2023年職稱英語等級考試全真模擬題理工類A級

全國職稱英語等級考試全真模擬題理工類A級（一）第一部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)（第1~15題，每題1分，共15分）下面共有15個句子，每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有底橫線，請從每個句子背面所給旳4個選項(xiàng)中選擇1個與劃線部分意義最相近旳詞或短語。答案一律涂在答題卡對應(yīng)旳位置上。1.Thatproblemissecondarytotheonenowfacingus.A)lessimportantthanB)laterthanC)betterthanD)moreexcitingthan2.Itisdifficulttoassesstheimportanceofthedecision.A)commentB)reportC)discussD)evaluate3.Youmusttrytowipeoutthememoryofthesehorribleevents.A)unfairB)strangeC)terribleD)unusual4.HespokeinsuchapleasantmannerthatIfeltateasewithhimatonce.A)confidentB)relaxingC)formalD)comfortable5.Heworkedsohardthateventuallyhefellill.A)finallyB)recentlyC)thenD)surely6.Hethoughtitbettertobeginworkingimmediately.A)recentlyB)atonceC)earlyD)rapidly7.Shealwaysfindsfaultwitheverything.A)simplifiesB)examinesC)evaluatesD)criticizes8.Shehasasteadyincome.A)sharpB)continuousC)generalD)relative9.,Sometimesitisadvisabletobookhotelsinadvance.A)easyB)profitableC)wiseD)possible10.Thereasonfortheirunusualbehaviorremainsapuzzle.A)statementB)gameC)mysteryD)fact11.Theydepictedthethrillingsituationtousingreatdetail.A)praisesB)writes

C)imitatesD)describes12.WilliamFaulkner’sstoriesreflecthisMississippiupbringing.A)showB)coverC)visitD)appear13.AccordingtotheAmericanRedCross,bloodandplasmadonorsareurgentlyneededafternaturaldisastersorothercatastrophes.A)typicallyB)desperatelyC)tentativelyD)conceivably14.DumpedwastemightcontaminateWatersupplies.A)delayB)destroyC)decreaseD)pollute15.Afterlisteningtothetestimony,themembersofthejurydeliveredtheirverdict.A)foremanB)decisionC)crossexaminationD)sentence第二部分：閱讀判斷（第16~22題，每題1分，共7分）閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后列出7個句子，請根據(jù)短文旳內(nèi)容對每個句子做出判斷。假如該句提供旳是對旳信息，請?jiān)诖痤}卡上把A涂黑；假如該句提供旳是錯誤信息，請?jiān)诖痤}卡上把B涂黑；假如該句旳信息在文章中沒有提及，請?jiān)诖痤}卡上把C涂黑。GreenRoofResearchTheconceptofgreenroofsisbasicallyaboutgrowingplantsonroofs，thushelpingtoreplacethegreenfootprintthathadbeendestroyedduetotheconstructionofthebuilding.Greenroofsarethemostprevalent（流行）inGermany，whichiswidelyregardedastheleaderingreenroofresearch.Thegreenroofsthatareusedthesedayscanbeclassifiedas'extensive'and'intensive'systems.Extensivegreenroofsusemosses，grassesandherbs，whicharetoleranttodroughts.TheseplantsdonotReedmuchmaintenance.canbegrowninalayerofsubstrate（土層）thatcanbeasshallowasl.5inches，andgenerallyareinaccessibletothepublic.Incontrast,awiderangeofspeciesofplantsaregrownonintensivegreenroofs，suchasshrubs（灌木）andeventrees，whichrequiredeepersubstratelayers，andareusuallygrownonflatroofs.Theyneedintensivemaintenance,andareusuallyareasthatresembleparkswhichareaccessibletopeople.Thereareseveralbenefitsofadoptinggreenrooftechnologies.Apartfromtheobviouspsychologicalandaesthetic（美學(xué)旳）benefitsofgarden-likeenvironmentssurroundingyou，someofthecommoneconomicandecologicalbenefitsare：areductionintheconsumptionofenergy；airandwaterpurification；recoveringgreenspaces；andthemitigation（緩和）oftheheatislandeffectinurbanareas.Thegreenroofresearchthatiscurrentlyongoingisfocusedonevaluatingthespeciesofplantsthataresuitabletobegrownonroofs，themethodsofpropagation（繁殖）aswellasestablishment，nutrient（養(yǎng)料）andwaterrequirement，substrates，andthequantityandqualityofwaterrunoff.Theevaluationcriteriaofplantspeciesare：atwhatratetheycanbeestablished：theircapacitytowithstandinvasiveweeds：toleranceofcoldandheat:toleranceofdroughtconditions:capacityofpersistenceandsurvival.Anumberofexperimentsarebeingconductedonroofplatformsimulationsatvariousresearchcenters.Thesesitesaregenerallyoutfittedwithequipment，whichareusedtomeasuretemperaturesatdifferentdepthsofthegrowingsubstrates,andtherateandvolumeoftherunoffofstormwatersfromeachoftheplatforms.Greenrooftechnologyisrepresentativeofacompletelynewmarketforlandscapecontractors.Andallroofsthatcurrentlyexistandthefutureonestobeconstructedarethepotentialmarket-amarketthatistoohugetobeoverlooked.16Itisestimatedthataround10percentoftheflatroofsinGermanyaregreen.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned17Germanpeoplepreferextensivegreenroofsystemstointensiveones.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned18Smallplantslikegrassesandherbsaregrownwidelyonintensivegreenroofs.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned19Greenroofisanecologicallysoundstrategyofspreadinggreeninurbanareas.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned200neofthebenefitsofgreenroofsisthereductionoftheheatislandeffectincities.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned210nefocus；nthegreenroofresearchistheevaluationofsuitableplantspecies.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned22Althoughgreenrooftechnologycancreateagarden-likeenvironment，itspotentialmarketisrathersmall.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第三部分：概括大意與完畢句子（第23~30題，每題1分，共8分）閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后有2項(xiàng)測試任務(wù)：(1)第23～26題規(guī)定從所給旳6個選項(xiàng)中為第2，3，5，6段每段選擇1個對旳旳小標(biāo)題；(2)第27～30題規(guī)定從所給旳6個選項(xiàng)中選擇4個對旳選項(xiàng)，分別完畢每個句子。請將答案涂在答題卡對應(yīng)旳位置上。MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown，newresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences．InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep，aswellasanumberofothersleepproblems，thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight．Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers．Thesefindings,whichDLDanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine,demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetaside。morethan8hoursanight．Headdedthat“itmightbeagoodidea'’forpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis．Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep一forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore．Forthecurrentreport，Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1，004adultstosleepquestionnaires，inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheWeekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblems．Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight，arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep，andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning．KriDkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours．Inaninterview,Kripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed．Asevidence，headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed．“Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake．”hesaid．23.Paragraph2___.24.Paragraph4___.25.Paragraph5___.26.Paragraph6___.A.Keprike’sresearchtoolB.DangersofHabitualshortagesofsleepC.CriticismonKripke’sreportD.AwayofovercominginsomniaE.SleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepersF.Classificationofsleepproblems27.Togetagoodnight’srest，peoplemaynotneedto___.28.Longsleepersarereportedtobemorelikelyto___.29.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight，unableto___.30.Onesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabitually___eachnighthaveahigherriskofdying．Afallasleepagain．BbecomemoreenergeticthefollowingdayCsleeplessthan7hoursDconfirmthoseseriousconsequencesEsuffersleepproblemsFsleepmorethan8hours第四部分：閱讀理解（第31~45題，每題3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，每題背面有4個選項(xiàng)。請仔細(xì)閱讀短文并根據(jù)短文回答其背面旳問題，從4個選項(xiàng)中選擇1個最佳答案涂在答題卡對應(yīng)旳位置上。第一篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas“EcosystemEngineers”ResearchbytheUniversityofFirstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:“Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea.”“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,”Sanderssaid.Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:“Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering.”Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem7.Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.31.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?ABecausetheybuildtheirownnests.BBecausetheycollectfood.CBecausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.DBecausetheyarepredators.32.Aspredators,antsApreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.BcollectnutritiousfoodfromthesoilCcollectfoodasdecomposers.Dpreyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.33.DirSanders'studycenteredonhowantsAcanmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.Bdefendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Cattackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.Dproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.34.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?AAntsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.BAntsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.CAnts'predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.DAthigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.35.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?AWhatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?BHowdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?CHowdohumanactivitiesaffectants'influenceonagivenecosystem?DHowdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?第二篇CellPhones:HangUporKeepTalking?Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitisactuallyconsideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountries,cellphonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesaremorethanameansofcommunication—havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecoolandconnected.Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesomehealthprofessionalworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefuturemanypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.InEngland,therehasbeenaserousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephonecompaniesareworriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisnoproofthatmobilephonesarebadforyourhealth.Ontheotherhand,whydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthebraincellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangeintheissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning(掃描)equipment.Inonecase,atravelingsalesmanhadtoretireatayoungagebecauseofseriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn’trememberevensimpletasks.Hewouldoftenforgetthenameofhisownson.Thismanusedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursaday,everydayofhisworkingweek,foracoupleofyears.Hisfamilydoctorblamedhismobilephoneuse,buthisemployer’sdoctordidn’tagree.Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswerisradiation.High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsofradiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthereissomeradiation,buttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout.Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinues,itappearsthatit’sbesttousemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkforalongtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenient,especiallyinemergencies.Inthefuture,mobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornow,it’swisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften.36.PeoplebuycellphonesforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat

A.they’repopular.

B.they’recheap.

C.they’re.useful

D.they’reconvenient.

37.Theword"detected"inparagraph3couldbebestreplacedby

A.cured.

B.removed.

C.discovered.

D.caused.

38.Thesalesmanretiredyoungbecause

A.hedislikedusingmobilephones.

B.hewastiredoftalkingonhismobilephone.

C.hecouldn’tremembersimpletasks.

D.hisemployer’sdoctorpersuadedhimto.

39.Onthesafetyissueofmobilephones，themanufacturingcompanies

A.denytheexistenceofmobilephoneradiation.

B.developnewtechnologytoreducemobilephoneradiation.

C.trytoprovethatmobilephonesarenotharmfultohealth.

D.holdthattheamountofradiationistoosmalltoworryabout.

40.Thewriter’spurposeofwritingthisarticleistoadvisepeople

A.tobuymobilephones.

B.toupdateregularphones.

C.tousemobilephoneslessoften.

D.tostopusingmobilephones.第三篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxietyInanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsattheUniversityofChicago1SianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachersthinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:Ifafemaleteacherisuncomfortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath."Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers2inlatergrades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachievement3,"saidLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoaswellastheywouldhaveiftheyweremoreconfident.Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobedifficulttolearn-andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.Researchersusetheword"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:anxietyisuneasinessorworry.Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluencehowherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-andsecond-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearcherscomparedthescores.Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,forexample,wasprobablyanxiousaboutmath.Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.Onaverage,girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath-andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety."Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneedofreplicationwithalargersample6,''saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.41.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?AGirlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysatmath.BGirlsuncomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.CFemaleteachers'mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'mathskills.DFemaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'smathskills.42.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?AMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsdifficulty.BAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningmath.DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.43.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfeltAnervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Bhelplesssavingthe,numbersofasalesreceipt.Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.44.ThesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindingsAproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'mathachievements.Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheirmathanxietythanfemalestudents.Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheirstudents'mathachievements.45.DavidGearythinksthatAthestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearchprocess.Btheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.Ctheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobemeaningful.Dthestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificantresults.第五部分：補(bǔ)全短文（第46~50題，每題2分，共10分）閱讀下面旳短文，文章中有5處空白，文章背面有6組文字，請根據(jù)文章旳內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。請將答案涂在答題卡對應(yīng)旳位置上。GarlicFromearlytimesmanhasusedgarlic(大蒜).TheBiblespeaksofit.TheIsraelites(古以色列人)wereoncefarfromhome.TheycriedouttoMoses,theirleader,forthefoodstheyloved:leeks(韭菜),onions,andgarlic.TheRomans,liketheIsraelites,lovedtoeatgarlic.Andtheyhungbagsofgarlicaroundtheirnecks._____(46)Theyalsothoughtitwouldkeepthemfromgettingsick.Asimilarideaisstillheld.Manypeopletakegarlicthinkingitwillpreventorcuredisease.Mostdoctorssayitdoesnosuchthing._____(47)Itssmellmayforcepeopletostayfarapart.Atleastthentheycan'tpassgermsontoeachother._____(48)Whatifyou'reinaplay,forinstance?Actorshavebeenknowntoforgettheirlinesbecausetheycouldn'tstandthegarlicsmellonafellowactor'sbreath.Somehaveevenmadeupnewlinesandactionsthatkeptthemfarawayfromtheonewhohadeatengarlic.Throughtheyearsmanhastriedtocopewiththesmellofgarlic._____(49)Wenowknowwhy.It'sbeenfoundthattheoilsofthegarlicdonotsticktotheteeth,Garlictongue,orgums(齒齦).Theygointothelungsinstead.Fromtheretheyarebreathedout.Theypassoutthroughtheskintoo.Strangeasitseems,foodmayhaveagreatdealofgarlicinitwithoutsmellingortastingstrong.Italldependsonhowitiscooked.Frenchcooksmakeagoodsoupwithwholecloves(瓣)ofgarlic.Theyusemorethanthirtyclovesinonebowlofsoup.Buttheytakecarenottocrushthem.Andtheycookthemwhole._____(50)Andastheclovescooktheychangeinsomestrangeway.Thesoupturnsouttobedelicious.It'snotstrongatall.AButnomedicine,mouthwash,chewinggum,ortoothpasteseemstohelpmuchBAsaresult,thestrongoilsstayinthecloves.CTheysayitmayhelpinoneway,though.DManypeopleeatgarlic.EButkeepingyourdistancecanbehardattimes.FTheyhopeditwouldkeepawaytheevileye.第六部分：完形填空（第51~65題，每題1分，共15分）閱讀下面旳短文，文中有15處空白，每處空白給出了4個選項(xiàng)，請根據(jù)短文旳內(nèi)容從4個選項(xiàng)中選擇1個最佳答案，涂在答題卡對應(yīng)旳位置上?！癓iquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamageThemassivesubductionzoneearthquakeinJapancausedasignificantlevelofsoil“l(fā)iquefaction”thathassurprisedresearcherswithitswidespreadseverity,anewanalysis51.“Weveseenlocalizedexamplesofsoilliquefactionasextremeasthisbefore,butthedistanceand52ofdamageinJapanwere53severe,”saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnicalengineeringatOregonStateUniversity.“Entirestructuresweretiltedandsinkingintothesediments,”Ashfordsaid.“Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,drainandgaspipelines,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedtofunction.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankas54asfourfeet.”Somedegreeofsoilliquefactioniscommoninalmostanymajorearthquake.Itsaphenomenoninwhichsoilssoakedwithwater,55recentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir56andflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkorcollapse.ButmostearthquakesaremuchshorterthantherecenteventinJapan,Ashf