春季閱讀講義語言學(xué)習(xí)

春季閱讀講義——Language

LearningLet’s

listenWhat’s

the

main

idea

of

the

passage?重點詞匯與短語situationn.情況狀況frequentlyadv.頻繁地relationshipn.

關(guān)系judgen/v評判法官causen/v

引起permitv.許可允許improperadj.不適當(dāng)?shù)膇ncorrectlyadv.不正確地重點詞匯與短語in

generalin

publicover

painful

feelingattempt

totry

out文章理解1.

What

does

the

smile

usually

mean

in

the

U.S.?A.

Love.C.

Joy.B.

Politeness.D.

Thankfulness.2

The

author

mentions

the

smile

of

the

Vietnamese

to

prove

that

smilecan

.show

friendliness

to

strangersbe

used

to

hide

true

feelingsbe

used

in

the

wrong

placesshow

personal

habits文章理解What

should

we

do

before

attempting

to

'read'

people?Learn

about

their

relations

with

others.Understand

their

cultural

backgrounds.Find

out

about

their

past

experience.Figure

out

what

they

will

do

next.文章理解4

What

would

be

the

best

title

for

the

test?Cultural

DifferencesSmiles

and

RelationshipFacial

ExpressivenessHabits

and

Emotions同步語法主謂一致原則主語謂語典句例示語法一致原則單數(shù)單數(shù)The

boy

was

struggling

for

abetter

life.復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)The

students

are

working

hardto

go

to

college.原則主語謂語典句例示意義一致原則由連詞and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出現(xiàn)單數(shù)①The

poet

and

writer

hascome.②Truth

and

honestyis

thebestpolicy.no/each/every/manya+單數(shù)名詞+and

(+no/each/every/manya)+單數(shù)名詞Each

boy

and

each

girl

has

anapple.one/every

one/each/

either/thenumber+of/thevarietyof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞The

number

of

students

fromthe

north

is

small.原則主語謂語典句例示就近一致原則由or,either...or...,neither.

.

.

nor.

.

.

,not

only...

but(also)...等連接與最近的主語在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致①Either

the

shirts

or

thesweater

is

worth

buying.②Not

only

the

studentsbut

also

their

teacher

isenjoying

the

film.由there,here引起的主語不止一個時和最鄰近的主語保持一致There

are

two

pencilsanda

pen

on

the

desk.原則主語謂語典句例示意義一致原則clothing,furniture,traffic,jewellery,baggage,

equipment,

luggage等無生命的集體名詞Clothing

is

badly

needed

inthis

flooded

area.以-s結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科、國家、機(jī)構(gòu)、書籍、報刊等名稱的詞單數(shù)Politics

is

often

a

topic

fordiscussion.表示時間、重量、距離、價格、金錢、體積等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞表達(dá)一個整體概念Tenyears

is

a

moment

inhistory.原則主語謂語典句例示意義一致原則由every-,any-,some-,no-和-one,-thing,-body等所構(gòu)成的不Is

everybody

here

today?定代詞單數(shù)①Persuading

him

to動詞-ing形式、動詞不定式和名詞性從句join

us

seems

reallyhard.②Whatever

was

leftwas

taken

away.原則主語謂語典句例示意義一致原則由and連接的兩個并列成分表示兩個不同的概念復(fù)數(shù)A

poet

and

a

writer

have

come.people,police,cattle等有生命的集體名詞People

read

forpleasureduring

theirspare

time.一些常用作復(fù)數(shù)或只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如goods,

stairs,

arms等The

goods

are

sold

out.山脈、群島、瀑布、運(yùn)動會等以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞The

Olympic

Games

are

heldonce

every

four

years.a

number

of+名詞A

number

of

students

arefrom

the

south.原則主語謂語典句例示意義一致原則集體名詞class,

family,army,team,club,company,population,minority,enemy,party,crowd,

crew,audience,public,

committee,government,

majority,group等強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時謂語用單數(shù),指個體成員時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)單復(fù)數(shù)視情況而定①Our

family

has

a

reunionevery

year.②His

family

are

waiting

forhim.原則主語謂語典句例示意義一致原則單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞,如means,

works,

deer,fish,

sheep等單復(fù)數(shù)視情況而定①Every

means

has

been

tried.②All

possible

means

havebeen

tried.all,none,some,any等不定代詞作主語,根據(jù)其指代的內(nèi)容而定①All

is

going

on

very

well.②All

are

present

besides

theprofessor.“half/most/enough/part/therest/thelast/lots/plenty/分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”作主語,謂語要和of之后的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致①About

one

third

of

the

booksare

worth

reading.②Only

60

percent

of

the

workhas

been

done.特別提醒1.what和whatever引導(dǎo)主語從句時謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)從句所表達(dá)的意義上的數(shù)確定①Whathesaysanddoesdonotagree.他言行不一致。②What

he

says

and

does

does

notconcern

me.

他的言行與我無關(guān)。2.

在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語,其謂語動詞的數(shù)和先行詞保持一致,但“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后面的定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),而在

“the(only/very)oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后面所接的定語從句中,謂語動詞卻用單數(shù)①He

is

one

of

the

students

who

havetaken

part

in

the

activity.他是參加過這個活動的學(xué)生之一。②He

is

the

only

one

of

the

students

whohas

taken

part

in

the

activity.他是唯一參加過這個活動的學(xué)生。特別3.

當(dāng)主語后有介詞with,together/along

with,including,like,

but,except,

otherthan,ratherthan和aswellas等時,謂語動詞應(yīng)和前面的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致①The

teacher

as

well

as

the

students

wasexcited

at

the

news.聽到這個消息,老師和學(xué)生們都很激動。②Nobody

except

my

parents

knowsanything

about

it.除了我父母之外,沒有人知道這事。提醒4.

由兩部分構(gòu)成的表示物體的名詞,如trousers,

glasses等作主語時,謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù),但是如果這類名詞前用了a

pair

of/two(three)pairs

of...來修飾,謂語動詞在數(shù)上要與pair保持一致①Thesetrousersneedcleaning.這些褲子需要洗。②Thispairoftrousersismine.這條褲子是我的。特別提醒5.

a

quantity

of/quantitiesof后既可接可數(shù)名詞,也可接不可數(shù)名詞,其謂語動詞視情況而定With

more

forests

being

destroyed,

a

largequantity

of

good

earth

is

being

washed

awayeachyear.(=Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,quantities

of

good

earth

are

being

washed

awayeach

year.

)隨著越來越多的森林被砍伐,每年有大量的肥沃泥土被沖刷走了。6.

由“kind(form,

type,sort,series)of”等修飾的主語,其謂語形式取決于這些①Thisnewtypeofbusesisnowonshow.這種新型的公共汽車現(xiàn)在正在展出。②All

kinds

of

difficulties

have

to

be

e.

必須克服詞的單復(fù)數(shù)各種各樣的困難。特別提醒7.若用and連接兩個動名詞,不定式短語或主語從句,表示兩個不同的概念則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。若表示同一概念,則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式①Riding

on

the

elephants

and

rowing

theboats

were

the

children’s

favourite

games.②Getting

up

early

and

going

to

bed

early

is

agood

habit.同步語法練習(xí)The

fact

that

so

many

people

still

smoke

in

public

places

that

we

may

neednationwide

campaign

to

raise

awareness

of

the

risks

of

smoking.A.

suggestC.

suggestedB.

suggestsD.

suggesting【解析】選B。考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。句意:仍然有很多人在公共場所吸煙,這樣的事實表明我們或許需要一場全國性的運(yùn)動來提高人們對吸煙的危害的認(rèn)識。結(jié)合句意分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,the

fact后that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句,空白后的that從句則是謂語動詞

suggest的賓語從句;主語是the

fact,

故排除A、D項;結(jié)合從句的時態(tài)可知主句要用現(xiàn)在時態(tài),故選B項。The

famous

musician,

as

well

as

his

students,

to

perform

at

the

openingceremony

of

the

2012

Taipei

Flower

Expo.A.

were

invitedC.

have

been

invitedB.

was

invitedD.

has

been

invited【解析】選B。考查主謂一致。句意:著名的音樂家及其學(xué)生受邀在2012年臺北花博會開幕式上表演。aswellas連接兩個并列的名詞作主語,謂語動詞應(yīng)和前面的名詞一致,故排除A、C兩項。本題只是陳述在過去的時間發(fā)生的事,故用一般過去時,由于the

famous

musician和invite之間是被動關(guān)系,故選B。Allthe

scientificevidence

that

increasing

use

of

chemicals

in

farming

damaging

our

health.A.

show;

areC.

show;

isB.

shows;

areD.

shows;

is【解析】選D。考查主謂一致。句意:所有的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,農(nóng)業(yè)上越來越多的應(yīng)用化工產(chǎn)品正在損害我們的健康。第一空的主語evidence為不可數(shù)名詞,所以排除A、C兩項;第二空主語為increasing

use也是不可數(shù)名詞,所以選D。The

factory

used

65

percent

of

the

raw

materials,

the

rest

of

which

saved

for

otherpurposes.A.

is B.

are C.

was D.

were【解析】選D?？疾橹髦^一致和時態(tài)。句意:工廠用了這種原材料的65%,剩余部分節(jié)省出來作為他用。定語從句中先行詞是therawmaterials,故定語從句應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)一致,用復(fù)數(shù),主句時態(tài)為過去時,故選D。The

basketballcoach,

as

well

as

his

team,

interviewed

shortly

after

thematch

for

their

outstanding

performance.A.

were B.

was C.

is D.

are【解析】選B?？疾閯釉~時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意:這個籃球教練還有他的球隊,因為他們的突出表現(xiàn),在比賽結(jié)束不久后就接受了采訪。主句中心詞是

Thebasketballcoach,是單數(shù),根據(jù)shortlyafterthematch可以推斷出題干時態(tài)是一般過去時,故選B。Suchpoetsas

Shakespeare

widely

read,

of

whose

works,

however,

some

difficult

to

understand.A.

are;

are B.

is;

isC.

are;

is D.

is;

are【解析】選A。考查主謂一致。句意:像莎士比亞那樣的詩人擁有大量的讀者,但是,他們的一些作品卻很難理解。主句中的主語應(yīng)為poets,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),其后的非限制性定語從句的主語應(yīng)為someofwhoseworks,謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故選A。Butterandbread

their

daily

food,

but

the

bread

and

the

butter

upnow.is;

is

eatenare;

have

been

eatenare;

are

eatenis;

have

been

eaten【解析】選D。前一空的butter

and

bread表示同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;后一空是指兩種不同的食物,故選D項。The

numberof

peopleinvited

fifty,

buta

number

of

them

absentfor

different

reasons.A. were;

was B.

was;

were C.

was;

was D.

were;

were【解析】選B?！皌he

number

of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù);而“a

number

of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。A

certain

number

of

tourists

plaining

about

the

high

modation

price

during

the

lastmonth.is B.

are C.

has

been D.

have

been【解析】選D。句子的主語由a

number

of修飾,所以謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Either

the

ways

or

the

time

yet,

but

you

may

ask

the

headmaster

for

someinformation.A.

isn’t

decidedC.

aren’t

decidedB.

hasn’t

decidedD.

haven’t

decided【解析】選A。由either...or連接的并列主語,謂語動詞與離它最近的主語the

time保持一致。聽力填空Fill

the

blanks

with

the

words

you

hear.

(one

word

each

blank)Facial

expressions

carry

meaning

that

is

determined

by

situations

and

relationships.

Forexample,

in

American

culture

(文化)

the

is

in

general

an

expression

of

pleasure.

Yet

italso

has

other

uses.

A

woman’s

smile

at

a

police

officer

does

not

carry

the

same

meaning

asthe

smile

she

gives

to

a

young

child.

A

smile

may

show

love

or .

It

can

also

hide

truefeelings.

It

often

causes

confusion

(困惑)

across

cultures.

For

example,

many

people

in

Russia

smiling

at

strangers

in

public

to

be

unusual

and

even

improper.

Yet

many

Americanssmile

-

at

strangers

in

public

places

(although

this

is

less

common

in

big

cities).

SomeRussians

believe

that

Americans

smile

in

the

wrong

places;

some

Americans

believe

thatRussians

don’t

smile

In

Southeast

Asian

culture,

a

smile

is

frequently

used

to

coverpainful

feelings.

Vietnamese

people

may

tell

a

sad

story

but

end

the

story

with

a

smile.聽力填空Our

faces

show

emotions

(情感),

but

we

should

not

attempt

to

“

”

people

fromanother

culture

as

we

would

“read”

someone

from

our

own

culture.

The

fact

that

members

ofone

culture

do

not

their

emotions

as

openly

as

do

members

of

another

does

not

meanthat

they

do

not

experience

emotions.

Rather,

there

are

cultural

differences

in

the

amount

ofexpressions

permitted.

For

example,

in

public

and

in

formal

situations

many

Japanese

do

notshow

their

emotions

as

freely

as

Americans

d