2017年太奇公益?？嫉谌営⒄Z(yǔ)二試卷

管理類專業(yè)聯(lián)考 Section UseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET.(10Cultureisanimportantpartofourlife.Itshouldbetransmitted,andthemosteffectivewayisthroughthefamily.Parentsteachtheirchildrentheideasandtraditionsthatthey1fromtheirownparents.Forthisreasonthe2becameincreasinglyimportant;thepracticalapplicationsofculturaltradition,suchashuntingforfood,3childrenandtendingthesick,mayhavebeentheobviousmethodstousewhenmorethanonefamilycametogetherinajointactivity.Familiesprovidefriends,peoplewhocanbetrusted,andtrustcanbe4throughintermarriage.Thuswholesocietiescometobeformed,inwhichtherelationshipsbetweenkinact5guidelinesfordailybehaviorandestablishimportantsocialvalues.Sometimestraditionalwayseven e6intolaws.Theoriginalreasonsmaybelost,butaprocessis7.Thesocietysurviveswhereothersfail8itsmembers’behavioriscontrolledforthebenefitofall9laws,customs,andtraditionalFurthermore,inculturaltraditions10fromgenerationtogeneration,humanshaveakindofculturalcapitalonwhichtodraw.By11accountofpastwisdomwecanlookintothefutureandnforeventsthatarenotalways12.Thefactthatwemake13repeatedlytoastandardpattern,andusethemtomakeothertools,14usclearlyfromotheranimals.Itindicatesculturalfactorsatwork15instinct.Aseaottermaylearntobreaksfishopenwithrocks,butitwillnot16tochangeanunsatisfactorystone.Thedifference17thepowerofthehumanbrainnotonlyto18theoutsideworld,toseeandreacttoit,butalsotoconceiveofwhatitmightbe.Thatis—to19aworldunseenandunknown,andtoforeseepossibilitieswithinit.Imaginationenablesusto20ourownworld.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A]bringing[B]bringing[C]bringing[D]bringing4.[A][B][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][D]11.[A][C][D]12.[A][B][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][D]17.[A]holds[B]lies[C]rests[D]contributes18.[A][C][D]19.[A][C][D]20.[A][C][D]SectionII PartADirections:Readthefollowingpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Researchershavefoundthatboysandgirlsreallyarefromtwodifferentnets.Boysandgirlshavedifferent“crisispoints,”expertssay,stagesintheiremotionalandsocialdevelopmentwherethingscangoverywrong.Untilrecently,girlsgotalltheattention.ButboysaremuchmorelikelythangirlstohavedisciplineproblemsatschoolandtobediagnosedwithAttentionDeficitDisorder(ADD).Boysfaroutnumbergirlsinspecial-educationclasses.They’realsomorelikelytocommitviolentcrimesandendupinjail.Evennormalboybehaviorhascometobeconsideredpathological(的）inthewakeofthefeministmovement.Anabundanceofphysicalenergyandtheurgetoconquer—thesearenormalmalecharacteristics,andinanearlieragetheyweregoodthings,evenessentialtosurvival.“IfHuckFinnorTomSawyerwerealivetoday,”saysMichaelGurian,authorofTheWonderofBoys,“we’dsaytheyhadADD.”Hesaysoneofthenewinsightswe’regainingaboutboysisaveryoldone:boyswillbeboys.“Theyarewhotheyare,”saysGurian,“andweneedtolovethemforwhotheyare.Let’snottrytorewirethem.”Butwhatexactlyistheessentialnatureofboys?Evenasinfants,boysandgirlsbehavedifferently.Arecentstudyhasfoundthatboybabiesaremoreemotionallyexpressive;girlsaremorereflective.(Thatmeansboybabiestendtocrywhenthey’reunhappy;girlbabiessucktheirthumbs.)Thiscouldindicatethatgirlsareinstinctivelymoreabletocontroltheiremotions.Boyshavehigherlevelsoftestosterone(素)andlowerlevelsofneurotransmitterserotonin(神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)素),whichinhabitsaggressionandimpulsivity.Thatmayhelpexinwhymoremalesthanfemalescarrythroughwithsuicideor ealcoholics.There’sstruggle—adesireandneedforwarmthononehandandapulltowardindependenceontheother.Boysaregoingthroughwhatpsychologistslongagodeclaredanintegralpartofgrowingup:individualizationanddisconnectionfromparents,especiallymothers.Butnowsomeresearchersthinkthatprocessistooabrupt.Whenboysrepressnormalfeelingslikelovebecauseofsocialpressure,saysWilliamPollack,headoftheCenterforMenatBoston’sMcLeanHospital,“they’velostcontactwiththegenuinenatureofwhomtheyareandwhattheyfeel.Boysareinasilentcrisis.Theonlytimewenoticeitiswhentheypullthetrigger.”WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirstBoysandgirlsareBoysneedmoreattentionthanGirlsalmostneednohelpfromBoysaremoredifficulttoeducatethanWhatcanbeinferredaboutTomSawyerandHuckFinn(Para.Theyweremoreliketoday’sgirlsthanTheysufferedAttentionDeficitDisorderbutwerenotTheywereenergeticandTheyhadmoreproblemsthantoday’sTheword“rewire”(Para.2)couldbestbereced restoretoaformerrecognizetheworthaddresstheproblemschangethenatureWhichaspectofboy-girldifferencesdoesparagraph3A. B. C. D.InItisimpliedinthepassage societyapprovesofboyswhohavetendersocietyexpectsboystobeboystakemoretimetogrowupthanboysandgirlscanalwaysreceivesimilarSinceOctober1,ithasbeenillegalforanybusinesstodiscriminateagainstdisabledpeople,eitherduringtherecruitmentprocessoratwork,anddisabilityrightsnerssaythatemployersmustmakebetteruseofnewtechnologytohelpthemfulfilltheirnewobligations.AmendmentstotheDisabilityDiscriminationAct(DDA)requireallbusinesses,notjustthosewithmorethan15employeesaspreviously,tomake“reasonableadjustments”toworkcestomodatethedisabled.SuchadjustmentsincludebuyingnewequipmentormodifyingexistingsystemssothatdisabledpeoplecanuseButmanyemployersfailtoinvestigatepotentiallyusefulchangesorupgradestosystems.TheyalsofailtoclaimgenerousAccesstoWorkgrantsfromtheernment,designedtocoverthecostofadaptingorre-equipaworkce,extratrainingorhiringhumanassistantslikesignlanguageinterpreters.RuthLoebl,aseniorICTdevelopmentofficerattheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheBlind,says:“Thetechnologyisthereandthefundingisthere.Butmanyemployersandemployeesdon’tknowwhat’savailable.It’spatchy(迷茫的)acrossthecountry.”AccesstoWorkgrantscancoverupto100percentofthecostofneworadaptedequipment,saysMs.Loebl.“Youshouldn’thavetopayanymoretoemployablind LynneNelson,employmentcoordinatorfortheRoyalNationalInstitutefortheDeafagrees.“Technologyisverymuchunderused.Employersarenotawareofwhat’savailableandthey’remorereactivethanproactive.”Complyingwiththeactcouldbeaseasyasrearranginganofficesothatthelightisbetterfora tolip-read.Attheotherendofthescale,itcouldmeaninvestinginacuttingedgemessagingsystemwhichcombinescomputersandphones,convertingtextmessagesintovoicemessagesforblindorpartiallysightedemployeesandincorporatingvoicerecognitionsoftwareforpeopleunabletouseaconventionalkeyboardandmouse.Changingfontsizesandshapesandusingdifferentbackgroundcolorscanallhelptomakecomputerscreendisysmorelegibleandaccessibleforvisuallyimpairedusers.Screenmagnifierprogramsareavailabletoenlargetext.Screenreadersoftwarewillreadoutthecontentofboxesorwebsites.Commercialwebsitesnowincorporatetags,phrasesorsentenceswhichdescribeimagesonsitestoblindandpartiallysightedusersthroughscreenreaders.Butsomesitesstillcarryimagesdescribedsimplyas“corporatelogo”or“image”.Asurveyearlierthisyearfoundthat81percentofwebsiteswereinaccessibleordifficulttouse,oftenbecauseofbadlywordedtagsorbecausethesoftwarewasblockingattemptstochangefontsorcolors.Fromthebeginningofthetext,welearn therewillbenodiscriminationagainstdisabledpeopleafterOct.theemployersmustassistthosenerstocompletetheirpreviousDDAonlyhadrestrictionsoncompanieswithmorethan15thecompanieshavetopreparenewequipmentfortheirdisabledItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatmany modifytheirexistingsystemstomakethedisabledfeelknowlittleaboutwhat’stherealmeaningofDDA’shavetocoverthetotalcostsofnewandadaptedmakefulluseoftechnologyandfundingtheyconfrontTheadjustmentsemployerscanmakeforthedisabledpeoplemaynot makingtheofficelightbrighterforthedeaftolip-usingavoicerecognitionsystem lthemusefulusingscreenreaders l ephonerunning ephonesviaaconventionalTheattitudeofmanyemployerstowardDDAamendments A. B. C. D.Themainpurposeofthetextis callontheemployerstoenablethedisabledintroducesomeusefulequipmentforthosedisabledcriticizethosewhodon’tdoanythingfortheirdisabledsuggesttheemployerstomakeadvantageofvariousTheU.S.istheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealth-insurance.PeopleintheU.S.spendthemost,relyheavilyontheprivatesector,andobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.Whilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfaction,ifnotpride,intheseremarkablequalities,othersarguethattheU.S.facesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.Inherbook,PartingattheCrossroads,AntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-1960.TheU.S.andCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborder,arewealthy,andhavefederalernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderaypowerful,andtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Nevertheless,theirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheU.S.reliesonamixofernmentns,targetedtotheelderlyandindigent,andemployment-basedns,whichtheernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidents,withtheprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractors,particularlyorganizedmedicine,wieldedthem.Canada’sernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovince,whichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibility,spurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.Incontrast,theU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthirdpartyformation,forcingorganizedlabortodilute淡化)itshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticMaionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systems,butthepredictionisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadianernment’sbudgetaryhealth,Maionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.Conversely,MaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealth-insurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancy(恢復(fù)能力),dissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.Althoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountry,theU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattaent.High,chronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicare,swellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.Inanycase,whethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesector,risinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofernment,corporations,andfamilies,theU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnational etohealthcare.FromthefirstparagraphwelearnthattheUnited hasahealth-insurancesimilartothoseofotherrichhascomplicateditshealth-insuranceandconfuseditshasreformeditshealth-caretotheiraveragepeople’scarriesoutadiversehealth-insurancefromotherWesternCanadianhealthcaresystemsaredifferentfromthoseoftheU.S.in thefederalernmentisdirectlyresponsibleforeveryqualifiedprivatesectorsinCanadayamoreimportanttheernmentindirectlysupportstheemployment-basedthetradeunionsinbothcountriesare yThevulnerabilityoftheU.S.insurancesystemslies itsfailuretoextenditscoveragetothepooranditsexcessivedependenceonthelaborAmericans’willingnesstobuythewillingnessoftheernmenttoinvestinTheSaskatchewanprograminCanadashows thelaborunioncanyapositiveroleinhealthinsuranceuniversalhealthinsuranceispracticableforthefederalitcancoordinatetheeffortsoftheernmentandthelabortheelectoralsystemhasadirectimpactontheinsuranceThetextismostlikelyto asummaryofaernment-sponsoredasurveyoftheinfluenceofeconomicareviewofabookonhealth-caresystemacommentaryonthedifferencebetweentheU.S.and“Whatistruth?”ThatwasPontiusPilate’sanswertoJesus’sassertionthat“everyonethatisofthetruthhearethmyvoice.”Itsoundssuspiciouslylikethemodernargumentoverclimatechange.Amajorityoftheworld’sclimatescientistshaveconvincedthemselves,andalsoalotofamateurs,someofwhomhavepoliticalpower,thattheEarth’sclimateischanging;thatthechange,fromhumanity’spointofview,isfortheworse;andthatthecauseishumanactivity,intheformofexcessiveemissionsofgreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxide.Aminority,though,areskeptical.Somethinkthatrecent,well-groundeddatasuggestingtheEarth’saveragetemperatureisrisingareexinedbynaturalvariationsinsolarradiation,andthatthistrendmaybecomingtoanend.Othersarguethatlonger-termevidencethatmoderntemperaturesarehigherthantheyhavebeenforhundredsorthousandsofyearsisactuallytooexotictobemeaningful.Suchdisagreementsarecommonceinscience.Theyareeventuallysettledbythecollectionofmoredataandtheinventionofmorerefinedtheories.Argumentsmaypersistfordecades;academicsmay—andoftendo—throwinsultsateachother;butitdoesnotmatteragreatdealbecausethestakesarenormallyratherlow.Thestakesintheglobal-warmingdebate,however,couldscarcelybehigher.Scientificevidencethatclimatechangeisunderway,isman-made,andislikelytocontinuehappeningformsthefoundationforawhichisintendedtotransformtheworld’scarbon-intensiveeconomyintoonewhichnolongeremitsgreenhousegasesintotheatmosphere.Alotofmoney,andmanyreputations—bothacademicandpolitical—areinvolved.Skepticsclaimthatthisburdenofresponsibilityiscrushingthespiritofscientificinquiry.Scientists,theyhold,areunderpressuretosupportthemajorityview.Therecentpublicationofembarrassinge-mailsfromtheUniversityofEastAnglia,animportantcentreofclimatescience,revealingdoubtsaboutdataandadeterminationnottoairsuchconcernspublicly,hasstrengthenedthesesuspicions.Thereisnodoubtthatpoliticsandsciencemake fortablebedfellows.Politicianssellcertainty.Sciencelivesoffdoubt.ThecreationoftheInterernmentalPanelonClimateChangetoestablishaconsensusonthesciencewasanexcellentideaformakers,whoneededastrongscientificfoundationfortheirdeliberations,butitsits fortablywithadisciplinethatadvancesbydisprovingacceptedtheoriesandoverturningorthodoxies(正統(tǒng)說(shuō)法).Thedialogueisusedinthebeginning introducethecurrentanswerthefamousAccordingtothepassage,mostscientistshold thetemperatureriseisa greenhousegasesresultinpartfromthetemperaturechangeislargelyman-thenet ecoolerinthelong“stakes”(Para.3)isclosestinmeaning A. B. C. D.TheexampleofUniversityofEastAngliashows someimportantdataare ypoliticsoftenintervenesinscientificitissometimeshardtokeepscientific-makersexertmuchoftheItcanbeconcludedfromthetext sciencewillmakethingsuneasyforsciencewillprovidestrongsupportforscientistsandpoliticianswillshakehandsPartDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Intheyearof1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecameoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52yearsold,wasnearlytoothless.Therefore,hehiredadentisttotransntnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.Thatisafardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-chopGeorgethatmostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butinrecentyears,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolethatslaveryyedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.WorksofGoreVidalandGarryWillshaverevealedthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewthatslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightagainstit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivayexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrythattheyhelpedtocreate.Politicalcapital.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“l(fā)ikehavingalargebankaccount,”saysHenryWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryintheialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersondHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximay150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryofblacksoldiersduringtheRevol