高級(jí)英語(yǔ)第三版第二冊(cè)張漢熙1-6,8課課后答案

LessonOne1.Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Andconversationisanactivityfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.2.Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideasorpointsofviews.3.Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Infact,peoplewhoaregoodatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthisideas.4.Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother’slives.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotclosefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedineachother’sprivatelives.5.....itcouldstillgoignorantlyon...Theconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong.6.Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef.Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinthefields,butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat,wecalltheirmeetbeef.7.ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeithardfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.8.Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.EnglishreceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore.9.Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.Thephrase,theKing’sEnglish,hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfullyandjokinglybythelowerclasses.(Theworkingpeopleoftenmocktheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople.)10.Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.AstheearlySaxonpeasants,theworkingpeoplestillhaveaspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.11.Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthat“wordswillhardenintothingsforus.“Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,thatwemightforgetthatwordsareonlysymbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent.a.Howeverintricatethewaysinwhichanimalscommunicatewitheachother,theydonotindulgeinanythingthatdeservesthenameofconversation.不管動(dòng)物之間的交流方式多么復(fù)雜，它們不能參與到稱得上是交談的任何活動(dòng)中。b.Argumentmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftheargumentisnottoconvince.Thereisnowinninginconversation.爭(zhēng)論會(huì)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)于交談中，但爭(zhēng)論的目的不是為了說(shuō)服。交談中沒(méi)有勝負(fù)之說(shuō)。c.PerhapsitisbecauseofmyupbringinginEnglishpubsthatIthinkbarconversationhasacharmofitsown.或許我從小就混跡于英國(guó)酒吧緣故，我認(rèn)為酒吧里的閑聊別有韻味。d.Idonotrememberwhatmadeoneofourcompanionssayit---sheclearlyhadnotcomeintothebartosayit,itwasnotsomethingthatwaspressingonhermind---butherremarkfellquitenaturallyintothetalk.我不記得是什么使得我的一個(gè)同伴說(shuō)起它來(lái)的---她顯然不是來(lái)酒吧說(shuō)這個(gè)的，這不是她事先想好的話題----但她的話相當(dāng)自然地插入到了交談中。

e.Thereisalwaysresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesfor“Englishasitshouldbespoken.”下層社會(huì)總會(huì)抵制上層社會(huì)企圖給“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”制定得規(guī)則。f.Wordsarenotthemselvesareality,butonlyrepresentationsofit,andtheKing’sEnglish,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormans,isaclassrepresentationofreality.詞語(yǔ)本身并不是現(xiàn)實(shí)。正如諾曼底人講的英格魯--法語(yǔ)一樣，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)是一個(gè)階層用來(lái)表達(dá)現(xiàn)實(shí)的形式。g.Perhapsitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.或許試著去說(shuō)它還是值得的，但是它不能被制定成法令，從而拒絕來(lái)自下層的變化。h.Thereisnoworseconversationalistthantheonewhopunctuateshiswordsashespeaksasifhewerewriting,orevenwhotriestousewordsasifhewerecomposingapieceofproseforprint.如果一個(gè)人說(shuō)出的話就像寫(xiě)出來(lái)的文字，或者試圖使用那些創(chuàng)作書(shū)面散文的文字，那么沒(méi)有比這樣的交談?wù)吒愀獾牧?。i.When.Forsterwritesof“thesinistercorridorofourage,”wesitupatthevividnessofthephrase,theforceandeventerrorintheimage.當(dāng).福斯特寫(xiě)到“我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的險(xiǎn)惡長(zhǎng)廊”時(shí)，其用語(yǔ)之生動(dòng)及由其所產(chǎn)生的生動(dòng)有力，甚至可怖的形象苦令我們拍案叫絕。j.Therewouldhavebeennoconversationtheothereveningifwehadbeenabletosettleatoncethemeetingof“theKing’sEnglish.”那天晚上如果我們立刻解決了“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”的含義，就不會(huì)有第二天晚上的談話了。LessonTwo1.Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.Theburing-groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.2.Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthatfact.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings).3.Theyriseoutoftheearth,theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyard.Theyareborn.Thenforafewyearstheywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.4.Acarpentersitscross-leggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchair-legsatlightningspeed.Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.5.Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews.Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.6.everyoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury

EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.7.Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.8.Inatropicallandscapeone'seyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.9.NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas10.fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendless,backbreakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofanerodedsoil.Lifeisveryhardforninetypercentofthepeople．WithhardbackbreakingtoiltheycanproduceShetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity，that。shewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal．12.Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.Peoplewithbrownskinsarealmostinvisible．Whenyouwalkthroughatownlikethis-twohundredthousandinhabitantsofwhomatleasttwentythousandownliterallynothingexcepttheragstheystandupin-whenyouseehowthepeoplelive,andstillmorehoweasilytheydie,itisalwaysdifficulttobelievethatyouarewalkingamonghumanbeings.當(dāng)你穿行于這樣的城鎮(zhèn)中—20萬(wàn)居民中至少有2萬(wàn)人除了一身勉強(qiáng)蔽體的破衣?tīng)€衫外，一無(wú)所有——當(dāng)你看到這些人是如何生活，又如何輕易死亡時(shí)，你總是很難相信自己是行走在人類(lèi)之中。WhenyougothroughtheJewishquartersyougathersomeideaofwhatthemedievalghettoeswereprobablylike.當(dāng)你穿過(guò)猶太人聚居區(qū)時(shí)，你就會(huì)了解中世紀(jì)的貧民區(qū)大概是個(gè)什么樣子。Manyofthestreetsareagooddeallessthansixfeetwide,thehousesarecompletelywindowless,andsore-eyedchildrenclustereverywhereiunbelievablenumbers,likecloudsofflies.很多街道遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不足6英尺寬，房屋根本沒(méi)有窗戶，眼睛腫痛的孩子成群結(jié)隊(duì)，隨處可見(jiàn)，像成群的蒼蠅，Evenablindmansomewhereatthebackofoneoftheboothsheardarumourofcigarettesandcamecrawlingout,gropingintheairwithhishand.甚至在后面的窩棚里的一個(gè)盲人聽(tīng)到要煙的吵嚷聲也爬了出來(lái)，伸手在空中亂摸。,that’sonlyforshow!They’reallmoneylendersreally.justthesameway,acoupleofhundredyearsago,pooroldwomenusedtobeburnedforwitchcraftwhentheycouldnotevenworkenoughmagictogetthemselvesasquaremeal.頗為相似的是，幾百年前，有些可憐的老婦人常常被當(dāng)成巫婆活活燒，死但事實(shí)上她們連為自己變出一頓像樣的飯菜的巫術(shù)都沒(méi)有。takesinthedried-upsoil,thepricklypear,thepalmtreeandthedistantmountain,butitalwaysmissesthepeasanthoeingathispatch.那干巴巴的土地，仙人掌，棕櫚樹(shù)和遠(yuǎn)方的山嶺被盡收眼底，但在地里耕作的農(nóng)民卻往往沒(méi)人看見(jiàn)。ofMoroccoissodesolatethatnowildanimalbiggerthanaharecanliveonit.摩洛哥大部分土地都很荒涼，以至于那里生存的最大的野生動(dòng)物就是野兔。seemstobegenerallythecaseinprimitivecommunitiesthatthewomen,whentheygetbeyondacertainage,shrinktothesizeofchildren.在原始社會(huì)里，婦女超過(guò)了一定的年紀(jì)身材便會(huì)萎縮得如孩子般大小，這似乎是一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象。LessonThree1.Andyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefforwhichourforebearsfoughtisstillatissuearoundtheglobe....OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartoclaimallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadendowedthemwithcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.However,todaythisissuehasnotyetbeensettledinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore.3.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.Unitedandworkingtogetherwecanaccomplishalotofthingsinalargenumberofjointundertakings.4.....ourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeace...TheUnitedNationsisourlastandbesthopeofsurvivalinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefarsurpassedtheinstrumentsofpeace.5....toenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrun.WepledgetohelptheUnitedNationsenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandatewouldcontinuetobeinforce.6.....beforethedarkpowersofdestructionunleashedbyscienceengulfallhumanityinplannedoraccidentalself-destruction.Beforetheterribleforcesofdestruction,whichatomicbombscannowrelease,overwhelmmankind,whichmaybeplannedorbroughtaboutbyanaccident7.....yetbothracingtoalterthatuncertainbalanceofterrorthatstaysthebandofmankind’sfinalwar.Yetbothgroupsofnationsareattemptingtochangeasquicklyaspossiblethisuncertainbalanceofterriblemilitarypowerthatrestrainseachgroupfromlaunchingmankind;sfinalwar.8.Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness...Soletusstartonceagain,bearinginmindthatbeingpoliteisnotasignofweakness.9.Letbothsidesseektoinvokethewondersofscienceinsteadofitsterrors.Letbothsidestrytocallforththewonderfulthingsthatsciencecandoformankindinsteadofthefrightfulthingsitcando.10.....eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.Americansofeverygenerationhavebeencalledupontoprovetheirloyaltytotheircountrybyfrightinganddyingfortheircountry’scause.11.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove...Letusleadthecountrywelove,knowingoursurerewardwillbeagoodconscienceandhistorywillfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedoneourtaskwellornot.Weobservetodaynotavictoryofpartybutacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizinganendaswellasabeginning,signifyingrenewalaswellaschange.我們今天慶祝的不是一個(gè)政黨的勝利，而是一個(gè)自由的盛會(huì)，它代表這一個(gè)時(shí)代的結(jié)束和另一個(gè)時(shí)代的開(kāi)端，它代表著重生和改變。Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoealike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans,borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage,andunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthesehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld.此時(shí)此地我向朋友和敵人宣布：火炬已經(jīng)傳遞給了新一代的美國(guó)人，他們出生于本世紀(jì)，經(jīng)受過(guò)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的洗禮，受過(guò)冷峻而苦澀的和平的考驗(yàn)，以我們的古代遺產(chǎn)為傲，不愿意見(jiàn)到或者允許這些人權(quán)被逐漸取消。這個(gè)國(guó)家一直致力于維護(hù)這些人權(quán)，如今我們?cè)趪?guó)內(nèi)和全世界也在維護(hù)這些人權(quán)。Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.讓世界上每一個(gè)希望我們成功或窘迫的國(guó)家知道：我們將不惜任何代價(jià)，承任擔(dān)何責(zé)任，應(yīng)對(duì)任何艱難，只要我們團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，我們將在大量的合作型事業(yè)中戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝。Divided,thereislittlewecando,forwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder.如果分裂開(kāi)來(lái)，我們將一事無(wú)成，因?yàn)槲覀儾荒茉跔?zhēng)執(zhí)中去應(yīng)對(duì)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，我們的關(guān)系會(huì)崩裂。Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.如果自由的社會(huì)不能幫助多數(shù)窮人，它就不能拯救少數(shù)的富人。Wedarenottemptthemwithweakness.Foronlywhenourarmsaresufficientbeyonddoubtcanwebecertainbeyonddoubtthattheywillneverbeemployed.我們不敢以軟弱來(lái)誘惑它們。因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)我們的軍備力量無(wú)疑是非常充足的時(shí)候，我們才能確保不會(huì)使用武力。Inyourhands,myfellowcitizens,morethanmine,willrestthefinalsuccessorfailureofourcourse.我們的同胞們，我們事業(yè)成敗的關(guān)鍵與其說(shuō)掌握在我的手中，不如說(shuō)掌握在你們的手中。Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain----notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,yearinandyearout,“rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation,”astruggleagainstthecommonenemiesofman:tyranny,povertydiseaseandwaritself.現(xiàn)在號(hào)角再次向我們吹響----不是號(hào)召我們扛起武器，雖然我們需要武器；不是號(hào)召我們?nèi)⒓討?zhàn)斗，雖然我們嚴(yán)陣以待；而是號(hào)召我們?yōu)橛永杳鞫缲?fù)起漫長(zhǎng)斗爭(zhēng)的責(zé)任，年復(fù)一年，”從希望中得到歡樂(lè)，在苦難中保持堅(jiān)韌“，去反對(duì)人類(lèi)共同的敵人：專制、貧困、疾病和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)本身Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove,askingHisblessingandHishelp,butknowingthathereonearthGod’sworkmusttrulybeourown.良心是我們唯一可靠的報(bào)酬，歷史是我們行為的最終裁判，讓我們出發(fā)去領(lǐng)導(dǎo)我們所熱愛(ài)的國(guó)家，祈求上帝的祝福和幫助，但是要明白上帝在人間的工作畢竟就是我們自己的工作。LessonFour1.Aniceenoughyoungfellow,youunderstand,butnothingupstairs.Heisaniceenoughyoungfellow,youknow,butheisempty-headed.2.Fads,Isubmit,aretheverynegationofreason.Apassingfashionorcraze,inmyopinion,showsacompletelackofreason.IshouldhaveknownthatraccooncoatswouldcomebacktofashionwhentheCharlestondance,whichwaspopularinthe1920s,cameback.Alltheimportantandfashionablemenoncampusarewearingthem.Howcomeyoudon’tknow?5.Mybrain,thatprecisioninstrument,slippedintohighgear.Mybrain,whichisprecisioninstrument,begantoworkathighspeed.6.Withoneomission,Pollyfittedthesespecificationsperfectly.Exceptforonething(intelligence)Pollyhadalltheotherrequirements.7.Shewasnotyetofpin-upproportions,butIfeltsurethattimewouldsupplythelack.ShewasnotasbeautifulasthosegirlsinpostersbutIfeltsureshewouldbecomebeautifulenoughaftersometime.8.Infact,sheveeredintheoppositedirection.Infact,shewentintheoppositedirection,thatis,shewasnotintelligentbutratherstupid.9.“Inotherwords,ifyouwereoutofthepicture,thefieldwouldbeopen.Isthatright?”Ifyouwerenolongerinvolvedwithher,otherswouldbefreetocompetetogetherasagirlfriend.10.Backandforthhisheadswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaning.Hisheadturnedbackandforth(lookingatthecoatandthenlookingawayfromthecoat).EverytimehelookedhisdesireforthecoatgrewstrongerandhisresolutionnottoabandonPollybecameweaker.11.Thisloomedasaprojectofnosmalldimensions...Toteachhertothinkseemedtobearatherbigtask.12.Admittedlyitwasnotaprospectfraughtwithhope,butIdecidedtogiveitonemoretry.14.IwasnotPygmalion;IwasFrankenstein,andmymonsterhadmebythethroat.IplannedtobePygmalion,tofashionanidealwifeformyself,butIturnedouttobeFrankensteinbecausePollyultimatelyrejectedmeandruinedmyplan.Mybrainwasaspowerfulasadynamo,aspreciseaschemist’sscales.Aspenetratingas我的大腦如發(fā)電機(jī)一樣強(qiáng)大，像化學(xué)家的平一樣精確，像手術(shù)刀一樣鋒利。Tobesweptupineverynewcrazethatcomesalong,tosurrenderyourselftoidiocyjustbecauseeverybodyelseisdoingit---this,tome,istheacmeodmindlessness.被卷入每一股新來(lái)的時(shí)尚之中，因?yàn)槠渌硕际沁@樣做，自己也進(jìn)去傻干---這對(duì)于我而言，簡(jiǎn)直就是愚蠢至極。Itis,afterall,easiertomakeabeautifuldumbgirlsmartthantomakeanuglysmartgirlbeautiful.畢竟，與使這個(gè)丑陋而聰明的女孩變漂亮相比，使一個(gè)美麗的愚笨的女孩變得聰明要容易得多。Hewasatornman,Firsthelookedatthecoatwiththeexpressionofawaifatabakerywindow.Thenheturnedawayandsethisjawresolutely.他神情不安。先是帶著面包店櫥窗旁邊的流浪兒的那種神情盯著大衣。然后轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭，堅(jiān)定地咬緊牙關(guān)。Maybesomewhereistheextinctcraterofhermind,afewembersstillsmoldered.說(shuō)不定她頭腦中死火山口某處還有悶燃的余。燼Afterall,surgeonshaveX-raystoguidethemduringanoperation,lawyershavebriefs,toguidethemduringatrial,carpentershaveblueprintstoguidethemwhentheyarebuildingahouse.畢竟，外科醫(yī)生在做手術(shù)時(shí)有X光線作為指導(dǎo)，律師在審判時(shí)有辯護(hù)狀作為指導(dǎo)，木匠在建造房子的時(shí)候有藍(lán)圖作為指導(dǎo)。IfMadameCuriehadnothappenedtoleaveaphotographicplateinadrawerwithachunkofpitchblend,theworldtodaywouldnotknowaboutradium.如果居里夫人沒(méi)有把一張相片底片放在裝有瀝青鈾礦的抽屜了，今天的世人就不會(huì)知道鐳了。Suddenly,aglimmerofintelligence----thefirstIhadseen---cameintohereyes.突然，一道智慧的靈光----第一次看見(jiàn)---在她的眼中閃現(xiàn)。HeartenedbytheknowledgethatPollywasnotaltogetheracretin,Ibeginalong,patientreviewofallIhadtoldher.知道波利并不完全是個(gè)白癡，我感到很振奮，于是我開(kāi)始把給她講過(guò)的一切時(shí)間、耐心地復(fù)習(xí)了一遍。LessonFive1.Theslightedmentionofthedecadebringsnostalgicrecollectionstothemiddle-aged...Attheverymentionofthispostwarperiod,middle-agedpeoplebegintothinkaboutitlongingly.2.TherejectionofVictoriangentilitywas,inanycase,inevitable.Inanycase,anAmericancouldnotavoidcastingasidemiddle-classrespectabilityandaffectedrefinement.3.ThewaractedmerelyasacatalyticagentinthisbreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructure...ThewaronlyhelpedtospeedupthebreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructure.4....itwastempted,inAmericaatleast,toescapeitsresponsibilitiesandretreatbehindanairofnaughtyalcoholicsophistication...InAmericaatleast,theyoungpeoplewerestronglyinclinedtoshirktheirresponsibilities.Theypretendedtobeworldly-wise,drinkingandbehavingnaughtily.5.Prohibitionaffordedtheyoungtheadditionalopportunityofmakingtheirpleasuresillicit...TheyoungfoundgreaterpleasureindrinkingbecauseProhibition,bymakingdrinkingunlawful,addedasenseofadventure.6....ouryoungmenbegantoenlistunderforeignflags.Ouryoungmenjoinedthearmiesofforeigncountriestofightinthewar.7.....they“wantedtogetintothefunbeforethewholethingturnedbellyup.”Theseyoungpeoplecouldnolongeradaptthemselvestolivesintheirhometownsortheirfamilies.9....thereturningveteranalsohadtofacethesodden,NapoleoniccynicismofVersailles,thehypocriticaldo-goodismofProhibition...ThereturningveteranalsohadtofacethestupidcynicismofthevictoriousalliesinVersailleswhoactedascynicallyasNapoleondid,andtofaceProhibitionwhichthelawmakershypocriticallyassumedwoulddogoodtothepeople.10.Somethinginthetension-riddenyouthofAmericahadto“give”...(Underallthisforceandpressure)somethingintheyouthofAmerica,whowerealreadyverytense,hadtobreakdown.11....itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriters,theirmindsandpensinflamedagainstwar,Babbittry,and“Puritanical”gentility,shouldflocktothetraditionalartisticcenter...Itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriters,whosemindsandwritingswerefullofviolentangeragainstwar,Babbittry,and“Puritanical”gentility,shouldcomeinlargennumberstoliveinGreenwichVillage,thetraditionalartisticcenter.12.Eachtownhadits“fast”setwhichprideditselfonitselfonitsunconventionality...Eachtownwasproudthatithadagroupofwild,recklesspeople,wholivedunconventionallives.NoaspectoflifeintheTwentieshasbeenmorecommenteduponandsensationallyromanticizedthantheso-calledRevoltoftheYoungerGeneration.在20世紀(jì)生活的方方面面中，所謂的青年一代的反抗是人們?cè)u(píng)論最多和渲染最嚴(yán)重的。Theanswerstosuchinquiriesmustofnecessitybe“yes”and“no”---”yes”becausethebusinessofgrowingupisalwaysaccompaniedbyirresponsible,andimmoralinsocialbehavioratthetimecannowbeseeninperspectiveasbeingsomethingconsiderablylesssensationalthanthedegenerationofourjazzmadyouth對(duì)這些問(wèn)題必然有兩種答復(fù)，“是”或者“不是”----回答“是”，是因?yàn)樵诔砷L(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中，總會(huì)存在青年一代的問(wèn)題；回答“不是”，是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)看上去那么狂野、不負(fù)責(zé)和不道德的行為，以今天的角度來(lái)看的話，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比不上迷戀爵士樂(lè)的青年的墮落行為那樣聳人聽(tīng)聞。Warornowar,asthegenerationspassed,itbecameincreasinglydifficultforouryoungpeopletoacceptstandardsofbehaviorthatborenorelationshiptothebustlingbusinessmediuminwhichtheywereexpectedtobattleforsuccess.無(wú)論是否會(huì)發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，隨著時(shí)代的變遷，讓我們的年輕人接受與喧囂的商業(yè)社會(huì)格格不入的行為準(zhǔn)則越來(lái)越難，在當(dāng)時(shí)商業(yè)化社會(huì)中，他們被期望為了成功而戰(zhàn)。Thefaddishness,thewildspendingofmoneyontransitorypleasuresandmomentarynovelties,thehecticairofgaiety,theexperimentationissensation----sex,drug,alcohol,perversions---wereallpartofthepatternofescape,anescapemadepossiblebyageneralprosperityandapost-warfatiguewithpolitics,economicrestrictions,andinternationalresponsibilities.追求時(shí)髦，為了獲得短暫的快樂(lè)和瞬間的新奇而揮霍錢(qián)財(cái)，縱情狂歡，尋求感官刺激---性、毒品、酒精、性變態(tài)---這些都是逃避的表現(xiàn)，普遍的繁榮、戰(zhàn)后對(duì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)限制和國(guó)際責(zé)任的厭倦使得這種逃避成為可能。Flamingdiatribespouredfromtheirpensdenouncingthematerialismandwhattheyconsideredtobetheculturalbooberyofoursociety.激昂的不滿從他們的作品中噴涌而出，他們的作品譴責(zé)物質(zhì)主義以及他們認(rèn)為的我們社會(huì)中的文化愚人。Itwasintheirdefiant,butgenerallyshort-lived,EuropeanexpatriationthatourleadingwritersoftheTwentieslearnedtothinkofthemselves,inthewordsofGertrudeStein,as正是在他們那反抗性的，總的來(lái)說(shuō)短期的旅居歐洲期間，我們20世紀(jì)的主要作家認(rèn)識(shí)到自己，用格特魯?shù)?斯泰因的話說(shuō)，就是“迷惘的一代”。Innosenseamovementinitself,the“l(fā)ostgeneration”attitudeneverthelessactedasacommondenominatorofthewritingofthetimes.迷惘的一代本身并不是一場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，但是其態(tài)度成了當(dāng)時(shí)作品的共同特征。Itwasshocked,uprootedforatime,bitter,critical,rebellions,iconoclastic,他們一度感到震驚、孤獨(dú)無(wú)依、痛苦、愛(ài)挑剔、叛逆、打破舊習(xí)俗、愛(ài)嘗試，往往有些荒唐，更常常接近胡鬧---但從未“迷惘過(guò)”。TheintellectualsoftheTwenties,the“sadyoungmen”asFascistFitzgeraldcalledthem,cursedtheirluckbutdidn’tdie;escapedbutvoluntarilyreturned;flayedtheBabbittsbutlovedtheircountry,andinsodoinggavethenationtheliveliest,freshest,moststimulationwritinginitsliteraryexperience.20年代的知識(shí)分子被F.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德稱為“悲哀的青年一代”，他們?cè){咒運(yùn)氣，但沒(méi)有因此消亡；他們逃避，但又自愿地返回；他們猛烈抨擊市儈，但卻熱愛(ài)自己的國(guó)家。因此這個(gè)國(guó)家創(chuàng)作出了最具有生命，最令人耳目一新和最有刺激性的文學(xué)作品。LessonSix1.NowadaysNewYorkisoutofphasewithAmericantaste...NowadaysNewYorkerscan’tunderstandnorfollowthetasteoftheAmericanpeopleandoftendisagreewithAmericanpolitics.2.NewYorkevenpridesitselfonbeingaholdoutfromprevailingAmericantrends...NewYorkisproudthatitisacitythatresiststheprevailingfashionorstylesofAmericaandthatitremainstobeaplacewherepeoplecanescapeuniformity.3....sitcomsclonedandcannedinHollywood,andtheJohnnyCarsonshowlive,preempttheairwaysfromCalifornia...SituationcomediesmadeinHollywoodandthelivetalkshowofJohnnyCarsonnowdominatetheradioandTVprogramsinCalifornia.4....Itismakingsomethingofacomebackasatouristattraction...NewYorkismakingattemptstoregainitsstatusasacitythatattractstourists.5.TowininNewYorkistobeuneasy...EvenwhenapersonwhinsinNewYork,hemaywellbeanxiousandfearful,forheisafraidoflosingwhathehasgainedinthecomingfiercecompetition.6.Nature’pleasuresaremuchqualifiedinNewYork.SinceNewYorkisalargeandcrowedcitywithalotoftallbuildings,thechancetoenjoythepleasuresofnatureisverylimitedhere.7....thecity’sbrightglowarrogantlyobscurestheheavens.Atnight,thelightsofNewYorkaresoproudlybrightthattheskyseemstobedarkened.8.Butthepurityofabohemiandedicationcanbeexaggerated.Butthepureandwholehearteddevotiontoabohemianlifestylecanbeoverstated.9.Inboththeserolesitratifiesmorethanitcreates.Inboththeserolesofbankingandcommunicationsheadquarters,NewYorkcreatesveryfewthingsbutapprovesmanythingsstartedbypeopleinotherpartsofthecountry.10.Thetelevisiongenerationgrewupintheinsistentpresenceofhype...Thetelevisiongenerationwascontinuallyandstronglyaffectedbyextravagantpromotionaladvertising.11....thosewhoarewritingambitiousnovelssustainthemselvesonthemagazines.Writersproducinglongseriousnovelsalsoearntheirlivingbywritingarticlesforpopularmagazines.12.Boardway,whichseemedtobesuccumbingtothetawdrinessofitsenvironment,isastiragain.Boardway,whichseemedtobegivinguptothecheap,gaudyshowsputoninthesurroundingareas,nowbecomesflourishingandbusyagain.13.Thedefeatedarenothiddenawaysomewhereelseonthewrongsideoftown.Thosewhofailedinthestruggleoflife,thedown-and-outs,donohidethemselvesawayinslumswhereotherpeoplecannotseethem.ThoseascampaignscelebratingtheBigApple,thoseT-shirtwithaheartdesignproclaiming“IloveNewYork”aresigns,patheticintheirdesperationofhowthemightyhasfallen.那些歌頌大蘋(píng)果的廣告活動(dòng)和那些宣傳“我在紐約”的印有心形圖案的T桖是其在絕望中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的悲哀跡象，表明了強(qiáng)者是如何失去地位的。NowadaysNewYorkisoutofphasewithAmericantasteasoftenasitisoutofstepwithAmericanpolitics.如今，紐約與美國(guó)人的情趣相脫節(jié)，就像其往往與美國(guó)政治步調(diào)不一致一樣。AdozenothercitieshavebuildingsmoreinspiredarchitecturallythananybuiltinNewYorkCityinthepasttwentyyears.其他十二座城市都有些創(chuàng)意極好的建筑，而紐約近二十年來(lái)的建筑均不能與之相比。NewYorkwasneveragoodconventioncity-beingregardedasunfriendlyunsafe,overcrowded,andexpensive-butitismakingsomethingofacomebackasatouristattraction.紐約從來(lái)都不是一個(gè)召開(kāi)會(huì)議的好場(chǎng)所---被認(rèn)為不友好、不安全、過(guò)度擁擠和消費(fèi)昂貴---但它正在恢復(fù)其旅游勝地的地位。TheytakemorereadilythandomostAmericanstoitscosmopolitancomplexities,itssurviving,aloof,Europeanstandardsitsalienmixtures.比起大多數(shù)美國(guó)人，他們更喜歡國(guó)際大都市里錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的事物，其仍然存在的、冷漠的歐洲處事標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和各Butallinall,Ican’tthinkofmanyplacesintheworldI’dratherlive.但總而言之，我想不出個(gè)世界上還有什么其他的地方我更想去居住。Ithasbecomelessatranquilparkthananuntidycarnival.中央公園不再是寧?kù)o的公園，而更像是亂糟糟的嘉年華。Atestingofoneself,afearofgivingintothemostbanalandmarketableofone’stalents,stilldrawsmanyoftheyoungtoNewYork.為了證明自己，害怕自己的才能淪為最迂腐和最易于在市場(chǎng)上出售的事物，許多年輕人仍然被吸引來(lái)到紐約。Intimethenewcomersfindorformtheirownworlds;Manhattanismanysuchworlds,huddledtogetherbutrarelyinteracting.新來(lái)者遲早會(huì)找到或形成自己的圈子；曼哈頓有很多這樣的圈子，擁擠在一起，但卻很少往來(lái)。Thenewcomersareneverfullyabsorbed,butareaddedprecariouslytotheundigestedmany.新來(lái)者從未被完全同化，但是卻不確定地加入到了未被消化的多數(shù)人之中。LessonEight1.....belowthenoisyarguments,theabuseandthequarrels,thereisareservoirofinstinctivefellow-feeling...TheEnglishpeoplemayhotlyargueandabuseandquarrelwitheachother,buttherestillexistsalotofnaturalsympatheticfeelingsforeachotherintheirhearts.2.....athearttheywouldliketotakeawhiptothewholeidletroublesomemobofthem.Whatthewealthyemployerswouldreallyliketodoistowhipalltheworkerswhomtheyregardaslazyandtroublesome.3....therearenotmanyofthesemen,eitherontheboardortheshopfloor...Therearenotmanysnarlingshopstewardsintheworkshop,noraretheremanycruelwealthyemployersontheboardofdirectors.4.Itdemandsbigness,andtheyaresuspiciousofbigness.ThecontemporaryworlddemandsthateverythingshouldbedoneonabigscaleandtheEnglishdonottrustbigness.5.Againstthis,atleastsuperficially,Englishnessseemsapoorshadowyshow...Atleastonthesurface,whenEnglishnessisputagainstthepowerandsuccessofAdmass,Englishnessseemstoputuparatherpoorpe