學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)

學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)AcademicEnglishforMedicineUnit2ResurgentandEmergentDiseasesAlthoughgreatprogresshasbeenmadeinthetreatmentandpreventionofdiseasesinthelastcentury,thereisnoreasonforcomplacence.Humanhealthisconstantlythreatenednotonlybyemergingdiseasesbutalsobyre-emergingonesoncethoughttohavebeencontrolledoreradicated.Whatcausesnewdiseases?Whydotheoldenemiesresurge?Whatresourcesareavailableforustomeetsuchchallenges?Whatmeasuresshouldwetaketopreventandreducethosethreats?Thisunithelpsyoutogaininsightintothoseissues.Unit2ResurgentandEmergentDiseasesUnitContentsLead-inTextATextBTextCGet

readyforUnit3ListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inIssuestobecoveredTaskUnit2ResurgentandEmergentDiseases

Lead-in

Reasonsforemergingandre-emergingdiseasesUpdatedinformationaboutsomemostcommoninfectiousdiseasessuchasTBepidemicworldwideandparticularlyinChinaMeasurestobetakentoreduceandpreventoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesanddevelopmentofnoninfectiousdiseasesIssuestobecoveredLead-in

Whatcanbeseenfromthefollowingtitlesofnewsreports?WestNileoutbreaklargesteverinU.S./2023/08/22/health/west-nile-virus/index.html

August23,2023,theNewYorkTimesWestNileepidemic“worstinhistory”

asvirusinfects1,118inAmericaandleaves41deadhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2192303/West-Nile-virus-West-Nile-epidemic-worst-history-virus-infects-1-118-America-leaves-41-dead.html23August2023Page26Lead-ininformation-fillingtaskOutbreakYearCausePrevalenceSARS2023-2023SARS

coronavirusStartinginChinaandspreadinggloballyAvianflu2023H5N1FirstreportedinSouthKoreaandbecomingaglobaloutbreakSwineflu2023H1N1ApandemicstartinginMexicoPage26TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking–Topicsforpresentation–Usefulexpressions

–DifficultsentencesSuggestedanswersPage26TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterReemergingDiseasesBevulnerabletotheancientmicrobialenemiesPage26TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterinternecinesquabblesinCongress“NewFluStrainSpreads:DeathTollReachesHalfMillion.”Page26TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterSurgeonGeneralAntibioticsandvaccinesmedicalcommunityfrompenicillintopolioJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationdeathraterespiratoryinfections27TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterTheWorldHealthOrganizationWHOCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDCapreventionstrategypublicawarenessofinfectiousdiseasePage27TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterSixdiseasesidentifiedbyWTHtobemonitoredforre-emergenceDiphtheriaCholeradenguefeveryellowfeverbubonicplaguePage27TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterattendingtothehealthconditionsoftheglobethelastEbolaflare-uppathogenicmicrobespublichealthauthoritiestheepidemiologydivisioninColumbia’sSchoolofPublicHealthPage28TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterclinicalprofessorofmedicineinterimchiefofinfectiousdiseaseColumbia-PresbyterianMedicalCenterTBistheresultofsocioeconomicconditionsandhumanbehavior.PrisonsandhomelesssheltersasidealvenuesforTBspread,withconfinedpopulationsinclosequarters.Page28TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Knowledgeofthesubjectmatterdrugresistanceincompletecoursesofantibiotictherapy>>>>>>thehardiest>>>>>>>>>new,morepowerfullineagesmulti-drug-resistantstrainofTBTBalsohitchedarideontheHIVwagonbyattackingtheimmunocompromised—anemergingdiseasethushelpingreigniteanoldone.Page28TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Knowledgeofthesubjectmatterachangeinvirulence,reflectingmutationintheexteriorofthebacteriumThemisnamed“flesh-eatingbacteria”/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=61933/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis

rheumaticfeverscarletfeverPage28TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterFlulikewisechangesitscoatandinturnitslevelofvirulence.thepandemicof1918-1919/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic/uda/Thefluvirusisatrickster.Why?“Oldwineinnewbottles.”publichealthmeasures29TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterVaccinationpracticesthepertussisanddiphtheriathreatsneurologicalcomplicationsthewaningofimmunityacrumblingpublichealthinfrastructureorganizedvaccinationeffortsvaccinationratesDenguefeverPage29TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterEvenmalariahasthepotentialtobecomefamiliaragaindomestically,especiallyifwarmerweathercombinedwithurbanblightbringsmosquitoesandmalariacarrierstogether.withstagnantwaterservingasmosquitobreedingpoolsPage29TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterfutureheadlinesfreeofnewsofworldwidepandemicseternalvigilanceclosecooperationwiththeCDCPage30

Topicsforpresentation

1.Whatdoestheauthorimplybymentioningtwochoices?(Pre.1)People’sinadequateconsciousnessenoughabouttheconsequenceofneglectingtheemergingandreemerginginfectiousdiseasesUnjustifiabilityofpeople’scomplacencyaboutthepreventionandcontroloftheinfectiousdiseasesUnfinishedwaragainstinfectiousdiseasePage26TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking2.Describetheheadydaysofvictorydeclarationsandwhatfollowedeversince.(Pre.2)VictorydeclarationsSurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart’shyperbolicstatementofclosing“thebookoninfectiousdisease”AstringofimpressivevictoriesincurredbyantibioticsandvaccinesThethoughtthatthewaragainstinfectiousdiseaseswasalmostoverPage26TextA

CriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation2.Describetheheadydaysofvictorydeclarationsandwhatfollowedeversince.(Pre.2)Out-of-expectationoutcomeAppearanceofnewdiseasessuchasAIDSandEbolaComebackoftheoldafflictionsDiphtheriaintheformerSovietUnionTBinurbancenterslikeNewYorkCityRisingSroupAstreptococcalconditionslikescarletfeverThefearofapowerfulnewflustrainsweepingtheworldPage26TextA

CriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation

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Topicsforpresentation

3.Elaborateonthejoinedbattle.(Pre.3)WHO:establishmentofanewdivisiondevotedworldwidesurveillanceandcontrolofemergingdiseaseinOct.1995CDC:launchingpreventionstrategyin1994Congress:raisingfundfrom$6.7millionin1995to$26millionfor1997Page27

Topicsforpresentation

4.Justify“therealizationthatworldhealthisindivisible”.(Pre.4)AttentiontothehealthconditionsoftheglobebeforesatisfyingOURmostparochialneedsMeaninglessnessofborderstopathogenicmicrobesWith24hoursoftime,fromacrowdedmarketplaceinKikwit,ZairetoaNewYorkCitysubwayPage27TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking5.Exemplifythestatementthat“Everyreturningconditionmarchestothebeatofadifferentdrum.”(Pre.5)fluConstantchangesinitscoat(surfaceantigens)andresultantchangesinitslevelofvirulenceLoomingnextflupandemicasbadasthatof1918Page28TextA

CriticalreadingandthinkingTopicsforpresentation

TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Topicsforpresentation

5.Exemplifythestatementthat“Everyreturningconditionmarchestothebeatofadifferentdrum.”

(Pre.5)TBPrisonsandhomelesssheltersasidealvenuesforTBspread

Developmentofdrug-resistantstrainsorevenmulti-drug-resistantstrainArideontheHIVwagonbyattackingtheimmunocompromisedPage285.Exemplifythestatementthat“Everyreturningconditionmarchestothebeatofadifferentdrum.”(Pre.5)GroupAstrepAchangeinvirulenceMutationintheexteriorofthebacteriumfleshing-eatingbacteriaof1994rheumaticfeverscarletfeverPage28TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Topicsforpresentation

TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Topicsforpresentation

6.Vaccinationpracticesareattheheartofthemostinfectiousdiseases.Useexamplestoproveit.(Pre.6)WaningimmunitySeriousdiphtheriasituationintheformerSovietUnionDeteriorationinsomeAmericancitiesIncreasedreportsofmalariaPage29TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Topicsforpresentation

7.

WhatarethefourareasoffocusaccordingtoBobHoward?(Pre.7)NeedforsurveillanceUpdatedsciencecapableofdealingwithdiscoveriesinthefieldAppropriatepreventionandcontrolStrongpublichealthinfrastructurePage30

TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Topicsforpresentation

8.

“Oldenemiesneverdies.”Justifyitmedically.(Pre.8)ResurgenceofinfectiousdiseasesTBFluDiphtheriaScarletfeverPage26-30TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Usefulexpressions“closethebookoninfectiousdisease.”Page26TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

DifficultSentences…whichneverreallywentaway,thoughupscaleoperabuffsmighthavethoughtitwasconfinedtoproductionsof“LaBoheme”………雖然上層社會(huì)旳歌劇迷們可能覺(jué)得結(jié)核病只是歌劇《波西米亞人》中旳創(chuàng)作，而實(shí)際上,結(jié)核病就歷來(lái)沒(méi)有消失過(guò)……。歌劇《波西米亞人》旳女主人公咪咪死于肺結(jié)核。Page27TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

DifficultSentences“Emergence”isinfactregression,areturntothestandardthatprevaileduniversallyinthepreviouscentury,“出現(xiàn)新病”實(shí)際上是一種退步，又回到上個(gè)世紀(jì)普遍存在旳水平。Page27TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

DifficultSentences“Thewarhasbeenwon”,onescientistrecentlyquipped.“Bytheotherside.”“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利了”，近來(lái)有位科學(xué)家嘲弄道?！笔菍?duì)方（傳染?。┇@勝?！盤age27IllustrationbythefilmDustinHoffmanOutbreakPage27

Task1MedicalTerminology

EnglishChinese1.antigen抗原2.microbe微生物3.virulence毒力，毒性4.biological生物旳5.pandemic大流行6.antibiotic抗生素7.pathogenic致病旳8.epidemiology流行病學(xué)9.streptococcus鏈球菌10.immunocompromised免疫受損旳Page33-34TextASuggestedAnswers

TextA

Languagebuilding-up

Task2

SignpostLanguageClassificationtwochoicessixdiseasesfourareasoffocuskindtypekindPage35TextA

Languagebuilding-up

Task3FormalEnglish1.vanquished 2.sentiment3.venues 4.crumbling 5.quipped6.prevailed36AdditionalactivityResurgenttuberculosisisnotconfinedonlytoUK.Itisglobal,andChinaisnoexception.ItisurgentandpertinenttoknowthecurrentsituationoftuberculosisprevalenceinChina,whichcallsforaninvestigation.WorkinasmallgroupandconductaresearchfocusedonthefollowingaspectsinChina:historicalreviewofTBepidemiologycurrentincidenceofTBmeasuresandpoliciesadoptedtocontrolandpreventthedisease.Page44TextB

Page37CriticalreadingandthinkingSuggestedanswersTextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterBeingovershadowedbyHIV,malaria,andswinefluBeingconsignedbythepublictohistoryandnovelssuchasJaneEyrePublicignoranceofthefacts:aserioussituationPage37TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterRoughlyone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationinfectedwithtuberculosisbacilliAnewinfectionoccurringeverysecondOnein10developingintoactivedisease9.4millionpeoplein2023$1.1billionforHIV,$468.5millionformalaria,andjust$410.4millionforTBSpreadingdrugresistance,andevenmorefrighteningextensivelydrug-resistant(XDR)tuberculosisPage38TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterMalaria:

thelikesofCherylCole6andotherjet-settingsafariloversHIV:arelativelyaffluent,successfulpopulationofwhitemeninthedevelopedworldTuberculosis:however,adiseaseofthene’er-do-wells“thevanishedbloomandwastedflesh”ofsuffererswassplashedacrossplay-houses,poetryandnovelsTextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterTheaggressiveapproachinthescreeninganddiagnosisoflatenttuberculosisUS:screeningamongnewentrantsfromcountrieswithanincidencegreaterthan20per100,000populationUK:Furtherinvestigationsuggestedforthosefromcountrieswithanincidencegreaterthan20per100,000populationPage39TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

KnowledgeofthesubjectmatterUseoflowercut-offforpositivetuberculinskintestsbyUSMoreaggressiveinitstargetingandtreatmentofat-riskgroupsinUSPage39TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter

WorldTuberculosisDay(P40)On24MarcheachyearIncelebrationofDr.RobertKoch’sdiscoveryin1882ofthetuberculosisbacillusasthecauseofTBStopTuberculosisPartnership,aimingtohalvethenumbersofdeathsduetotuberculosisby2023Page40TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter

TuberculosisAlert(P40)Setupjustover10yearsagoInresponsetotheresurgentthreatoftuberculosisintheUKAimingtoheightenawarenessoftuberculosisandsupportcommunity-basedtreatmentintheUKandabroadContinuingtogrowPage40TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter

outreachwork(P40)ReachingouttothemorevulnerablemembersofsocietyExtensiontoothermajorcitiesPage40

TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter

thedutyofprofessionalsworkinginthehealthsystem(P41)TohelpputtuberculosisonboththepublicagendaandthatofthenewGovernmentToeducatelocalMP,encouragethemtojointheAPPGfortuberculosis,campaignforfurtherfundingtoimproveservicesandexpandresearchintonewmedicationsTosupportourpatientstospeakoutabouttheirexperiencesoftuberculosis,reducedelaytodiagnosisandhelptodispelthestigmaattachedtothisdiseasePage41TextA

Criticalreadingandthinking

UsefulexpressionsovershadowHewasanexcellentplayer,buthewasovershadowedbyJordan.themediaspotlighttheworld’ssecondmostlethalinfectiousdiseaseconsumptionhasbeeneradicatedinthedevelopedworldPage37TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

Whatdidtheyhaveincommon?JaneEyreLIN,DaiyuJaneAustenEdgarAllanPoetheBront?sisters38TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

Usefulexpressions

beinfectedwithaccordingtoestimates…toanestimated863,000deathsdrugresistanceextensivelydrug-resistanttotallydrug-resistantsideeffectsmedical,socialandpsychologicalsupportPage38TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

UsefulexpressionsthelikesofCherylColethelikesofJaneAusteninthedevelopedworldthemediainterestatitspeakPage38TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

UsefulexpressionsthegeneralpublicbehardtostomachOnarrivaltotheUKwithanormalchestradiographcosteffectivenesstuberculinskintestsInterferongammatestsfewerclinicvisitsat-riskgroupsPage39TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

UsefulexpressionsontracktoachievingthisinAmericathetopicunderdiscussionPage40TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

UsefulexpressionsintheUKandabroadinChinaandabroadbothabroadandathomeThepowerofpublicitytohelpimprovefundingandinvestmentshouldnotbeunderestimated.Page40TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

UsefulexpressionsgainaccesstothemorevulnerablemembersofsocietyintravenousdrugusersOtherlessonscanbelearnedfromtheUSA…immigrationhascauseddiseasetosoar…A15-year-oldschoolgirldyingfromacurablediseaseshouldbewhatgrabstheattentionhere.Onitswebsiteitsaimsseemtofocus,inthemajority,ontacklingtuberculosisglobally,butperhapsweshouldbelookingclosertohome.41TextB

Criticalreadingandthinking

UsefulexpressionsprofessionalsworkingwithinthehealthsystemOrganizationssuchasTuberculosisAlerthavebranchedintotheavenuesofpowerfulnewmediaoutletssuchasFacebookandTwitter,theuseofwhichshouldbeexploredfurther.Weliveinmulticulturalsocieties.Ashealthprofessionalsitisvitalwe(should)maintainourbroadknowledgeofdiseasetoenableearlydiagnosisandeffectivetreatment.Atthemoment,wearenowherenear.=?Atthemoment,wearefaroff.Page41

TextB

Suggestedanswers

TrueorFalseQuestionsFFFTTTFFTextB

Suggestedanswers

Task2ComprehensionandDiscussiontuberculosisasaforgottenplight

(Page37)realityoftuberculosis

(Page38)differencesbetweentheUKandUSAscreeningprogrammes

(Pages39-40)WorldTuberculosisDay(Page40)TuberculosisAlert(Page40)outreachwork(Page40)thedutyofprofessionalsworkinginthehealthsystem(Page41)TextC

Languagebuilding-upSuggestedanswersreasonsforinfectiousdiseasesremainingamongtheleadingcausesofdeathworldwideemergenceofnewinfectiousdiseasesre-emergenceofoldinfectiousdiseasespersistenceofintractableinfectiousdiseasesexoticanimalsforpetsexoticanimalsasfoodsourcescloserandmorefrequentcontactwithpathogensmonkeypoxSARSgeneticreasonsFluhumanbehaviorbio-terrorismsmallpoxanthraxfood-andwaterborneinfections,dengue,WestNilevirustuberculosis,malaria,nosocomial,andfoodborneinfectionsTextC

Suggested

answersKeytoTaskListeningUnit2ResurgentandEmergentDiseases

Listening

FindingMajorPointsPausingbeforestartinganimportantpointUsingrepetitiontoemphasizeapointChangingthepitch,volumeandrhythmofhis/hervoiceforemphasisUsingintroductoryphrasestoprecedeanimportantidea.Forinstance,“Itisessentialforyoutoknow…”,“Rememberthat…”Usefacialgesturesorbodymovementwhentheyareemphasizingapoint

Listening

Suggestedanswers

KeytoTask1ofListening

asincomesrise,healthcandeclinediabetes,obesity,cardiovasculardiseaseandcancerachangeinlifestyle/indietoverallhealthofacountrythelocalcommunityandtheSouthAfricangovernment

prosperityandnon-communicablediseasesEconomicprosperityinIndiaandChinaRisingincomeAgrowingmiddleclassDeclineinhealth:asurgeofnon-communicablediseasediabetesobesitycardiovasculardiseasecancerTextC

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answers

KeytoTask2ofListening

TextC

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answers

KeytoTask2ofListening

ProjectHOPEAcallingontheU.N.:strongactionsonTreatmentPreventionThehealth-basedNGO:programsin35countrieson5continentsProjectHOPELtheHOPECenterlocatedinJohannesburg,SouthAfricaTextC

Suggested

answers

KeytoTask2ofListening

riseinfoodpricesandhealthDietchangeasaresultofsharpriseinfoodpriceAmajorblowtothepoorLesshealthyfood(fruitsandvegetables)butmorecheaper,lesshealthyfoodDeclineofoverallhealthofacountry

strainedpublichealthsysteminSouthAfricaAwelldocumentedproblemwithHIVandTBMorepeoplegoingintotheclinicswithdiabetesandhypertensionTextC

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KeytoTask2ofListeningTextC

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KeytoTask2ofListening

themissionofProjectHOPEcenterDiabetesclinicwiththelatestdiagnosticandtreatmentoptionsPeersupportgroupstohelppeoplemanagetheirdiseasemakehealthierlifestylechangesTraininggovernmenthealthworkersaboutNCDstohelpraisegeneralawarenessSpeakingHowtointerruptpolitelyTaskUnit2ResurgentandEmergentDiseases

Speaking

HowtoInterruptPolitelyInterruptandtakeyourturnattherighttimeUsetherightexpressionIfIcouldjustcomeinhere.MayI…Excuseme,but…CouldIpleasejustfinishmypoint?AsIwassaying…Speaking

HowtoInterruptPolitelyInterruptandtakeyourturnattherighttimeUsetherightexpressionSorrytointerrupt,butI’djustliketosaythat...Whatdoyouthinkabout...?Speaking

Nowworkwithapartnerandusethepoliteexpressionslistedabovetoaskeachothertoclarifythefollowingtermswithoutr