chapter-4From-Word-to-Te教學講解課件

Chapter4FromWordtoText

IntroductionQuestion1:Howarewordsputtogethertoformsentences?Question2:WhatisSyntaxconcernedwith?ThedefinitionofSYNTAX:

Itreferstothestudyoftherulesthatgovernthewaywordsareputtogethertoformsentencesinalanguage.Chapter4FromWordtoText

Oneaspectofthesyntacticstructureofsentencesisthedivisionofasentenceintophrases,andthosephrasesintofurtherphrases,andsoforth.Anotheraspectofthesyntacticstructureofasentenceis“movement”relationsthatholdbetweenonesyntacticpositioninasentenceandanother.Syntacticstudyshouldnotonlyconcentrateonhowsentencesarestructuredoutoftheirparts,units,orconstituents,butalsohowconstituentsaremovedtomakenewsentencesaccordingtocertainrules.

Chapter4FromWordtoText4.1SyntacticRelationsdivided,students,texts,the,three,types,into,thesecame,sat,shouting,they,loudly,down,in,quietly,but

Thecatisdrinkingwater.Waterisdrinkingthecat.

4.1.1Positionalrelation

NP—subject,VP---predicate,NP----object,etc.Instatement:S+V+OInimperative:V+OPositionalrelation:thesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguagewordorder/horizontalrelations/chainrelations/syntagmaticrelation

Chapter4FromWordtoText

Theprettygirlsmeltthesweetflowersagainandagain.Thegirlprettysweetflowerssmeltandagain.Thesweetflowerssmelttheprettygirlagainandagain.Theboykickedthehorse.Thehorsekickedtheboy.

飯吃過了。書買了。雞不吃了。SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS4.1.2RelationofSubstitutabilityWhatisthedefinitionoftherelationofsubstitutability?

_______aresleeping.Thebirds______.

verticalrelationChapter4FromWordtoText4.1.3RelationofCo-occurrence

?+NP+?girldogflowersWhydowesaythattherelationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations?4.2Grammaticalconstruction&itsconstituents4.2.1GrammaticalConstruction1)externalsyntaxandinternalsyntaxofaconstructionnicesongs

ShecansingalotofEnglishsongs.determiner+nounphrasaltypeS+V+Oclausaltype

Chapter4FromWordtoText4.2.2ImmediateConstituentsa.Universitystudentsenjoyparties.SVOb.LeavethebookonthetableVOCc.MoredifficultquestionsMMHd.OldmenandwomenMHHe.Mysmallchild’scotMMMHUniversitystudents

enjoyparties

S

UniversitystudentsenjoypartiesChapter4FromWordtoTextConstructionstructure&Constituents(componentelements)Universitystudents

enjoypartiesimmediateconstituentsimmediateconstituentsanalysis(ICanalysis)1)HowtodoICanalysisTwowaystodotheICanalysis:bracketingandtreediagrams.[(The)(boy)][(kicked)((the)(ball))]Chapter4FromWordtoTextLittlegirlsaredancingQuestion:Wheretomakethecuts?Thecriterionissubstitutability:whetherasequenceofwordscanbesubstitutedforasinglewordandthestructureremainsthesame.

(2)TheadvantageofICanalysis

PoorJohnranaway

PoorJohn

ranaway

Poor

John

ran

awayLeavethebookonthetable.Chapter4FromWordtoText

leavethebook

onthetable

leave

thebookonthetable

Chapter4FromWordtoText

more

difficultquestions

moredifficult

questions

moredifficultquestions

moredifficultquestionsmysmallchild’scotChapter4FromWordtoTextmysmallchild’scot

mysmallchild’scot

(my

smallcotforachild)(mycotforasmallchild)mysmallchild’scot(thecotofmysmallchild)

ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson.Chapter4FromWordtoTextThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’ssonThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’ssonChapter4FromWordtoText(3)Nodesandlabelsp77(4)ThedisadvantageofICanalysis

oldmenandwomenA.Itsbinarydivisionscannotdealwiththestructureslikeoldmenandwomensinceitisnotpossibletocombineandwithonlytheprecedingpartoronlythesucceedingpart.Thepossiblesolutionmightbeathree-waydivision.oldmenandwomenoldmenandwomenChapter4FromWordtoTextB.Therearealsoproblemswithdiscontinuousconstituents,suchasIsyourfriendcoming?MakethestoryupJohn,saidMarry,isautterfool.C.TherearesomestructuralambiguitiesthatICanalysiscannotreveal.e.g.theloveofGodtheloveofGod

Chapter4FromWordtoTextHowtoanalyzethefollowingsentences?

Flyingplanescanverydangerous.Heiseasytoplease.Heiseagertoplease.Hetoldhertoleavetheparty.Hepromisedhertoleavetheparty4.2.3Endocentric&exocentricconstructionsEndocentric

studentsgirlstudentsblackgirlstudentsAmericanblackgirlstudentsExocentricChapter4FromWordtoText4.2.4CoordinationandSubordinationCoordinationSubordination4.3SyntacticFunction

Therain

destroyed

theeveningparty.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedifferentparts?subjectpredicate(modifier)object/complementagentpatient4.3.1SubjectDefinitionTheproblemswithsubjectChapter4FromWordtoText4.4Category

Whatisthemeaningofcategory?

Theancienttemple

wasburneddown

lastweek.

Thestudents

arepreparing

fortheexam.Categories:definingpropertiesofunitslikenounsandverbs.Categoriesofnouns:number,gender,caseCategoriesofverbs:tense,aspect,voice4.4.1Number

lejournefaste(thesinisterday);lesjoursnefastes(thesinisterdays).Chineseissaidtohavenone.Chapter4FromWordtoText

4.4.2Gender

actoractressprinceprincess

naturalgendergrammaticalgender

Englishgendercontrastismostlyofthenaturalkind,andisusuallyreflectedinpronounsandasmallnumberofnouns.

4.4.3Caseabigsurprisegavetheyus

Casecategoryisoftenusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.Itisafeatureofthenoun,largelyfunctionallydefinable.Forexample,withaverbasthecenter,thenounbeforeandafteritshouldbedistinguished.CaseisrealizedinthreechannelsinEnglish.p87Chapter4FromWordtoTextNominative(主格):formentioningsubjectVocative(呼格):forexclaimingorcallingAccusative(賓格):formentioningtheobjectGenitive(屬格):forownershipDative(與格):forindicatingbenefitandshownbyprepositionliketo:Givesomemoneytothebeggar

Ablative(離格):fordirectionoragencyandshownbyprepositionslike

with:

Theyprovedthiswithalotofexperiments.Chapter4FromWordtoTextHowmanycasesarethereforpronounsandnounsinEnglish?Pronouns:nominative,accusativeandgenitiveNouns:general,genitiveTenseandaspectThecategoryoftensehastodowithtime-relationsandrelatesthetimeoftheaction,eventorstateofaffairsreferredtointhesentencetothetimeofutterance(thetimeofutterancebeing“now”).Thecategoryoftensecanbeexpressedbysystematicgrammaticalcontrasts.ThreecontrastsarerecognizedbytraditionalgrammarintheanalysisofGreekandLatin:past,present,andfuture.Chapter4FromWordtoTextWhatisaspect?Andwhatisthedifferencebetweentenseandaspect?“perfective”and“imperfective”Fortensethetimeindicatedisrelatedtothetimeofutterance,whileforaspect,thetimeindicatedisnotrelatedtothetimeofutterance,buttothetimeofanothereventdescribed,perfectorimperfect(progressive).Chapter4FromWordtoText4.4.4Agreement/Concord

thisthosesomemanypicturesuniversitystudentsheItheyspeaksthreelanguagesspeakCantonese

Givehimagoodlessons.Thebookaretoodifficult.SoinEnglishthedeterminerhastoagreewiththenounitprecedesinnumberandaverbistoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandnumberinthepresenttenseThedefinitionof“agreement”

Agreementcanbedefinedastherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.

Chapter4FromWordtoText4.5Phrase,ClauseandSentence4.5.1Phrase

clausecomplex/sentenceclausephrase/groupwordmorphemeDefinition:asingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructure.Chapter4FromWordtoTextFeature:itmustbeagroupofwordsthatformaconstituent.Itisloweronthegrammaticalhierarchythanclause.Wordgroupandphrase4.5.2ClauseDefinition:AclauseinEnglishisoneunitoforganizationthatcontainsasubject-predicatestructure.Finiteandnon-finiteclause:Nowaclausemayclassifiedintofiniteornon-finite.Thelattercaseincludesthetraditionalinfinitivephrase,-ingor–edphrase.Chapter4FromWordtoText4.5.3SentenceDefinition

Traditionally,sentenceistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.

Bloomfield:onenotincludedinanylargerlinguisticformbyvirtueofanygrammaticalconstruction.Classification:Traditionalapproach:structuralFunctionalapproach:functionalCommunicativefunctionChapter4FromWordtoTextTypeSVOCA

SVSomeonewassmilingSVOSheenjoyspartiesSVCTheybecomeangrySVATheymovedtodowntownSVOOShegavethemanakickSVOCTheycutthestoryshortSVOAHemovedthetableupstairsChapter4FromWordtoText4.6RecursivenessWhatarethemeansforextendingsentences?

coordinationsubordinationconjoiningembeddinghypotacticparatacticHowlongcanasentencebe?

Whatisrecursiveness?Itreferstotheformalpropertiesofgrammarthatuseafinitenumberofelementsandafinitenumberofrulestoproduceaninfinitenumberofsentences.4.6.1Conjoining4.6.2EmbeddingChapter4FromWordtoText4.7BeyondtheSentence4.7.1SententialConnection4.7.2CohesionandCoherence

Lookatthefollowing.Aretheymeaningfultexts?Cutthemeatintosmallpieces.Putthemtogetherwithonionandgingerinthepanandstewit30minutes.IboughtaFord.AcarinwhichPresidentWilsonrodedowntheChampsElyseeswasblack.BlackEnglishhasbeenwidelydiscussed.Thediscussionbetweenthepresidentsendedlastweek.Aweekhassevendays…Cohesionreferstothevariousli