張漢熙《高級(jí)英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)課后答案

LessonOne

FacetoFacewithHurricaneCamille

LasVegas.LasVegascityistheseatofClarkCountyinSouth

Nevada.In1970ithadapopulationof125,787people.Revenuefrom

hotels,gambling,entertainmentandothertourist-orientedindustries

formsthebackboneofLasVegas'seconomy,Itsnightclubsandcasinos

areworldfamous.Thecityisalsothecommercialhubofaranchingand

miningarea.Inthe19thcenturyLasVegaswasawateringplacefor

travelerstoSouthCalifornia.In1.855-1857theMormonsmaintaineda

fortthere,andin1864FortBakerwasbuiltbytheU.S.army.In1867,

LasVegaswasdetachedfromtheArizonaterritoryandjoinedtoNevada,

(fromTheNewColumbiaEncyclopedia)

II.

1.Hedidn'tthinkhisfamilywasinanyrealdanger,Hisformer

househadbeendemolishedbyHurricaneBetsyforitonlystoodafew

feetabovesealevel.Hispresenthousewas23feetabovesealeveland

250yardsawayfromthesea.Hethoughttheywouldbesafehereasin

anyplaceelse.Besides,hehadtalkedthematteroverwithhisfatherand

motherandconsultedhislongtimefriend,CharlesHill,beforemakinghis

decisiontostayandfacethehurricane.

2.MagnaProductsisthenameofthefirmownedbyJohnKoshak.It

designedanddevelopededucationaltoysandsupplies.

3.Charliethoughttheywereinrealtroublebecausesaltywaterwas

seawater.Itshowedtheseahadreachedthehouseandtheywereinreal

troublefortheymightbewashedintotheseabythetidalwave.

4.AtthisCriticalmomentwhengrandmotherKoshakthoughtthey

mightdieatanymoment,shetoldherhusbandthedearestandthemost

preciousthingshecouldthinkof.Thiswouldhelptoencourageeach

otherandenablethemtofacedeathwithgreaterserenity.

5.JohnKoshakfeltacrushingguiltbecauseitwashewhomadethe

finaldecisiontostayandfacethehurricane.Nowitseemedtheymight

alldieinthehurricane.

6.GrandmotherKoshakaskedthechildrentosingbecauseshe

thoughtthiswouldlessentensionandboostthemoraleofeveryone.

7.JanisknewthatJohnwastryinghisbesttocomfortandencourage

herforhetoofelttherewasapossibilityoftheirdyinginthestorm.

III.

l.Thispieceofnarrationisorganizedasfollows,.introduction,

development,climax,andconclusion.Thefirst6paragraphsare

introductoryparagraphs,givingthetime,place,andbackgroundofthe

conflict-manversushurricanes.Theseparagraphsalsointroducethe

charactersinthestory.

2.Thewriterfocuseschieflyonactionbuthealsoclearlyand

sympatheticallydelineatesthecharactersinthestory.

3.JohnKoshak,Jr.,istheprotagonistinthestory.

4.Manandhurricanesmakeuptheconflict.

5.Thewriterbuildsupandsustainsthesuspenseinthestoryby

describingindetailandvividlytheincidentsshowinghowtheKoshaks

andtheirfriendsstruggledagainsteachonslaughtofthehurricane.

6.Thewritergivesorderandlogicalmovementtothesequenceof

happeningsbydescribingaseriesofactionsintheorderoftheir

occurrence.

7.Thestoryreachesitsclimaxinparagraph27.

8.IwouldhaveendedthestoryattheendofParagraph27,because

thehurricanepassed,themaincharacterssurvived,andthestorycould

cometoanaturalend.

9.Yes,itis.Becausethewriterstateshisthemeorthepurpose

behindhisstoryinthereflectionofGrandmotherKoshak:"Welost

practicallyallourpossessions,butthefamilycamethroughit.WhenI

thinkofthat,Irealizewelostnothingimportant.

IV.

1.We're23feetabovesealevel.

2.Thehousehasbeenheresince1915,andnohurricanehasever

causedanydamagetoit.

3.Wecanmakethenecessarypreparationsandsurvivethehurricane

withoutmuchdamage.

4.Watergotintothegeneratorandputitout.Itstoppedproducing

electricity,sothelightsalsowentout.

5.Everybodygooutthroughthebackdoorandruntothecars.

6.Theelectricalsystemsinthecarhadbeenputoutbywater.

7.AsJohnwatchedthewaterinchitswayupthesteps,hefelta

strongsenseofguiltbecauseheblamedhimselfforendangeringthe

wholefamilybydecidingnottofleeinland.

8.()hGod,pleasehelpustogetthroughthisstormsafely.

9.GrandmotherKoshaksangafewwordsaloneandthenhervoice

graduallygrewdimmerandstopped.

10.Janisdisplayedratherlatetheexhaustionbroughtaboutbythe

nervoustensioncausedbythehurricane.

V.

Seethetranslationofthetext.

VI.

1.main:aprincipalpipeorlineinadistributingsystemforwater,

gas,electricity,etc.

2.sitout:stayuntiltheendof

3.comeby;(AmericanEnglish)payavisit

4.blowin：burstopenbythestorm.

5.douse:putout(alight,fire,generatoroetc。)quicklybypouring

wateroverit

6.kill：(AmericanEnglish)tocause(anengine-etc.)tostop

7.swath：thespacecoveredwithonecutofascythe;alongstripOr

trackOfanykind

8.bar：ameasureinmusic；thenotesbetweentwoverticallinesOn

amusicsheet

9.lean-to：ashedorothersmalloutbuildingwithasloping

roof,theupperendofwhichrestsagainstthewallofanotherbuilding

10.Seabee：amemberoftheconstructionbattalionsoftheCivil

EngineerCorpsoftheU.S.Navy,thatbuildharborfacilities,airfields,

etc.SeabeestandsforCB,shortforConstructionBattalion.

vn.

1.destroy一詞最為常見，主要強(qiáng)調(diào)破壞的力度之大和徹底，一

般不帶感情或修辭色彩。demolish和raze通常用于巨大物體，如大

型建筑物等。demolish常用引申義，指任何復(fù)合體的被毀，如demolish

atheorywithafewincisivecommentso意即“用兒句鋒利的評(píng)語(yǔ)推翻某

種理論“。而raze幾乎無(wú)一例外地用于指建筑物的被毀。annihilate

在這些詞中所表示的損壞程度最為強(qiáng)烈，字面意思是“化為烏有”，

但實(shí)際上往往用于指對(duì)人或物的嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷。如說(shuō)annihilateanenemy

force,是指使敵軍遭到重創(chuàng)，不僅沒(méi)有還手之力。而且沒(méi)有招架之功。

如說(shuō)annihilateone'sopponentinadebate,是指徹底駁倒對(duì)手。

2odecay常指某物自然而然地逐漸衰敗腐化。如：Histeethhave

beguntodecay.（他的牙齒開始老化變壞。）rot指有機(jī)物質(zhì)，如蔬菜

等因菌毒感染而腐敗變質(zhì)，如：rottingapples（爛了的蘋果）。spoil用

于非正式文體，常指食物變質(zhì)。如：Fishspoilsquicklyinsummeto（魚

在夏天極易變質(zhì)。）molder用于指物體緩慢、逐步地腐朽。如：Old

buildingsmolderaway.（老房子漸漸腐爛了。disintegrate意指把某物

從整體變?yōu)樗槠蛞粋€(gè)個(gè)部分。如：rocksdisintegratedbyfrostand

rain（被霜和雨蝕裂成碎塊的巖石）。decompose指將物質(zhì)分解為其構(gòu)成

成分。如：Watercallbedecompose（bedecomposed）intohydrogenand

oxygen.（水可分解成氧和氧。）該詞還可用來(lái)替代rot,使語(yǔ)氣略顯委

婉。

VI

1.television=tele+vision,acombiningform"tele-"plusanoun

"vision".Furtherexamples,telegram,telephone,telescope,telegraph,

telecommunication,telecast,etc.

2.northwestward=north+west+wardornorthwest+ward,

"-ward"isasuffixmeaning“ina(specific)directionorcourse".Further

examples:eastward,westward,backward,upward,inward,outward,

seaward,home-ward.etc.

3.motel=motorist+hotel,ablendwordformedbycombiningparts

ofotherwords.Furtherexamples:smog=smoke+fog.smaze=smoke+

haze,brunch=breakfast+lunch,moped=motor+pedal,galumph=

gallop=triumph,etc.

4.bathtub=bath+tub,acompoundwordformedbycombiningtwo

nouns.Furtherexamples:bathrobe,bathroom,bedroom,roommate,

butterfly,dragonfly,football,housekeeper,etc.

5.returnees=retum+ees,averbplusanounformingsuffix"-ee"

designatingapersoninspecifiedcondition.Furtherexamples:employee,

refugee,retiree,examinee,escapee,nominee,interviewee,divorcee.

IX.

1."lash"asin'""Camillelashednorthwestwardacrosstilegulfof

Mexico".Avividwaytosay"strikewithgreatforce".

2."pummel"asin"ItwascertaintopummelGulfport..."Becausethe

'wordisoriginallyappliedtohumanbeings,meaning"beatrepeatedly

withthefists".

3."whip"asin"Windandrainnowwhippedthehouse".Becauseit

ismorevividthan"fallheavilyon".

4."kill"asin"theelectricalsystemshadbeenkilledbywater".

Becauseitleavesadeeperimpressiononthereadersthan"stop"does.

5."inchone'sway"asin"Waterincheditswayupthesteps...“It

makesthereadersalsoseeclearlythatwaterwasrisinglittlebylittle.

6."bother"asin"nohurricanehaseverbotheredit".Itvirtually

means"dodamageto"here.

7."lap"asin"Johnwatchedthewaterlapatthesteps...",meaning

"extendbeyondsomelimit"or,infact,"riseslowly".

8."skim"asin"thehurricane...liftedtheentireroofoffthehouse

andskimmedit40feetthroughtheair",whichgivesthereadersadeep

impressionofhowstrongthewindwas.

9."seize"asin"Itseizeda600,000-gallonGulfportoiltankland

dumpedit3ymilesaway".Itseemedasifthehurricanehadaverystrong

andlargehand.

10."crack"and"snap"asin"Telephonepolesand20-inchthick

pinescrackedlikegunsasthewindssnappedthem",providingthe

readerswithavividpictureofwindsblowingviolently.

X.Simile:

1.Thechildrenwentfromadulttoadultlikebucketsinafirebrigade,

(comparingthepassingofchildrentothepassingofbucketsofwaterina

firebrigadewhenfightingafire)

2.Thewindsoundedliketheroarofatrainpassingafewyards

away,(comparingthesoundofthewindtotheroarofapassingtrain)

Metaphor:

1.Wecanbattendownandrideitout.(comparingthehouseina

hurricanetoashipfightingastormatsea)

2.Windandrainnowwhippedthehouse.(Strongwindandrainwas

lashingthehouseasifwithawhip.)

Personification:

1.Amomentlater,thehurricane,inonemightyswipe,liftedthe

entireroofoffthehouseandskimmedit40feetthroughtheair.(The

hurricaneactedasaverystrongpersonliftingsomethingheavyand

throwingitthroughtheair.)

2.Itseizeda600,000-gallonGulfportoiltankanddumpedit3

l/2milesaway.(Thehurricaneactedasaverystrongmanlifting

somethingveryheavyanddumpingit31/2milesaway.).

XI.

Ellipticalandshortsimplesentencesgenerallyincreasethetempo

andspeedoftheactionsbeingdescribed.Henceinadramaticnarration

theyservetoheightentensionandhelpcreateasenseofdangerand

urgency.Forexamplesseethetext,paragraphs10-18and21-26.

XU.

Thetopicsentenceofparagraph1is"JohnKoshak,Jr.,knewthat

HurricaneCamillewouldbebad."Thisideaisdevelopedorsupported

byfactsorreasonsshowinghowJohnKoshak,Jr.,knewthatHurricane

Camillewouldbebad.Thelastsentenceintroducessomeothercharacters

inhestoryandservesasatransitiontothenextimportantpointinthe

story—whyJohnKoshakJr.,decidednottoabandonhishome.

XIII.

在給出答案之前，首先將該題中的兒個(gè)語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋一下。

Thesentencefragment：片斷句。一個(gè)合乎語(yǔ)法的完整句子必須具

有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)這兩種基本成分。從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)，它應(yīng)該是可以獨(dú)立運(yùn)

用的語(yǔ)言單位。片斷句是指像短語(yǔ)、從句、同位語(yǔ)以及其他諸如此類

不能夠獨(dú)立使用的語(yǔ)言單位。寫作時(shí)若錯(cuò)誤地使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào).將這類

不能獨(dú)立使用的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)成句子分列出來(lái)，那便叫做片斷句，練習(xí)

中的第1、第3和第4句就是這樣的非完整句，即片斷句。

Therun一onsentence:誤用逗號(hào)連接句。該斷句的地方?jīng)]有正確地使用

標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)斷句，而將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上結(jié)構(gòu)上各自獨(dú)立完整而又互不從

屬的句子融合在一起成為一個(gè)不合語(yǔ)法、結(jié)構(gòu)松散的句子稱融合句。

如果兩個(gè)完整的句子中間只用逗號(hào)隔開而被錯(cuò)誤地并成一個(gè)句子，這

種句子便叫誤用逗號(hào)連接句，練習(xí)中的第2句即是。Thedangling

modifier：垂懸修飾語(yǔ)。由非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式）組成的

短語(yǔ)若使用不當(dāng)，與其所修飾的成分沒(méi)有實(shí)質(zhì)上的聯(lián)系，這種結(jié)構(gòu)便

叫垂懸修飾語(yǔ)。垂懸修飾語(yǔ)并非語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤，只是修辭上的毛病，

但仍應(yīng)避免使用這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是不要使用那些會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義、引起

誤解的垂懸修飾語(yǔ)。練習(xí)中的第5、6、7、8句均含垂懸修飾語(yǔ)。

Theillogicalorfaultyparallelism：誤用平行句法。誤用平行句法指用

平行結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)并非平行的思想內(nèi)容。這是應(yīng)該避免的修辭上的毛

病。不能將which或who引導(dǎo)的從句用and與主句相聯(lián)。關(guān)聯(lián)連詞

(both...and,either...or等)只能用于聯(lián)接句中起同一語(yǔ)法作用的平行

成分。練習(xí)中的第9、10、11、12句都是誤用平行結(jié)構(gòu)的例句。

Theshiftinpointofview：角度轉(zhuǎn)換。不必要的甚至錯(cuò)誤的角度轉(zhuǎn)換

是應(yīng)該避免的。若非必須如此。一般不由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

人稱及單復(fù)數(shù)也不應(yīng)隨便轉(zhuǎn)換。練習(xí)中的第13、14、15句都是角度

轉(zhuǎn)換的例子。練習(xí)中的錯(cuò)句可改正如下：

Thebasketballgamewascanceledbecausehalfoftheplayerswereinbed

withflu.

ThesesnakesaredangerousoHowever,mostsnakesarequiteharmless.

3.Lookingouttowardthehorizon,sheSawonlytheoldcabinin

whichMarywasborn,asinglecottonwoodthathadescapedthedrought

andtheapparentlyboundlessexpanseofsunburnedprairie.

4.Weknewthatalthoughthedocumentshavebeenstolentheyhave

notyetbeenseenbyaforeignagent.

5.Lastyear,afterIhadgraduatedfromhighschool.myfatherput

metoworkinhisoffice.

6.Toappreciatethepoem,onemustreaditaloud.

7.1missedthatfilmbecause1hadtostayhometohelpmymother

washclotheslastSunday.

8.Drivingacrossthestate,onesawmanybeautifullakes.

9.Unselfishpeoplearenotonlyhappierbutalsomoresuccessful.

IO.Ifinallyrealizedthatmydaydreamingwasnotmakingme

beautifulandslenderorbringingmefriends.

11.Heisamanofwideexperienceandalsoofgreatpopularity

amongthefarmers.

12.Iaminterestedinelectronics,whichisanewfieldandwhich

offersinterestingopportunities10onewhoknowsscience.

13.Wecarefullyswepttheroomanddustedthefurnitureandthe

shelves。

14.Ifone'smouthisdry,oneshouldeatalumpofsugarorchew

gum.

15.Youmustmakeyourselfinterestingtothegroupthatlistens23to

youandisconstantlytryingtodetectyourmistakes

XIV.Omitted.

XV.GaleKillsPeople

Fourpeoplegotkilledwhenagalesweptacrossseveralpartsof

SouthEnglandandWalesyesterday.Aschoolboyoftenwasstruckby

flyingdebrisandlosthislifewhentheroofofaprefabricatedclassroom

wasblownoffandthewallscavedin.Theboywasoneofseventy

childrenbeingledtosafety.Whentheteachersawtheroofbeginningto

lift,heaskedhispupilstofollowhimtoasafeplace.Unfortunately,the

boywaskilled.Anothertwochildrenweretakentohospitalwithslight

injury.

Awoman,aged81,waskilledwhenachimney,dislodgedbyastrong

wind,fellthroughtheroofofherhome.Anotherwoman,aresidentonthe

firstfloorofabuilding,wasalsokilledoutrightbythefallingmasonry.

Someresidentsweretakentohospitalandtherestevacuated.Adriver

methisdeathnearafillingstationwhenhiscarranintoatreethathad

fallenacrosstheroad.

LessonTwoMarrakech

I.Marrakech:inwestcentralMorocco,attheNorthernfootofthehigh

Atlas,130milessouthofCasablanca,thechiefseaport.Thecity

renownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersof

Morocco.Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofrom

thenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.Itwascapturedbythe

Frenchin1912,whenitsmoderngrowthbegan.Ithasextremelyhot

summersbutmildwinters.Yearlyrainfallis9inchesandlimitedto

wintermonths.ThecitywasformerlyalsocalledMorocco.

Morocco:LocatedinNorthAfrica,ontheMediterraneanSeaandthe

AtlanticOcean.MoroccoisthefarthestwestofalltheArabcountries.

Rabatisthecapital.Theestimatedpopulationin1973was15,600,000.

About2000B.C.itwassettledbyBerbertribes,whohaveformedthe

basisofthepopulationeversince.TheArabsinvadedMoroccointhe

7thcentury,bringingwiththemIslam.Fromtheendofthe17thcentury

untiltheearly19thcenturyMoroccowasalmostentirelyfreefrom

foreigninfluence.Butin1912,aFranco-Spanishagreementdivided

Moroccointo4administrativezones.Itgainedindependencein1956and

becameaconstitutionalmonarchyin1957.Moroccoisamemberofthe

UnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationof

AfricanUnity.Moroccansaremainlyfarmers(70%)whotrytogrowtheir

ownfood.Theyoftenusecamels,donkeysandmulestopulltheirplows.

Inthesouthafewtribesmenstill,wanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert.

II.1.Herearefivethingshedescribestoshowpoverty-(a)theburialof

thepoorinhabitants(b)anArabNavvy,anemployeeofthemunicipality,

beggingforapieceofbread(c)themiserablelivesoftheJewsinthe

ghettoes-(d)cultivationofthepoorsoil;(e)theoldwomencarryingfire

wood.

2.Seeparagraphs1and2.

3.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeoplein

thecoloniesasanimalsinsteadofashumanberags.

4.MedievalghettoeswereprobablyliketheJewishquartersin

Marrakech—overcrowded,thousandsofpeoplelivinginanarrowstreet,

housescompletelywindowless,andthewholeareadirtyandunhygienic.

5.IfHitlerwerehere,alltheJewswouldhavebeenmassacred.

6.Thosewhoworkwiththeirhandsarepartlyinvisible.It'sonly

becauseofthisthatthestarvedcountriesofAsiaandAfricaareaccepted

astouristresorts.Thepeoplearenottreatedashumanbeings,anditison

thisfactthatallcolonialempiresareinrealityfounded.

7.Seeparagraph18.

8.Theoldwomanwassurprisedbecausesomeonewastakingnotice

ofherandtreatingherasahumanbeing.Sheacceptedherstatusasan

oldwoman,thatistosay,asabeastofburden.

9,Everywhitemanthought."Howmuchlongercanwegoonkidding

thesepeople?Howlongbeforetheyturntheirgunsintheother

direction?"Theyknewtheycouldnotgoonfoolingtheseblackpeople

anylonger.Somedaytheywouldriseupinrevoltandfreethemselves.

III.1.Yes,itis.InthisessayOrwelldenouncestheevilsofcolonialismor

imperialismbymercilesslyexposingthepoverty,miseryanddegradation

ofthenativepeopleinthecolonies.

2.Hemanagestoshowthatheisoutragedatthespectacleofmisery,

first,throughtheappropriateuseofwordssecond,throughtheclever

choiceofthesceneshedescribes;third,throughthetoneinwhichhe

describesthesescenesandfinally,bycontrastingtheindignationatthe

cruelhandlingofthedonkeywiththeunconcerntowardsthefateofthe

humanbeings.

3.Becausethatshowsthecrueltreatmentthedonkeysreceiveevokes

agreaterfeelingofsympathyinthebreastsofthewhitemastersthanthe

miserablefateofthepeople.Thiscontrasthaveonthereaderaneffect

thatthepeoplearenotconsiderednortreatedashumanbeings.

4.Paragraphs4-7couldaswellcomeafter8-15asbefore.Other

groupsofparagraphscouldberearranged.Thisindicatesthatthewhole

passageismadeupofvariousindependentexamplesorillustrationsof

thepeople'spovertyandsuffering.Thecentraltheme—allcolonial

empiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact—givesunityandcohesionto

thewholeessay.

5.Thisessaygivesanewinsightintoimperialism.Yes,hehas

succeededinshowingthatimperialismisan"evilthing".

6.Orwellisgoodattheappropriateuseofsimplebutforcefulwords

andthecleverchoiceofthesceneshedescribes.Hislucidstyleandfine

attentiontosignificantdescriptivedetailsefficientlyconveyedtothe

readersthecentralidea"allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundedupon

thisfact",thefactthatthepeoplearenotconsideredortreatedashuman

beings.

IV.1.Theburing-groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwasteland

fullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceof

landonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.

2.AHtheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeoplein

thecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesas

humanbeings).

3.Theyarebom.Thenforafewyearstheywork,toilandstarve.

Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.

4.Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,a

carpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.

5.Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreat

numberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.

6.EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceof

luxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.

7.However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.

8.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,you

seeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.

9.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststo

visitthepoorslumareas(forthesetrips42V.VI.VO.wouldnotbe

interesting).

10.lifeisveryhardforninetypercentofthepeople.Withhard

backbreakingtoiltheycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoil.

11.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestin

thecommunity,that。shewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikean

animal.

12.Peoplewithbrownskinsarealmostinvisible.

13.TheSenegalessoldierswerewearingready——madekhaki

uniformswhichhidtheirbeautifulwell-builtbodies.

14.Howmuchlongerbeforetheyturntheirgunsaroundandattack

US?o

15.Everywhiteman,theonlookers,theofficersontheirhorsesand

thewhiteN.C.Os.marchingwiththeblacksoldiers,hadthisthought

hiddensomewhereorotherinhismind.

V.Seethetranslationofthetext.

VI.1.chant：wordsrepeatedinamonotonoustoneofvoice

2.navvy：abbreviationofttnavigator^^,aBritishwordmeaningan

unskilledlaborer,asoncanals,,roads,etc.

3.Stow：putorhideawayinasafeplace

4.warp：bend,curve,ortwistoutofshape

5.self-contained：self-sufficient；havingwithinoneselforitselfall

thatisnecessary

6.wretched：poorinquality,veryinferior

7.mummified：thinandwithered,lookinglikeamummy

8.reach—me—down：(Britishcolloquialism)second—handor

ready—madeclothing

9.charger：ahorseriddeninbattleoronparade

VD.cry指因痛苦、憂傷或悲哀而發(fā)出悲切的聲音，并伴以流淚。

weep更具體，強(qiáng)調(diào)流淚；sob指嗚嗚咽咽、一吸一頓地哭泣；wail

指無(wú)法抑制悲哀而拖長(zhǎng)聲調(diào)痛哭；whimper43指像受驚的小孩一樣聲

音壓抑地、時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)地哭；moan則指因悲傷或痛苦而低聲地、拖長(zhǎng)

聲調(diào)地哀嘆。

2.mania本指狂郁精神病所表現(xiàn)出的癥狀，具體表現(xiàn)為喜怒無(wú)常，

時(shí)哭時(shí)笑，行為不能自制；delirium指暫時(shí)性精神極端錯(cuò)亂（如酒醉發(fā)

燒時(shí)），具體表現(xiàn)為煩躁不安、語(yǔ)無(wú)倫次和產(chǎn)生幻覺；frenzy是非醫(yī)學(xué)

用語(yǔ)，指狂暴不能自制。hysteria在精神病學(xué)上指心因性紊亂，表現(xiàn)

為容易激動(dòng)、焦躁不安、感官和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能紊亂以及不自覺地模擬眼瞎、

耳聾等。用于引申義時(shí),mania指對(duì)于某事的愛好達(dá)到狂熱的程度，

成為癖好，如amaniafordrinking（嗜酒）；delirium指極度興奮，如a

deliriumofjoy（狂喜）；hysteria指強(qiáng)烈的、不可控制的感情爆發(fā)，如：

Shelaughedandcriedinherhysteria.（她又是笑又是哭，感情難以控

缶人）o

3.flash指突發(fā)的、短暫而耀眼的閃光；gleam指黑暗中閃現(xiàn)出的

一束穩(wěn)定的光線；sparkle指星星點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的閃光；glitter指由物體反射出

的星星點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的閃光；glisten指外部亮光反射于沾水的平面上而顯出

的光亮；shimmer指由微波蕩漾的水面反照出的柔和的閃光。

VIII.1.burying-ground（verbalnounin—ing+noun）：drinkingcup,

hidingplace,divingboard,waitingroom,freezingpoint,carvingknife,

writingdesk,typingpaper,swimmingsuit

2.gravestone(noun+noun)：oilwelbsilkworm,shirt-sleeves,

girl—friend,gaslight,bloodstain,frogman,win—dow-pane

3.mid—air(adjective+noun)：half-brother,black-market,

half-payodarkroom,madman,double—talk,hothouse,handyman

4.orercrowding(adverb+verbalnounin—ing)：dry-cleaning,

overeating,oversleeping,deep-freezing,underpricing,underrating,

down-grading,up-dating

5.nine-tenths(adj.fromacardinalnumber+noun,froman44ordinal

number):one-fifth,two-sixths,three-eighths,one-ninth

IX.1."thread"asin"Thelittlecrowdofmourners...threadedtheirway

acrossthemarket...",indicatingthatthemarketwassocrowdedthatthe

crowdcouldhardlypassthrough.

2."rise","sweat","starve",and"sink"asin"Theyriseoutoftheearth,

theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothe

namelessmoundsofthegraveyard"-",givingadeepimpressionofhow

thesepeopleliveashortandmiserablelife.

3."sidle"asin"AnArabnavvyworkingonthepathnearbylowered

hisheavyhoeandsidledslowlytowardsus",showingclearlyhowashy

manwalkedcarefully.

4."grope"asin"Evenablindmanheardarumourofcigarettesand

camecrawlingout,gropingintheairwithhishand",presentingaclear

pictureofablindmandesiringtogetacigarette.

5."mummify"asin"Allofthemaremummifiedwithageandthesun

aforcefulwordindicatingwhatamiserablestatethosewomenarein.

6."hobble"asin'""thefileofoldwomenhadhobbledpastthehousewith

theirfirewoodindicatingthatthesewomencouldnotwalkproperly

becauseoftheheavyloadtheywerecarrying.

7."tip"asin"""itsmastertipsitintotheditchshowinghowcasually

amasterdealswithhisdeaddogwhichhasservedhimdevotedly.

8."stow"asin"Itoreoffapieceandhestoweditgratefullyinsome

secretplaceunderhisrags",designatinghowmuchthepoornavvy

treasuredthatpieceofbread.

X.1.AftertheBritisharmyhadlostallitsequipmentatDunkirk,there

wasonlyasinglearmoreddivisonlefttoprotectthehomeisland.

2.Althoughthedryprairielandwilldriftawayinduststorms,itis

stillbeingplowedforprofitlesswheatfarming.

3.Iftheeducationalprogramistosucceed,ithastohavemorethan

merefinancialsupportfromthegovernment.

4.Theyhavewastedtheirnaturalresources,whichtheyshouldhave

protectedandconserved.

5.Soonothersettlerswerecominginoverthefirstroughtrailwhich

theCaldwellfamilyhadopened.

6.TheSmithsonianInstituteisconstantlyworking,withlittleorno

publicity,forabetterunderstandingofnatureforman'sbenefit.

7.QueenMarywaseasilyshakenbypassions—passionsofloveand

ofhatredandrevenge.

8.ForafewdaysIdreadedopeningthedoorofhisoffice.

9.Concealedbythefogofearlydawn,Icrawledoutandmademy

waytothebeach.

10.Leavingthedoorofthesafeunlockedandtakingtheleatherbag

ofcoins,Iwalkeddownthestreettowardthebank.

XI.1."Lifeonthefarmisaneternalbattleagainstnature"isthetopic

sentence.Thisparagraphlacksunity.Itisabadpieceofwriting.The

writerofthisparagraphhascompletelyforgottenwhathehadstartedout

tosay.Insteadofbeingan"eternalbattle",lifeinthisparagraphbe-comes

apleasantandexcitingexperience—whichitprobablyis,butthatisnot

whatthewritersetouttoprove."TherearethreereasonswhyIlike

Japanesefood"isthetopicsentence.Thisparagraphlacksunitybecause

thewriterintroducesfactsandideasirrelevanttothetopicstatedinhis

openingsentence,e.g."However,mostJapaneseloverice.Oneofmy

Japanesefriendshasatleasttwobowlsofriceateverymeal."and"Also,

fromthemalepointofview,Japaneserestaurantsareattractivefor

anotherreason—thebeautifullittledoll-likewaitresses,whobowand

smileshylyastheyserveyourfood.

XU.pulled,feel,goes,went,come,fell,altered,paralyzedseemed,

sagged,slobbered,settled,imagined,fired,collapse,climbed,drooping,

did,jolt,knock,falling,tower,reaching,trumpeted,came,shake

XIII.Omitted.

XIV.ShackDwellersinOldShanghai

AttheedgeofOldShanghai,thereweresomeareasneglectedbythe

splendidcity:theyweredesolate,dirty,andlayhumblyatthefootof

high-risefactorychimney.Fromthepointofviewofthecityresidents,

theseplaceswerenotsuit-ableformen.There,however,didlivecrowds

ofcreaturecalledhumanbeings.Theydwelledintheshackstheybuilt

themselves.Ashackwasmadeupofmudanddriedhay—theformer

beingthecomponentofwallsandthelat