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----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----3(30分)Project:ControlLoopDesignandSimulationofaBoostConverterFig.1showsacircuitdiagramofaboostconverterandtheparametersforcircuitelements.Fig.1.Boostconvertercircuitdiagramandsystemparameters1)Derivethelarge-signalaveragemodeloftheboostconverteranddrawthecorrespondingcircuitdiagram.Derivethesmall-signalmodeloftheboostconverteranddrawthecorrespondingcircuitdiagram.Fromthesmall-signalmodel,derivethecontroltooutputtransferfunctionandplotitsfrequency-domainresponse(Bodeplot)withMATLAB‘bode’command.Designacontrollertocompensatetheopen-loopBodeplotwithMATLAB‘sisotool’toolbox. Clearlymarkthepolesandzerosofthedesignedcontrollerandthephasemarginofthecompensatedsystem. Writedownthecontrollertransferfunction.SimulatetheperformanceofthecompensatedconvertersysteminMATLAB/Simulinkwiththeconverteraveragemodelandthedesignedcontroller.Adddisturbancestotheinputvoltageandloadpowerandrecordtheoutputvoltagewaveforms.Areportcontainingtheabovefiveaspectsisrequired.----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----準(zhǔn)備工作:小信號(hào)模型是一種平均模型,它是假設(shè)在穩(wěn)態(tài)情況下,對(duì)系統(tǒng)加boost電路(220kHz),所以,可以利用小信號(hào)的方法,來得到系----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----CRc來說非常小,因此在建模的時(shí)候可以直接忽略。1、大信號(hào)平均狀態(tài)方程的建立

相對(duì)于負(fù)載電阻RL----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----假設(shè)有一開關(guān)函數(shù)s(t10。當(dāng)s(t1時(shí),根據(jù)電感兩端電壓和通過電容的電流列方程:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----u(t)L

di(t)L V

(t)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- L dt g

(1)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- du(t) u(t)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----ic

(t)C c cdt RL----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----當(dāng)s(t0時(shí),根據(jù)電感兩端電壓和通過電容的電流列方程:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----u(t)L

di(t)L u

(t)V

(t)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----L dt c g

(2)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- i(t)C

dv(t)

i(t)v(t)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- c

dt R----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----d,將(1)d,將(2)兩式乘(1d,并分別將兩式相加并化簡可以得到:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----L diL L

(t)V

(t)(1d(t))u

(t)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- dt g c

(3)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- du(t) u(t)C c (1d(t))i(t) c dt L R這就是boost電路的大信號(hào)平均模型。等效電路如下圖所示:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----<i>g

v+< L>-L><i>>C----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----d<ic> +C R <v>-1平均模型等效電路2、小信號(hào)模型的建立 ----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----加入擾動(dòng)量i 、u、d、VL c s

,可以得到如下的小信號(hào)擾動(dòng)模型:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- d(IL

i)

----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----L dt L

(Vg

V )(D1dg c

u)c

(4)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----d ic dd icC c

u)c

(1D)(I )

u)c----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- dt

L L R----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----忽略高階無窮小項(xiàng)及穩(wěn)態(tài)項(xiàng)可以得到其小信號(hào)模型如下:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- di

----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----L LV (D1)udU----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- dt g c c

(5)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----Cduc

(1D)idI uc----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- dt

L L R----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----若為電阻性負(fù)載,假設(shè):Z R ,并令D'1DRCs1根據(jù)上式,我們可以畫出小信號(hào)模型的電壓回路及電流回路等效電路圖:1電壓回路等效電路----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----圖2電流回路等效電路從圖12可以看出,兩個(gè)回路有一定的關(guān)系,電壓回路中,受控電壓1D'D倍,所以,可以利用一理想變壓器將這兩個(gè)電路連接起來,如圖3所示。圖3BOOST電路等效模型根據(jù)圖33進(jìn)行4s域等效電路圖。圖4BOOST電路s域下的等效電路模型----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----由于在小信號(hào)下建立的模型,那么在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí),必定滿足以下關(guān)系: dIL LV (D)0----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- dt g c

(6)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- dU UC dtc(D)I c0L R可以得到穩(wěn)態(tài)值:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----I L

UcD'R (7)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----U Vg c D'4Boost變換器線性化小信號(hào)交流模型:圖5 s域等效電路(3)根據(jù)圖5,忽略電容內(nèi)阻,進(jìn)行拉式變換可以得到如下的結(jié)果:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- sL(t)(t)(1

(t)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享---- L g c

(8)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----sC(t)(1(t)I1

(t)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----c L L R c----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----轉(zhuǎn)化為傳遞函數(shù)可得:1

V (1s L )----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----??

1D

(1D)2

R(1D)L LCL LC----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----L LC1s s2 g 1s s2L LCR(1D)2 (1D)2 R(1D)2 (1D)2 (9)D0.6,Vg48V,V120V100μH,電容值為330μF,電阻值為12Ω,只考慮脈沖擾動(dòng)的影響,可得占空比d?(s)和輸V之間的傳遞函數(shù):----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----G -0.01333s+800 (10)vd 1.32e-07s^2+3.333e-05s+1在matlab中繪制bode圖如下:圖1傳遞函數(shù)伯德圖(4)控制器的設(shè)計(jì)MATLAB的“sisotolBode繪圖進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。明確設(shè)計(jì)控制器的極點(diǎn)和零點(diǎn),補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)的相位裕度。寫下控制器傳遞函數(shù)。圖2控制器的設(shè)計(jì)圖----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----控制器設(shè)計(jì)為三階,控制器傳遞函數(shù)為C(s) 133670(s+2000)(s+630) (11)(s+0.001)(s+15000)(s+150000)(5)MATLAB/Simulink中進(jìn)行仿真,圖3變換器的平均模型仿真圖4仿真結(jié)果----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----統(tǒng)計(jì)建模與R軟件第五章習(xí)題答案(假設(shè)檢驗(yàn))Ex5.1>x<-c(220,188,162,230,145,160,238,188,247,113,126,245,164,231,256,183,190,158,224,175)>t.test(x,mu=225)OneSamplet-testdata: xt=-3.4783,df=19,p-value=0.002516alternativehypothesis:truemeanisnotequalto22595percentconfidenceinterval:172.3827211.9173sampleestimates:meanofx192.15原假設(shè):油漆工人的血小板計(jì)數(shù)與正常成年男子無差異。備擇假設(shè):油漆工人的血小板計(jì)數(shù)與正常成年男子有差異。p值小于0.05,拒絕原假設(shè),認(rèn)為油漆工人的血小板計(jì)數(shù)與正常成年男子有差異。>t.test(x,mu=225,alternative="less")OneSamplet-testdata: xt=-3.4783,df=19,p-value=0.001258alternativehypothesis:truemeanislessthan22595percentconfidenceinterval:-Inf208.4806sampleestimates:meanofx192.15同樣可得出油漆工人的血小板計(jì)數(shù)小于正常成年男子的結(jié)論。Ex5.2>pnorm(1000,mean(x),sd(x))[1]0.5087941>x[1]1067 9191196 7851126 936 9181156 920 948>pnorm(1000,mean(x),sd(x))----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----[1]0.5087941x<=1000的概率為0.509,故x大于1000的概率為0.491.要點(diǎn):pnorm計(jì)算正態(tài)分布的分布函數(shù)。在R軟件中,計(jì)算值均為下分位點(diǎn)。Ex5.3>A<-c(113,120,138,120,100,118,138,123)>B<-c(138,116,125,136,110,132,130,110)>t.test(A,B,paired=TRUE)Pairedt-testdata: AandBt=-0.6513,df=7,p-value=0.5357alternativehypothesis:truedifferenceinmeansisnotequalto095percentconfidenceinterval:-15.62889 8.87889sampleestimates:meanofthedifferences-3.375p值大于0.05,接受原假設(shè),兩種方法治療無差異。Ex5.4(1)正態(tài)性W檢驗(yàn):>x<-c(-0.7,-5.6,2,2.8,0.7,3.5,4,5.8,7.1,-0.5,2.5,-1.6,1.7,3,0.4,4.5,4.6,2.5,6,-1.4)>y<-c(3.7,6.5,5,5.2,0.8,0.2,0.6,3.4,6.6,-1.1,6,3.8,2,1.6,2,2.2,1.2,3.1,1.7,-2)>shapiro.test(x)Shapiro-Wilknormalitytestdata: xW=0.9699,p-value=0.7527>shapiro.test(y)Shapiro-Wilknormalitytestdata: yW=0.971,p-value=0.7754ks檢驗(yàn):>ks.test(x,"pnorm",mean(x),sd(x))----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----One-sampleKolmogorov-Smirnovtestdata: xD=0.1065,p-value=0.977alternativehypothesis:two-sidedWarningmessage:Inks.test(x,"pnorm",mean(x),sd(x)):cannotcomputecorrectp-valueswithties>ks.test(y,"pnorm",mean(y),sd(y))One-sampleKolmogorov-Smirnovtestdata: yD=0.1197,p-value=0.9368alternativehypothesis:two-sidedWarningmessage:Inks.test(y,"pnorm",mean(y),sd(y)):cannotcomputecorrectp-valueswithtiespearson擬合優(yōu)度檢驗(yàn),以x為例。>sort(x)[1]-5.6-1.6-1.4-0.7-0.5 0.4 0.7 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0[16] 4.5 4.6 5.8 6.0 7.1>x1<-table(cut(x,br=c(-6,-3,0,3,6,9)))>p<-pnorm(c(-3,0,3,6,9),mean(x),sd(x))>p[1]0.048947120.249900090.620022880.900758560.98828138>p<-c(p[1],p[2]-p[1],p[3]-p[2],p[4]-p[3],1-p[4]);p[1]0.048947120.200952980.370122780.280735680.09924144>chisq.test(x1,p=p)Chi-squaredtestforgivenprobabilitiesdata: x1X-squared=0.5639,df=4,p-value=0.967Warningmessage:Inchisq.test(x1,p=p):Chi-squaredapproximationmaybeincorrectp值為0.967,接受原假設(shè),x符合正態(tài)分布。(2)方差相同模型t檢驗(yàn):>t.test(x,y,var.equal=TRUE)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----TwoSamplet-testdata: xandyt=-0.6419,df=38,p-value=0.5248alternativehypothesis:truedifferenceinmeansisnotequalto095percentconfidenceinterval:-2.326179 1.206179sampleestimates:meanofxmeanofy2.065 2.625方差不同模型t檢驗(yàn):>t.test(x,y)WelchTwoSamplet-testdata: xandyt=-0.6419,df=36.086,p-value=0.525alternativehypothesis:truedifferenceinmeansisnotequalto095percentconfidenceinterval:-2.32926 1.20926sampleestimates:meanofxmeanofy2.065 2.625配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn):>t.test(x,y,paired=TRUE)Pairedt-testdata: xandyt=-0.6464,df=19,p-value=0.5257alternativehypothesis:truedifferenceinmeansisnotequalto095percentconfidenceinterval:-2.373146 1.253146sampleestimates:meanofthedifferences-0.56三種檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果都顯示兩組數(shù)據(jù)均值無差異。(3)方差檢驗(yàn):>var.test(x,y)Ftesttocomparetwovariances----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----data: xandyF=1.5984,numdf=19,denomdf=19,p-value=0.3153alternativehypothesis:trueratioofvariancesisnotequalto195percentconfidenceinterval:0.63265054.0381795sampleestimates:ratioofvariances1.598361接受原假設(shè),兩組數(shù)據(jù)方差相同。Ex5.5>a<-c(126,125,136,128,123,138,142,116,110,108,115,140)>b<-c(162,172,177,170,175,152,157,159,160,162)正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),采用ks檢驗(yàn):>ks.test(a,"pnorm",mean(a),sd(a))One-sampleKolmogorov-Smirnovtestdata: aD=0.1464,p-value=0.9266alternativehypothesis:two-sided>ks.test(b,"pnorm",mean(b),sd(b))One-sampleKolmogorov-Smirnovtestdata: bD=0.2222,p-value=0.707alternativehypothesis:two-sidedWarningmessage:Inks.test(b,"pnorm",mean(b),sd(b)):cannotcomputecorrectp-valueswithtiesa和b都服從正態(tài)分布。方差齊性檢驗(yàn):>Ftesttocomparetwovariancesdata: aandbF=1.9646,numdf=11,denomdf=9,p-value=0.3200alternativehypothesis:trueratioofvariancesisnotequalto195percentconfidenceinterval:----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----0.50219437.0488630sampleestimates:ratioofvariances1.964622ab的方差相同。t檢驗(yàn):>t.test(a,b,var.equal=TRUE)TwoSamplet-testdata: aandbt=-8.8148,df=20,p-value=2.524e-08alternativehypothesis:truedifferenceinmeansisnotequalto095percentconfidenceinterval:-48.24975-29.78358sampleestimates:meanofxmeanofy125.5833 164.6000可認(rèn)為兩者有差別。Ex5.6二項(xiàng)分布總體的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn):>binom.test(57,400,p=0.147)Exactbinomialtestdata: 57and400numberofsuccesses=57,numberoftrials=400,p-value=0.8876alternativehypothesis:trueprobabilityofsuccessisnotequalto0.14795percentconfidenceinterval:0.10974770.1806511sampleestimates:probabilityofsuccess0.1425P值>0.05,故接受原假設(shè),表示調(diào)查結(jié)果支持該市老年人口的看法Ex5.7二項(xiàng)分布總體的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn):>binom.test(178,328,p=0.5,alternative="greater")Exactbinomialtestdata: 178and328numberofsuccesses=178,numberoftrials=328,p-value=0.06794----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----alternativehypothesis:trueprobabilityofsuccessisgreaterthan0.595percentconfidenceinterval:0.49576161.0000000sampleestimates:probabilityofsuccess0.5426829不能認(rèn)為這種處理能增加母雞的比例。Ex5.8利用pearson卡方檢驗(yàn)是否符合特定分布:>chisq.test(c(315,101,108,32),p=c(9,3,3,1)/16)Chi-squaredtestforgivenprobabilitiesdata: c(315,101,108,32)X-squared=0.47,df=3,p-value=0.9254接受原假設(shè),符合自由組合定律。Ex5.9利用pearson卡方檢驗(yàn)是否符合泊松分布:>n<-length(z)>y<-c(92,68,28,11,1,0)>x<-0:5>q<-ppois(x,mean(rep(x,y)));n<-length(y)>p[1]<-q[1];p[n]=1-q[n-1]>chisq.test(y,p=p)Chi-squaredtestforgivenprobabilitiesdata: yX-squared=2.1596,df=5,p-value=0.8267Warningmessage:Inchisq.test(y,p=p):Chi-squaredapproximationmaybeincorrect重新分組,合并頻數(shù)小于5的組:>z<-c(92,68,28,12)>n<-length(z);p<-p[1:n-1];p[n]<-1-q[n-1]>chisq.test(z,p=p)Chi-squaredtestforgivenprobabilitiesdata: zX-squared=0.9113,df=3,p-value=0.8227可認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)服從泊松分布。----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----Ex5.10ks檢驗(yàn)兩個(gè)分布是否相同:>x<-c(2.36,3.14,752,3.48,2.76,5.43,6.54,7.41)>y<-c(4.38,4.25,6.53,3.28,7.21,6.55)>ks.test(x,y)Two-sampleKolmogorov-Smirnovtestdata: xandyD=0.375,p-value=0.6374alternativehypothesis:two-sidedEx5.11列聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)的性檢驗(yàn):>x<-c(358,2492,229,2745)>dim(x)<-c(2,2)>chisq.test(x)Pearson'sChi-squaredtestwithYates'continuitycorrectiondata: xX-squared=37.4143,df=1,p-value=9.552e-10P值<0.05,拒絕原假設(shè),有影響。Ex5.12列聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)的性檢驗(yàn):>y[,1][,2][,3][1,]451210[2,]462028[3,]282330[4,]111235>chisq.test(y)Pearson'sChi-squaredtestdata: yX-squared=40.401,df=6,p-value=3.799e-07P值<0.05,拒絕原假設(shè),不,有關(guān)系。Ex5.13因有的格子的頻數(shù)小于5,故采用fiser確切概率法檢驗(yàn)性。>fisher.test(x)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----Fisher'sExactTestforCountDatadata: xp-value=0.6372alternativehypothesis:trueoddsratioisnotequalto195percentconfidenceinterval:0.046243825.13272210sampleestimates:oddsratio0.521271p值大于0.05,兩變量,兩種工藝對(duì)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量沒有影響。Ex5.14由于是在相同個(gè)體上的兩次試驗(yàn),故采用McNemar檢驗(yàn)。>mcnemar.test(x)McNemar'sChi-squaredtestdata: xMcNemar'schi-squared=2.8561,df=3,p-value=0.4144p值大于0.05,不能認(rèn)定兩種方法測定結(jié)果不同。Ex5.15符號(hào)檢驗(yàn):H0:中位數(shù)>=14.6;H1:中位數(shù)<14.6>x<-c(13.32,13.06,14.02,11.86,13.58,13.77,13.51,14.42,14.44,15.43)>binom.test(sum(x)>14.6,length(x),al="l")Exactbinomialtestdata: sum(x)>14.6andlength(x)numberofsuccesses=1,numberoftrials=10,p-value=0.01074alternativehypothesis:trueprobabilityofsuccessislessthan0.595percentconfidenceinterval:0.00000000.3941633sampleestimates:probabilityofsuccess0.1拒絕原假設(shè),中位數(shù)小于14.6Wilcoxon符號(hào)秩檢驗(yàn):>wilcox.test(x,mu=14.6,al="l",exact=F)----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----Wilcoxonsignedranktestwithcontinuitycorrectiondata: xV=4.5,p-value=0.01087alternativehypothesis:truelocationislessthan14.6拒絕原假設(shè),中位數(shù)小于14.6Ex5.16符號(hào)檢驗(yàn)法:>x<-c(48,33,37.5,48,42.5,40,42,36,11.3,22,36,27.3,14.2,32.1,52,38,17.3,20,21,46.1)>y<-c(37,41,23.4,17,31.5,40,31,36,5.7,11.5,21,6.1,26.5,21.3,44.5,28,22.6,20,11,22.3)>binom.test(sum(x>y),length(x))Exactbinomialtestdata: sum(x>y)andlength(x)numberofsuccesses=14,numberoftrials=20,p-value=0.1153alternativehypothesis:trueprobabilityofsuccessisnotequalto0.595percentconfidenceinterval:0.45721080.8810684sampleestimates:probabilityofsuccess0.7接受原假設(shè),無差別。Wilcoxon符號(hào)秩檢驗(yàn):>wilcox.test(x,y,paired=TRUE,exact=FALSE)Wilcoxonsignedranktestwithcontinuitycorrectiondata: xandyV=136,p-value=0.005191alternativehypothesis:truelocationshiftisnotequalto0拒絕原假設(shè),有差別。Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn):>wilcox.test(x,y,exact=FALSE)Wilcoxonranksumtestwithcontinuitycorrectiondata: xandy----宋停云與您分享--------宋停云與您分享----W=274.5,p-value=0.04524alternativehypothesis:truelocationshiftisnotequalto0拒絕原假設(shè),有差別。正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn):>ks.test(x,"pnorm",mean(x),sd(x))One-sampleKolmogorov-Smirnovtestdata: xD=0.1407,p-value=0.8235alternativehypothesis:two-sidedWarningmessage:Inks.test(x,"pnorm",mean(x),sd(x)):cannotcomputecorrectp-valueswithties>ks.test(y,"pnorm",mean(y),sd(y))One-sampleKolmogorov-Sm

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