2023年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿易大學考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿易大學考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析第1卷一.綜合題(共15題)1.單選題Whencompaniesdobusinessoverseas,theycomeincontactwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Theseindividualsoftenspeakadifferentlanguageandhavetheirownparticularcustomandmanners.Thesedifferencescancreateproblems.Forexample,inFrance,businessmeetingsbeginpromptlyatthedesignatedtimeandeveryoneisexpectedtobethere.Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness.Unlessoneisawareofsuchexpectedbehaviorshemayendupinsultingthepeoplewithwhomhehopestoestablishtraderelations.Asecondtraditionalproblemisthatofmonetaryconversions.Forexample,ifatransactionisconductedwithRussia,paymentmaybemadeinrubles.Ofcourse,thiscurrencyisoflittlevaluetotheAmericanfirm.Itis,therefore,necessarytoconverttheforeigncurrencytoAmericandollars.HowmucharetheseRussianrublesworthintermsofdollars?Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday.Forexample,therublemaybeworth0.75onMondayand0.72onTuesdaybecauseofanannouncedwheatshortageinRussia.Inaddition,thereisthedilemmaassociatedwithconvertingat0.72.Somefinancialinstitutionsmaybeunwillingtopaythisprice,feelingthattherublewillsinkmuchloweroverthenextweek.Asaresult,conversionmayfinallycomeat0.69.These“l(fā)osses”mustbeacceptedbythecompanyasoneofthecostsofdoingbusinessoverseas.Athirduniqueproblemistradebarriers.Foronereasonoranother,allcountriesimposetradebarriersoncertaingoodscrossingtheirborders.Sometradebarriersaredirectlyrelatedtoexports.Forexample,theUnitedStatespermitsstrategicmilitarymaterialtobeshippedabroadonlyaftergovernmentpermissionhasbeenobtained.Mosttradebarriers,however,aredesignedtorestrictimport.Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs.1.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe（

）.

2.InFrance,tardybusinesspeople（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,conversionrates（

）.

4.Theintendedaudienceofthispassageare（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingislikelytobediscussedinthenextparagraph?問題1選項A.HowtoSucceedinInternationalTradeB.MonetaiyConversionC.TradeBarriersD.UniqueProblemsinInternationalTrade問題2選項A.areofteninsultedB.oftensufferfromcoldnessC.areoftenleftoutdoorswaitingD.areoftenaskedtopolishtheirshoes問題3選項A.arealwaysnotchangingB.aredeterminedbyfinancialinstitutionsC.areagreeduponbytwotradingcountriesD.varyfromdaytoday問題4選項A.professorsofeconomicsB.postgraduatestudentsofinternationaltradeC.beginnersofbusinessD.businesspeople問題5選項A.Exporttradebarriers.B.Quotasandtariffs.C.Reasonsforimposingtradingbarriers.D.Measurestobreakdowntradebarriers.2.單選題Nowadays,acellphoneserviceisavailabletoeveryone,everywhere.Probablythousandsofpeoplehavealreadybeenusingit,butIjustdiscoveredit,soI'mgoingtoclaimitandalsonameit:FakeFoning.Thetechnologyhasbeenworkingwellformeattheoffice,butthereareinfiniteapplications.Virtuallyinanypublicspace.Sayyouworkatabiguniversitywithlotsoftalkyfacultymembersbuzzingabout.Now,sayyouneedtousetherestroom.Thetripdownthehallwilltakeapproximatelyonehour,becauseapersoncan’twalkintothosetalkypeoplewithoutgettingpulledasideforaquestion,abitofgossip,anewreadonacertainlineofParadiseLost.So,acellphone.Anycellphone.Justpickitup.Don'tdial.Justholdthatphonetoyourfaceandstarttalking.Walkconfidentlydownthehallengagedinfakeconversation,makingsuretotailorboththetopicandcontenttothepersonstandingbeforeyouwhomyouaretryingtoevade.Forstandardcolleagueavoidance,Isuggestfakechattingaboutfakebusiness:“Yes,I’mgladyoucalled,becausewereallyneedtohammeroutthedetails.What’sthat?Yes,IreadPage12,butifyoulookatthebottomof4,Ithinkyoucanseetheproblembeginsrightthere.”Beengagedinyourfakefoneconversation.Makeeyecontactwiththepeoplepassing,nodtothem,gesturekeeninterestintalkingtothematalatertime,pointtoyourphone,shrugandmoveon.Shoppersshouldconsiderfakefoninganytimetheyspotatalkyneighborintheproducedepartmentpinching(用手捏)unripepeaches.Withoutyourphoneatyourface,you'dbeinfora20-minutespeechonhowterribletheworldis.Oneimportantcautionaboutfakefoning.TheotherdayIwasfakefoningmywaypastacolleague,andhewasactuallyfollowingmetogetmyattention.IknewhewantedtoaskaboutaprojectIhadnotyetfinished.Iwastryingtobuymyselfsometime,soIcontinuedfakefoningwithmydoctor.“SoIdon’tneedtheoperation?Oh,doctor,thatisthebestnews.”Andthen:Brrrrrrng!Brrrrrmg!Brrrrrmg!Myphonestartedringing,righttherewhileitwasplantedonmyface.Mycolleaguelookedatme,andIathim,andnaturallyIgasped.“Whatisthematterwiththisthing?”Isaid,pullingthephoneawaytolookatit,andthenputtingitbacktomyear.“Hello?Areyoustillthere?”O(jiān)ops.1.WhichofthefollowingstatementisINCORRECT?2.Whatisfakingfoning?3.Intheauthor’sopinion,inordertomakefoninglookrealonehasto4.Whatdoesthelastexampleshow?5.Afterhisphonesuddenlybeganringing,theauthor問題1選項A.Cellphoneserviceispopularamongpeople.B.Fakefoningisanewcellphoneservice.C.Cellphonehasmuchuseinoffice.D.Fakefoningisanewdiscovery.問題2選項A.Adevicenewlyproduced.B.Astrategytoavoidpeople.C.Aserviceprovidedeverywhere.D.Askillofcommunication.問題3選項A.talkaboutinterestingmatters.B.holdthephonewhilewalking.C.appearabsorbedinconversation.D.behavepolitelytopeoplepassingby.問題4選項A.Onehastobecarefulwhilefakefoning.B.Oneeffectivewayistofakefoneone’sdoctor.C.Fakefoningmaynotdeceivepeople.D.Fakefoingisalwaysquitesuccessful.問題5選項A.immediatelystartedtalkingtothecaller.B.immediatelystartedtalkingtohiscolleague.C.putthephoneawayandstoppedtalking.D.continuedwithhisfakingconversation.3.單選題Everyoneinterviewedhadbeen（

）tounfairtreatment.問題1選項A.subjectedB.adjustedC.devotedD.entitled4.單選題Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemust（）thequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld-marketdemand.問題1選項A.improveB.enhanceC.gearD.guarantee5.單選題Thepolicemenwentintoaction（

）theyheardthealarm.問題1選項A.promptlyB.directlyC.quicklyD.presently6.單選題Itistimethatsomeonemadehim（

）oftheeffectsofhisactions.問題1選項A.unconsciousB.awareC.assuredD.thoughtful7.單選題Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningofageneraltheoryofleadership,fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotbeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers.Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere.Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined.Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademictrends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.It'sasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsotrueofleadership:"Theonlythingthatmattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained."Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone.Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisunderstandablewhyleadershipresearchandtheoryhavebeensofrustratingastodeservethelabel"thelaBreaTarPits"oforganizationalinquiry.LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.1.Severalbignamesarementionedinthefirstparagraphmainlytoshowtheir（）.2.Accordingtothewriter,people'sopinionsofleadershipareonthewholequite（）.3.Thewriterthinksthat（）.4."ThelaBreaTarPits"probablysignifiesthingsthat（）.5.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）?問題1選項A.differentstylesofleadershipB.effectiveexerciseofleadershipC.contributionstothetheoryofleadershipD.wisdominapplyingthetheoryofleadership問題2選項A.dividedB.originalC.misleadingD.sophisticated問題3選項A.manypeoplehavelaboredtobeleadersB.leadersarebeyondourunderstandingC.theessenceofleadershiphasnotbeengraspedD.thedefinitionsofleadershipshouldvary問題4選項A.canbetracedbacktotheprehistoricageB.aretrapsforthosewhowanttoinquireC.arelocatedinoneplaceforeverD.don'tdeservefullinvestigation問題5選項A.theinaccuratedefinitionsofleadershipB.thefamousleadersandtheirtheoriesC.thechangesinthetrendofleadershipD.theinconsistenttheoriesofleadership8.翻譯題TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.WhileitistruethatAmericansbelievethatclimbingtheeducationalladderleadstosuccess,theyarelesscertainthatintellectualachievement,whichisthemainpurposeoftheschools,istheonlyimportantfactorleadingtosuccess.Acompetitive-evenaggressive-personalityisseenasimportanttosuccess,especiallyinmen.Thedevelopmentofsocialandpoliticalskillsarealsoconsideredtobeveryimportant.TohelpAmericanstodeveloptheseotherimportantskills,schoolshaveaddedalargenumberofextracurricularactivitiestodailylifeatschool.Thisisespeciallytrueofhighschoolsandcollegesbutextendsdownintoelementaryschoolsaswell.Athletics,frequentlycalled"competitivesports",areperhapsthemostimportantoftheseactivities.Football,basketball,andbaseballteamsareseenasveryimportantinstudents,particularlyboys,the"winningspirit".Attimes,athleticteamsseemtobecomemoreimportanttosomestudentsandtheirparentsthanacademicprogramsofferedbytheschools.9.單選題Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagricultureliaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（營養(yǎng)成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（棲息地）Iossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What'smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050,yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe‘‘zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反兩方而)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?2.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（

）.3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfanningpractices?4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?問題1選項A.ByitsproductivityB.ByitssustainabilityC.ByitsimpactontheenvironmentD.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth問題2選項A.LocalizedpollutionB.theshrinkingoffarmlandC.competitionfromoverseasD.thedecreaseofbiodiversity問題3選項A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.問題4選項A.ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB.ItwillsupplymoreanimalproductsC.ItwillabandontraditionalfanningpracticesD.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment問題5選項A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.10.單選題Thepolicewerealertedthattheescapedcriminalmightbeinthe（）.問題1選項A.vainB.vicinityC.courtD.jail11.單選題AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.Ofallthebirdsonthesecliffs,theblack-leggedkittiwakegullisthebestsuitedfornestingonnarrowledges.Althoughitsnestinghabitsaresimilartothoseofgullsthatnestonflatground,thereareanumberofimportantdifferencesrelatedtothecliff-nestinghabit,Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.Thisimmunityhasbeenfollowedbyarelaxationofthedefenses,andkittiwakesdonotreacttopredatorsnearlyasfiercelyasdoground-nestinggulls.AcolonyofBonaparte'sgullsrespondstotheappearanceofapredatoryherringgullbyflyingupasagroupwithaclamorofalarmcalls,followedbyconcertedmobbing,butkittiwakessimplyignoreherringgulfs,sincetheyposelittlethreattonestsoncliffs.Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest.Mostgullskeepthenestareaclearofdroppings,andremoveemptyeggshellsafterthechickshavehatched,sothatthelocationofthenestisnotgivenaway.Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous.Ontheotherhand,nestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andkittiwakebehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.Thefemalekittiwakesitswhenmating,whereasothergullsstand,sothepairwillnotoverbalanceandfallofftheledge.Thenestisadeepcup,madeofmudorseaweed,toholdtheeggssafely,comparedwiththeshallowscrapeofothergulls,andthechicksareremarkablyimmobileuntilfullygrown.Theydonotrunfromtheirnestswhenapproached,andiftheyshouldcomeneartothecliffedge,theyinstinctivelyturnback.1.Whataspectofthekittiwakegulldoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?2.Theword“immunity”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto（）.3.Whyisitdifficultforravenstostealthekittiwakes'eggs?4.Theauthormentionsthateggshellslitterthenestsofkittiwakesinorderto（）.5.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingbirdsconcealtheirnest?問題1選項A.ItsdefensivebehaviorB.ItinteractionswithothergullspeciesC.ItsnestinghabitsD.Itsphysicaldifferencefromothergullspecies問題2選項A.distanceB.transitionC.protectionD.reminder問題3選項A.Thekittiwakescanseetheravensapproachingthenest.B.Theravenscannotlandonthenarrowledgeswherekittiwakesnest.C.Thekittiwakes'eggsaretoobigfortheravenstocarry.D.Thefemalekittiwakesrarelyleavethenest.問題4選項A.demonstratethatkittiwakesarenotconcernedaboutpredatorsB.provehowbusykittiwakesareincaringfortheiroffspringC.showasimilaritytoothertypesofgullsD.illustratekittiwakes’lackofconcernfortheirchick問題5選項A.Bonaparte’sgullsB.AtlanticpuffinsC.KittiwakegullsD.Northerngannets12.單選題Thepresidentmadea（

）speechattheopeningceremonyofthesportsmeeting,whichencouragedthesportsmengreatly.問題1選項A.vigorousB.tediousC.flatD.harsh13.單選題Theyaretryingto（

）thewastedischargedbythefactoryforprofit.問題1選項A.exposeB.exhaustC.exhibitD.exploit14.單選題Threeuniversitydepartmentshavebeen（

）$600,000todevelopgoodpracticeinteachingandlearning.問題1選項A.promotedB.includedC.securedD.awarded15.單選題ConradHiltonreallywantedtobeabanker.Instead,hesuccessfullychangedthe（1）purchaseofaTexaslow-endhotelintoamultimillion-dollarhotelempirethatearnedhimthe（2）“innkeepertotheworld.”BorninNewMexicoin1887,Hiltonwas19whenhisparentsbeganrentingoutroomsintheirhome.Thebusinessdidn’tinteresthim,（3）,sohebecamea（4）legislator,foundedabankandwentofftowar.In1919,afterHilton’sfatherdied,afriendsuggestedhe（5）toTexastomakehis（6）.HiltonendedupinCisco,whenhisbankdealthere（7）,heheadedtoanearbyhotel,theMobley.It（8）tooil-fieldworkers,soits40roomsturnedover（9）eighthours.Aweeklater,Hiltonownedit.Hesoonacquiredmorehotels—andstartedtobuildnewones.Hisfirst,theDallasHilton,openedin1925.Bythelate1940s,Hilton’slistincludedtheTownHouseinBeverlyHillsandChicago’sPalmerHouse,aswellas（10）nightclubs（11）A-liststars.Healsoexpandedinternationally.Andin1949,heboughtthe“greatestofthemall”:NewYorkCity’smagnificentWaldorf-Astoria.TypicallyAmerican,Hiltonswere（12）too:thefirst（13）haveroomswithair-conditioning,TVs,ironingboardsandsewingkits.Evenmodernhotel-reservationssystems（14）fromoneHiltonwhichwasestablishedin1948TodaytheHiltonHotelsCorpownssome3,300（15）in78countries.Lastyearmorethanaquarter-billion

問題1選項A.goodB.compulsoryC.greatD.casual問題2選項A.incomeB.livingC.nicknameD.penname問題3選項A.howeverB.thereforeC.ifD.when問題4選項A.nationalityB.stateC.raceD.ethnic問題5選項A.wentB.goC.goesD.togo問題6選項A.lifeB.achievementC.fortuneD.subsistence問題7選項A.worseB.souredC.soaredD.unstable問題8選項A.cateredB.providedC.ledD.granted問題9選項A.everyB.anyC.someD.each問題10選項A.shabbyB.decoratedC.vacantD.luxurious問題11選項A.featureB.featuringC.featuredD.features問題12選項A.optimisticB.giftedC.incentiveD.creative問題13選項A.whereB.toC.atD.how問題14選項A.evolvedB.revolvedC.involvedD.resolved問題15選項A.lobbiesB.terracesC.propertiesD.balconies第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】第1題:A第2題:C第3題:C第4題:D第5題:B【解析】1.主旨大意題。第一段先指出“當企業(yè)從事海外業(yè)務時通常都會接觸到來著不同文化的人”,后面分別從時間觀、貨幣兌換以及貿易壁壘三個方面舉例闡述并給出建議。故A項“如何在國際貿易中獲得成功”最適合做文章標題。2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞tardybusinesspeople定位至第二段:Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness(遲到的外貿業(yè)務人員通常會遭遇長吋間等候，這也是一種讓他們知道準吋的重要性的方法)。因此C項“通常需要在門外等候”正確。3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞conversionrates定位至第三段:Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday(匯率是由支持貨幣流通的市場情況決定的。因此，盡管匯率每天都會波動，但也會有一個既定的比率),故選C“每天都會變化”。4.判斷推理題。文章主要討論的是海外貿易過程中可能遇到的因地區(qū)差異導致的問題,因此推測文章的目標受眾是“商業(yè)人士”。5.判斷推理題。最后一段講到了國際貿易中的第三個問題-貿易壁壘,最后一句指出:Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs(兩種最主要的進口壁壘就是配額與關稅),因此推測下一段將討論“配額與關稅”。2.【答案】第1題:B第2題:B第3題:C第4題:A第5題:B【解析】1.推理判斷題。本題要找出說法錯誤的選項，可采用排除法。文章第一句提到任何人在任何地方都可以使用手機服務，因此選項A“手機服務對人們來說很普遍”正確。B選項說fakefoning是一項新的手機服務，明顯錯誤。而由文章第二段可知，這種方法在辦公室非常有用，故C項正確。文章第一段第二句指出可能已經(jīng)有相當多的人在用這種方法了，但作者才剛剛發(fā)現(xiàn)，故D項正確。因此本題正確答案應為B項。2.推理判斷。本題詢問fakefoning的含義，這正是文章的主題。雖然原文沒有給出fakefoning的確切定義，但通過原文內容推理可知，fakefoning就是假裝接聽手機的意思。而foning也假借了ph的發(fā)音，其含義其實就是phoning。由原文第四段和第五段可以看出，這種假裝接電話的目的是colleagueavoidance，故B選項正確。其余選項均為對文中語句的混淆解釋。3.推理判斷題。題干詢問“為了讓假接手機看起來更真實，作者認為應該怎么做”。由原文第四段最后一句可知，要根據(jù)你想要避開的人而改變談論的主題和內容，因此不能只談論有趣的話題，故A項錯誤。而“走路的時候拿著手機”顯然也不能單純地提高真實性，故B項錯誤。根據(jù)原文第七段可知，要專注接聽電話，對路過的人只需用眼神交流一下，點點頭，同時還要指指電話，表示在講電話，只能以后再聊，但并不能推斷出這種禮貌地回應能讓假接手機看起來更真實，故D項錯誤。只有C項“裝成投入到交談中的樣子（沒有注意到旁人）”最真實，最符合題意。因此，本題正確答案為C選項。4.推理判斷題。題干詢問文中最后一個例子的含義，其實也就是詢問最后四段的主旨。這個例子是講作者有一次在假裝接電話時，正好有一個電話打進來，作者只好急中生智，裝成手機出問題斷線了，而自己還不知道后面又繼續(xù)通話，可見假接電話也要多加小心，故A選項正確。在這個例子中，作者只是剛好假裝在和醫(yī)生通話，故B選項錯誤。C選項認為fakefoning可能欺騙不了別人，是片面的，作者就很巧妙地化解了尷尬局面，成功騙了同事。選項D說假裝接電話總是成功的，根據(jù)最后這個例子來看這也未必，還是需要小心的。因此本題正確答案為A選項。5.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段可知，當電活鈴突然響起時，作者正好與同事四目相對，但是作者并未驚慌，只是很自然地說道：“這東西出什么毛病了?”同時拿開手機看了一下，然后重新放回耳邊說到：“喂喂喂，還在嗎?”由此可以看出，作者是對同事說了一句話，因此本題正確答案為B選項。3.【答案】A【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。subject“使……隸屬；使屈從于……”；adjust“調整，使……適合”；devote“致力于；奉獻”；entitle“定名為……；使……有權利”。根據(jù)后面的unfairtreatment(不公平待遇)可推測空格處應該填入一個帶有貶義的詞，besubjectto是一個固定詞組，意思是“遭受”，選項A符合題意。句意：每個被采訪的人都遭遇過不公平的對待。4.【答案】C【解析】近義詞辨析題。A選項improve“改善，增加”；B選項enhance“提高，加強”；C選項gear“使...適合”，后面通常接介詞to；D選項guarantee“擔保，保證”。句意：為了在國家間激烈的貿易競爭中生存，我們必須使我們生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品的質量和種類適應世界市場的需求。選項C更符合語境。5.【答案】B【解析】句意:警察一聽到警報就馬上行動了起來。語法題?？疾檫B詞。分析題干可知,此處需填入連詞連接前后句子。只有B項directly能夠作連詞，表示“一…就…”。6.【答案】B【解析】考察形容詞詞義辨析。unconscious“無意識的；失去知覺的”；aware“意識到的;知道的”；assured“確定的；自信的”；thoughtful“體貼的”。句意：應該有人使他意識到他的行為的影響了。選項B符合題意。7.【答案】第1題:C第2題:A第3題:C第4題:B第5題:D【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：第一段中提到這幾位偉人的名字是為了表明什么？根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我們對領導力的初識源于歷史和社會的研究，尤其是從反思性實踐者的思想而來，譬如摩西、凱撒大帝和詹姆斯?麥迪遜；在我們自己的時代就來源于甘地、溫斯頓?丘吉爾、毛澤東和亨利?基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位領導人的目的，是想表明他們對于領導力理論的貢獻。因此本題正確答案選C。2.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者認為，人們對領導力的看法總體上是怎樣的。根據(jù)原文第三段Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist...以及Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother可知，人們對領導力存在多種解釋并且大多數(shù)的定義都不一致。因此，作者認為人們對于領導力的觀點是分化的，故本題正確答案為A項。3.觀點態(tài)度題。由原文第二段Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.可知，幾十年的學術分析為我們提供了350多種領導力的定義。僅在過去的75年里，人們就對領導者進行了成千上萬的實證研究，但對于如何區(qū)分領導者和非領導者，或許更重要的是如何區(qū)分有效的領導者和無效的領導者，以及有效的組織和無效的組織，卻沒有明確的認識。由此可知，C選項“領導力的本質還沒有被掌握”符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項。4.詞匯題。將thelaBreaTarPits定位到原文最后一段，由后文信息LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.可知，這些瀝青坑位于洛杉磯，里面存放著一長串史前動物的遺骸，這些動物前來調查，但從未離開過這個地區(qū)。由此可知，這些瀝青坑是那些想要問問題的人的陷阱。故本題正確答案為B選項。5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了多年來，我們對什么是領導以及誰能行使領導職能的看法發(fā)生了很大變化；第二段雖然我們對領導力的認識有了更進一步的認識，但是這樣的研究還遠遠不夠；最后兩段講了關于領導力的解釋五花八門，但這些解釋都不充分且互相抵觸，許多理論都只是暫時的，經(jīng)不住時間的考驗。由此可知，文章主要闡述的是對于領導力的理論不一致，故本題正確答案為D項。8.【答案】盡管美國人的確認為教育是通向成功的階梯，但他們并不確定，作為學校教育主要目的的知識成就是通向成功的唯一重要因素。人們認為爭強好勝甚至帶有侵略性的個性，對取得成功很重要，特別是對男人而言。社交能力和政治技能的培養(yǎng)也非常重要。為了幫助美國人培養(yǎng)這些另外的重要技能，學校在日常生活中增加了大量課外活動。高中和大學尤其如此，而且也延伸到了小學。田徑運動，常被稱為“競技體育”，可能是這些活動中最重要的。足球、籃球和棒球隊對學生，尤其是男生來說，被視為非常重要的“求勝精神”。有時，對于一些學生和家長來說，運動隊似乎比學校提供的學術課程更為重要。9.【答案】第1題:B第2題:D第3題:C第4題:A第5題:D【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞measureprogressinagriculture定位至第一段:Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives(這一點在農業(yè)領域表現(xiàn)得尤為突出，在該領域中，人們常常在未從歷史、文化的角度予以適當考慮的情況下，認為可持續(xù)發(fā)展史衡量農業(yè)進步的唯一方法),因此B項“可持續(xù)性”正確。2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞Specialization和increaseyields定位至第三段:Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields(來自海外的競爭壓力使得農民們不得不進行專門的研究來增加作物的產(chǎn)量),該段還指出:However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity(但是，這些變化也導致棲息地的損失和生物多樣性的不斷減少),故選D“生物多樣性的減少”。3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞traditionalfanningpractices定位至第五段:Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones(比如，我們若要摒棄這樣的想法:傳統(tǒng)的做法必然會比新的做法更能夠促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展)。因此C項“這些做法不一定是可持續(xù)性的”正確。4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞inthe21stcentury定位至第五段:Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th(所有這一切意味著，21世紀的農業(yè)生產(chǎn)將會與20世紀的農業(yè)生產(chǎn)截然不同)。故選A“將會經(jīng)歷巨變”。5.主旨大意題。最后一段點明主題:Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction(關鍵是我們需要認識到，可持續(xù)性農業(yè)并不只是糧食生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性)。因此D項“催促人們重新思考什么是可持續(xù)性農業(yè)”正確。10.【答案】B【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項vain“徒勞的”，和介詞in搭配意為“徒勞無功的”，中間不接定冠詞the；B選項vicinity“鄰近，附近”；C選項court“法院，球場”；D選項jail“監(jiān)獄”。句意：警方被提醒逃犯可能就在附近。選項B符合句意。11.【答案】第1題:C第2題:C第3題:B第4題:A第5題:A【解析】1.主旨大意題。分析文章內容可知，第一段主要講不同于其它海鷗，三趾鷗習慣在峭壁上筑巢；第二段講三趾鷗在峭壁上筑巢的優(yōu)勢；最后一段講了三趾鷗如何適應在峭壁上筑巢。由此可知，本文敘述的主要內容是三趾鷗的筑巢習慣。因此，本題正確答案為C項。詞匯題。2.由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgives