orboth.Sinceproductiontriestokeeppacewithdemand,decreaseddemandisfollowedbydecreasedproduction.This,inturn,canleadtolayoffs(下崗)

andunemployment,whichfurtherthedemandforgoods.

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/946上面三段的展開模式為：

模式1Cause——Effect1——Effect 2,…ConcludingSentence模式2Effect——Cause1——Cause2,…Concluding Sentence模式3Cause1——Effect1（Cause2）——Effect2 (Cause3)——Effect3…ConcludingSentenceChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/947常用于因果分析法段落闡述原因的句型和詞語(yǔ)有：Theexplanationisthat…Thereareseveralreasonswhy/for…Thecauseof…is…Thereasonsfor…are……istheresultof……iscausedby/dueto/becauseof…because,since,nowthat,becauseof,asaresultof,onaccountof,forthisreason,owingto,dueto,for,as,thanksto,resultfromChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/948常用于因果分析法段落闡述結(jié)果的句型和詞語(yǔ)有：Theresult/effect/consequenceof…is……willresultin…Therefore,…Asaresult(of),…Leadto,resultin,contributeto,sothat,thus,hence,consequently,so,accordingly,inviewof…ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/949Homework:

SmokingResultsinaSeriesofNegativeEffects參考范文：

Smokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfitness.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoyourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingoccursinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.點(diǎn)擊繼續(xù)ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/950Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,highqualityTVsets,etc.,notonmeaninglesssmoking.Therefore,givingupsmokingisagoodwaytomakeyouandyourfamilyhappy.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9515.比較對(duì)照法(Comparison&Contrast)—Compare

thesimilaritiesanddifferencbetweentwopersonsorthings

比較和對(duì)照都是通過把兩個(gè)事物放在一起相比來展開段落、說明問題。比較著重于相比事物的相同點(diǎn)和相似處。對(duì)照則著重于相比事物的不同點(diǎn)甚至是相反的方面。兩種方法既可單獨(dú)使用，也可根據(jù)需要一起使用。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種：

第一種結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為塊式結(jié)構(gòu)，假如比較的事物為A和B，文章首先把有關(guān)事物A的全部要討論的內(nèi)容討論完，再轉(zhuǎn)入B事物。

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/952例如：

ProfessorWright,whoteachesEnglishpoetry,isaboutforty.Hehasaneasy-goingpersonality.Heislivelyandfriendly.Hemixesmorewiththestudents.However,hedoesn’tworkhard.ProfessorHunter,ontheotherhand,isalsoaboutforty.Heteachesmanagement.Hehasadignifiedpersonalityandisalwaysserious-looking.Ineverseehimsmile.Thereisalwaysasorelookonhisfacewhenastudentislateorwhenastudentmakesamistake.Butheworkslikeabeaver.

本段為塊式結(jié)構(gòu)，先集中敘述了Prof.Wright的特點(diǎn)，再敘述Prof.Hunter的特點(diǎn)與之相對(duì)照。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack

（可參見《新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)》第一冊(cè)183頁(yè)的SampleParagraph和第二冊(cè)247頁(yè)的SampleParagraph）2021/5/953

第二種結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為點(diǎn)式結(jié)構(gòu)，即首先就事物A和事物B的要比較的內(nèi)容的第一方面進(jìn)行比較或?qū)φ?，然后再比較或?qū)φ誂和B的第二個(gè)方面。

例如：

(1)Ifmychoicewererestrictedbetweendoingscienceandgoingintobusiness,theformerwouldholdmoreattractionforme.(2)Foronething,abusinessmanhastowastehisprecioustimebeatingonebargainafteranotherwithhiscounterparts.(3)Bycontrast,ascientistcanalwaysspendhisvaluabletimeattackingoneprofoundproblemafteranotherinscience.(4)Foranother,abusinessman,onceinvolvedinadirtyorillegaldeal,tendstoplacehimselfontheroadtocrime.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/954(5)Incontrasttothat,ascientist,onceinvolvedinapotentialorlandmarkresearch,ismorelikelytoputhimselfonthewaytosuccess.(6)Andthemoststrikingdifferencebetweenbothliesintheircontributionstosociety.(7)Whatabusinessmanhasachievedmaybeofmuchprofittohisfirmorhiscircleswhilewhatascientisthasfulfilledwillbeofgreatbenefittohisfieldorthewholehumansociety.8)Fromthecomparisonsandcontrastsabove,therefore,anyonecanconcludethatmypreferencefordoingscienceismorereasonableandmoreacceptable.

本段為點(diǎn)式結(jié)構(gòu)。段中（1）為主題句，（2）、（4）、（6）為A事物的三個(gè)方面，（3）、（5）、（7）則為與之相對(duì)照的B事物的三個(gè)方面，（8）為結(jié)尾句。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/955常用于比較法段落的過渡連接詞有：Therearesome/many/afewsimilaritiesbetween…BothAandBare…AandBseemtohavemuchincommon.AandBseemtohavesomefeaturesincommon.AissimilartoBin…AhassomethingincommonwithB.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/956AandBsharesimilar…AsharessomecommonfeatureswithB.AislikeBin…AisthesameasBin…Both,too,comparewith,similarly,likewise,also,incomparison,justlike,justas,also,both…and,similartoChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/957常用于對(duì)照法段落的過渡連接詞有：Therearesome/many/afewdifferencesbetween…AisdifferentfromBin…AdiffersfromBin…Ahasnothing(little)incommonwithB.ThedifferencebetweenAandBliesin…ComparedwithA,B…Unlike,onthecontrary,incontrast,ontheotherhand,while,whereas,however,althoughChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/958Homework:TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesBetweentheComputerandtheHumanBrainBaseyourwritingonthesimilaritiesordifferencesgiven:Similarities:Bothcanreadandfollowinstructions;performcomplexmathematicalcomputations;translatelanguages.Differences:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanfunctionindep