2018高考英語(yǔ)的閱讀理解專(zhuān)地的題目指導(dǎo)主旨大意地的題目

英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專(zhuān)題指導(dǎo)－主旨大意題主旨大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度與在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力.一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題.常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式有：1標(biāo)題類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)題型題干：1>Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe .2>Thetext<passage>couldbeentitled .3>Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4>Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2大意類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的主題型題干：5>Thispassagechieflydealswith .6>Whatsthetopicofthearticle?7>Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?8>Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?3目的主旨大意題Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageis .Thepassageismeantto Thepurposeofthisarticleis 這類(lèi)題通常圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開(kāi),不少文章一開(kāi)頭便展示出文章的中心思想,第一段常常是內(nèi)容的梗概,同時(shí)又表達(dá)了中心思想,但是不少文章的中心思想貫穿全文,并沒(méi)有用一句話(huà)明確表達(dá)出來(lái),這就要求學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)歸納概括.每個(gè)段落往往也由一個(gè)主題句或幾個(gè)陳述句構(gòu)成,它們?cè)诰渲械奈恢貌煌?有時(shí)在開(kāi)頭,首先點(diǎn)明本段大意;有時(shí)在結(jié)尾,總結(jié)本段大意.做這類(lèi)題,首先要找出文章的主題句.找出文章的主題句,也就明確了文章要講什么,再通過(guò)速讀全文,就可以把握文章的中心思想了.另外在許多文段中,沒(méi)有可以概括全段意義的主題句,必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),進(jìn)展全面分析,然后歸納成一般概念.但必須注意,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于廣泛,要恰如其分.1〕文首開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,提出主題,隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋,支撐或開(kāi)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想.最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式.例I.Thepandaisapopularanimal.StoriesaboutthepandaintheWashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportantfeaturesontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthemostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealwaysindemandinzoogiftshops.例2.Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbeemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbeetoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.2>.文尾,在表述細(xì)節(jié)后,歸納要點(diǎn),印象,結(jié)論建議或結(jié)果,以概括主題.這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式例3.Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,paredwiththatofawildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs.Mansgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;morehassuchvariedgrace;veryfewlivesaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease.Thereforemanhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.3>.文中,通常前面只提出問(wèn)題,文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或符合邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋,支撐或開(kāi)展.例4.Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightinadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhandacamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.4>.首尾呼應(yīng),為突出主題,作者先提出主題,結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題,這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式較為多見(jiàn).但前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù),后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或開(kāi)展的意味.例5.〔首段〕ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.shesaid&O1472;〔尾段〕ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.Shusaid.5>.無(wú)主題句,即主題句隱含在全文中,沒(méi)有明確的主題句.必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),進(jìn)展全面考慮,綜合分析,然后找出共同的東西,歸納成一般概念.必須注意的是,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于廣泛,要恰如其分.例6.JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Q:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.［分析］此文沒(méi)有主題句.全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)〈detail〉性的事實(shí).因此就答案本身看,個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì).讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來(lái),進(jìn)展邏輯推理,才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒(méi)有言明的主題思想〈unstatedmainidea>.由于文中主要涉與了JoshuaBingham承受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：JoshuaBingham承受過(guò)良好的教育，所以答案是C除了以上主題句呈現(xiàn)的常見(jiàn)形式外還要注意標(biāo)志詞文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后.如：onthewhole,asaresult,inshort,therefore,thus..Iagreewiththeopinionthat.;Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat.;Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer.例1〔文章請(qǐng)看推理判斷例2,2003年全國(guó)高考〕①Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．putersandPrintersB．a(chǎn)ndtheBusinessWorldC．InternetRevolutionandEnvironmentD．ModernTechnologyandNewMarkets［分析］此題考查對(duì)于全文主旨大意的把握并要求考生據(jù)此選擇最優(yōu)標(biāo)題．全文的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是Internet和Environment,因此答案為C.其余選項(xiàng)中的puters,printers,e—mail,businessworld,technology,market都在文中提到了,但其作用只是為了說(shuō)明主題所需,答題時(shí)不可以點(diǎn)代面.例2：Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the“do-it-yourself“<DIY〉trend〔趨勢(shì)〕intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfurniture〔家具〕forourlivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfieldhasthreeboysandhiswifedied.Hshasafull-timejobathomeaswellasinashoemakingfactory.Lastmonth,hereceivedacarrepairbillfor$420."Iwasdeeplyupsetaboutit.NowI'vefinishedacarrepaircourse,Ishouldbeabletofixthecarbymyself."JohnandJimarenotunusualpeople.Mostfamiliesinthecountryaredoingeverythingtheycantosavemoneysothecanfightthehighcostofliving.Ifyouwanttobeea"do-it-yourselfer",youcangotoDIYcalsses.Andforthosewhodon'thavetimetotakeacourse,therearebooksthattellyouhowyoucandothingsyourself.〔1998NMET〕②.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.theJoyofDIYB.YouCanDoItToo!C.WeletoOurDIYCourse!D.RossandHatfield:BelieversinDIY.例3：Auniversitygraduatedescribedasarespectableandintelligentwomanisseekingprofessionalhelpafterbeingconvictedof〔證明有罪〕shopliftingforthesecondtimeinsixmonths.AnaLuz,recentlystudyingforherPhD,hasbeentoldshecouldendupbehindbarsunlessshecancontrolthedesiretostealfromshops.Luz,wholiveswithherpartnerinFitzwilliamRoad,Cambridge,admittedstealingclothesworth￡9.95fromJohnLewisinOxfordStreet,London,onMarch9.PhillipLemoyne,prosecuting〔起訴〕，saidLuzselectedsomeclothesfromadisplayandtookthemtotheladiestoiletinthestore.Whenshecameoutagainshewaswearingoneoftheskirtsshehadselected,havingtakenofftheanti-theftsecurityalarms〔防盜警報(bào)裝置〕.Shewasstoppedandcaughtafterleavingthestorewithoutpaying,MrLemoynesaid.Headdedthatshewasupsetonherarrestandapologizedforheractions.Luz,28,wassaidtohavebeenconvictedofshopliftingbyCambridgejudgeslastOctober,butMoragDuff,defending,saidshehadneverbeenintroublewiththepolicebeforethat.Sheisashamedandembarrassedbutdoesntreallyhaveanyexplanationwhyshedidthis,MissDuffsaid.Shedidntintendtostealwhenshewentintothestore.Sheisatalosstoexplainit.Sheisotherwiseaveryrespectableandintelligentyounglady.Shewenttoherdoctorandaskedforadvicebecauseshewantstoknowifthereisanythinginparticularthatcausedhertodothis.JudgeDavidAzanfinedLuz￡50,andwarned:Youvegotacriminalrecord.Ifyoucarryonlikethis,youwillendupinprison,whichwillruinyourbrightfutureyoumayhave.LuzachievedadegreeindesignatuniversityinhernativeSpain,wentontoafamousuniversityinBerlin,GermanyforhermastersdegreeandisnowstudyingforaPhDatCambridgeUniversity,UK.〔2004某某〕.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．ShopliftingShameofaPhDStudentB．ApologizingfortheActionsinShopsC．SeekingProfessionalHelpfromExpertsD．ControllingtheDesiretoStealfromShops［分析］文章主要講的是一個(gè)女博士生盜竊的事,唯有A答案〈女博士的偷竊丑聞〉點(diǎn)出了主題,其他答案均為細(xì)節(jié)的描述,不能成為正確答案例4：Sincemanyofyouareplanningtostudyatacollegeoruniversityinthiscountry,youmaybecurioustoknowwhatyouusuallydoinatypicalweek,howyoucangetalongwithyourfellowstudents,andsoon.ThesearethequestionsIwanttodiscusswithyoutoday.First,letstalkaboutwhatyourweeklyschedulewilllooklike.Nomatterwhatyourmajormaybe,youcanexpecttospendbetweenfourandsixhoursaweekforeachclassattendinglectures.Lecturesareusuallyinverylargeroomsbecausesomecoursessuchasintroductiontosociologyoreconomicsoftenhaveasmanyastwoorthreehundredstudents,especiallyatlargeuniversities.Inlectures,itsveryimportantforyoutotakenotesonwhattheprofessorsaysbecausetheinformationalectureisoftendifferentfromtheinformationinyourtextbooks.Also,youcanexpecttohaveexamquestionsbasedonthelectures.Soitisntenoughtojustreadyourtextbooks;youhavetoattendlecturesaswell.Inatypicalweekyouwillalsohaveacoupleofhoursofdiscussionforeveryclassyoutake.Thediscussionsectionisasmallgroupmeetingusuallywithfewerthanthirtystudentswhereyoucanaskquestionsaboutthelectures,thereading,andthehomework.Inlargeuniversities,graduatestudents,calledteachingassistants,usuallydirectdiscussionsections.Ifyourmajorischemistry,orphysics,oranotherscience,youllalsohavetospendseveralhoursaweekinthelab,orlaboratory,doingexperiments.Thismeansthatsciencemajorsspendmoretimeintheclassroomthannonsciencemajorsdo.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhomajorinsubjectslikeliteratureorhistoryusuallyhavetoreadandwritemorethansciencemajorsdo.〔2004某某卷〕.Themainpurposeofthistextis.A.tohelpthestudentstolearnaboutuniversitylifeB.topersuadethestudentstoattendlecturesC.toencouragethesudentstotakepartindiscussionsD.toadvisethestudentstochoosepropermajors［分析］答案Ayoumaybecurioustoknowwhatyouusuallydoinatypicalweek,howyoucangetalongwithyourfellowstudents,andsoon.ThesearethequestionsIwanttodiscusswithyoutoday.例5：Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed<無(wú)武器的>handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachothershandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.Letsshake<hands>onitsometimesmeansagreementreached.DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itis