恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系 英文版

Terrorism恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版ContentDefinitionofterrorismFormsofterrorismterrorism’shistoryTherelationshipbetweenmediaandTerrorism恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版Whatisterrorism?Terrorismisgenerallyconsideredtobeacriminalactionofviolenceordestructionthatisaimedatmembersofthepublicinordertospreadfearanddisruption,publicizetheterrorists’aimsandforceagovernmentororganizationtoactinacertainway.

RosemaryH.T.O’Kane恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版formsofTerrorismMainsixcategoriesCivildisorderPoliticalterrorismNon-PoliticalterrorismQuasi-terrorismLimitedpoliticalterrorismOfficialorstateterrorism

恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版FormsofTerrorismShootingExplosionHijackofPlanesSuicideAttackNuclearWeaponsBiologicalWeaponsBombingAssassination恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版Severalterroristeventsafter19001995

America，OklahomaCityBombing2.1995JapanSarinattackontheTokyoSubway3.1995Israeli

PrimeministerRabinwasassassinated4.1998America,ExplosionofTheAmericanembassyinTanzaniaandKenyaembassy5.2001America9116.2005UKLondonBombing7.2006MumbaiTrainBombings8.2009PakistanSerialExplosion9.2010IraqSerialExplosion恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版TerrorismpastandpresentEarlyterroristgroups:holyterrorZealotsofJudeaAssassinsThugs恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版TerrorismpastandpresentModernterrorism:anarchiststoleft-wingMiddleEastTerrorismEuropeanTerrorismLatinAmericanTerrorism恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版Therelationshipbetweenmassmediaandterrorism

Ifthecontentofmediaofferstheaudienceisdeliveredorinfluencedbyanorganizationthathastheobjectivetodisturbsafety?Thisisthecasewithterrorism.(Hoffman)

Inordertospreadfearandadvanceitspoliticalgoals,aterroristorganizationneedsthemassmedia.

Thegoal,however,istospreadthemessagetomorepeoplethanjustthosewhoweredirectlyhitintheattack.恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版TerroristsusingthemassmediaItwillbeaunsuccessfulactionforterrorismifnoonepayattentiontotheaction.“withoutthemedia’scoveragetheact’simpactisarguablywasted,remainingnarrowlyconfinedtotheimmediatevictim(s)oftheattack,ratherthanreachingthewider‘targetaudience’atwhomtheterrorists’violenceisactuallyaimed.”(Hoffman2006,174).mediaisusedformoraljustification,arousalofsympathyandintimidationofthepublic.’恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版TerroristsusingthemassmediaTerrorism,inordertodemoralizeenemiessuchasgovernments.Gainingsympathyandcreatingfearandchaosarethemaininterestsofterroristsforwhichtheycanutilizethemedia.(PaletzandVinson1992,2).Theinsurgentwagesisdependedonthedirectorindirectuseofmeansofcommunicationsandnewstransmittedorallyinordertodemoralizethegovernment.恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版MassmediaencouragesterrorismAsBritishPrimeMinister,MargaretThatcher,Mediaprovides‘oxygen’toterrorism.Terrorismandwesternnewsmediahaveaclosesymbiosisrelations.(Laqueur,1987)Pressfreedombecomes“intimidationfreedom".E.g.:Duringtheyearof1981to1986,thebiggestthreeAmericanTVstation:ABC,CBSandNBCreportmorethan2000piecesofnewsaboutterrorism.Theyreportedonterrorismbeyondtothetotalnumberofpoor,unemployment,racialinequalityandcrimenews.恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版MassmedialeadstoterrorismupdateThemedia’ssaturatedreportingonterroristresultsintheindifferenceofthepublic,terroristspublicityisdeprived.(NeilC.Livingstone)Theirgoalistoattractmediaandpublic’sattention.Mediatendtomaketerroristactivities

becomecruellerandcrueller.恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版MassmedialeadstoterrorismupdateE.g.:intheyearof1995,AumDoomsdayCultcarriedouttheSaringasattackontheTokyosubway.Thishadcausedmorethan5510casualties.恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版TerrorisminInternet‘Themostdevastatingterroristactdrewmoreattentiontotheroleofnewcommunicationtechnologybyfacilitatingtheplayersininternationalterroristorganizationsandconspiracies.’(Nacos,2007)

恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版TerroristpropagandatoolsWebsiteChatroomsMessageboardsE-mailfacilities恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版DiscussionquestionWhatdoesthemediacouldgetfromthereportsofterrorismevent?

恐怖主義和媒體關(guān)系英文版Bibliography

Hoffman,B.(2006),InsideTerrorism,NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPressLaqueur,W.(2001),AHistoryofTerrorism,London:TransactionPublishers.Livingstone,NeilC(198