英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況筆記

PartonetheUnitedKingdomofBritainandNorthIreland

p31What'sthedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritish

Isles,GreatBritain,

England,theUKandtheBritishCommonwealth?

2tell3geographicalnamesoftheUK

3tellthe3politicaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain

p41theBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwas

replacedbytheBritish

CommonwealthoftheCommonwealthofNationsin1931

2theCommonwealth

3Describethegeographicalposition(features)ofBritain

4itisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglish

Channelinthesouthand

theNorthSeaintheeast

5theEnglishChannel

p51Channel

2thenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands.

3Englandoccupiesthelargest,southernpartofGreat

BritainwithWalestoits

westandScotlandtoitsnorth.

4WhereaboutsinGreatBritainaremostlyhighlandand

lowland

p61thePennines

2tellthe3naturalzonesinScotland

3BenNevis,thehighestmountaininBritainislocated

Scotland.

p71inBritain,thelongestriveristheSevenRiver

2ThamesRiver

p8thelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeaghinNorthern

Ireland

p91WhatfactorsinfluencetheclimateinBritain

2tellthecharacteristicsofBritain'sclimate

pll1DescribethedistributionofBritain'spopulation

2Britainhasapopulationof57,411,000

3Britainisadenselypopulatedcountrywithanaverageof

237peoplepersquare

kilometreanditisveryunevenlydistributed.

pl21Whatisthedifferencebetweenancestorsofthe

EnglishandScot,Welshand

Irish

2DuringthefifthcenturywhentheRomanEmpirefell,the

GermanicAnglesandSaxons

invadedandconqueredBritain.

3ItwasfromtheunionofNormanconquerorsandthe

defeatedAnglo-Saxonsthatthe

EnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguagewereborn.

pl31Whatarethedifferencesincharacterandspeech

betweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland

2inBritain,southernersspeakthetypeofEnglishcloserto

BBCEnglish

3Cockney

4theancestorsoftheWelshweretheancientBritons

pl41Eisteddfodau

2HowdotheWelshkeeptheirlanguageandculture?

3What'sthemainprobleminNorthIreland?

pl51theimmigrantscamefromtheWestIndies,Indiaand

Pakistan（排除型選擇）

2WhichpartofBritainhasthemostrainfallandwhichpart

isthedriest?

pl61thefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians

2WhydowesaythatEnglishnationisamixtureon

nationalityofdifferentorigin?

pl71EarliestinvasionofEnglandisbyCelts

2theCeltsbegantoarriveabout700BCandkeptcoming

untilthearrivalofthe

Romans.

pl81theCelts'sreligionwasDruidism

2BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion

3JuliusCaesar

4fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRoman

occupation

pl91Hadrian'sWall

2AntonineWall

3Yorkhadbeencreatedasanorthernstronghold

p201thefirstChristianEmperor;Constantine,was

proclaimedinAD306

2tellwhytheRomanimpactupontheBritonswas

surprisinglylimited

3WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons,howdidHeptarchycomeinto

being?

p211Angles

2sevenprincipalkingdoms

3Heptarchy

4whentheNorthumbrianssubmittedtohimandtookhim

fortheirmasterin829,

EgbertactuallybecameanoverlordofalltheEnglish

5theAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligionto

Britain

p221amonkcalledColumbaestablishedamonastery.

2St.Augustine

3WhatcontributionsdidtheearlyAnglo-Saxonsmaketo

Englishstate?

p231Witan

2Anglo-Saxonsalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem

3Anglo-SaxonscreatedtheWitan

4Alfred

5theDanelaw

6Alfredisknownas''thefatheroftheBritishnavy”

7AlfredtheGreat

p24KingEdward,the''Confessor；seemedmoreconcerned

withthebuildingof

WestminsterAbbeythanwithaffairsofstate.

p251tellthereasonofthebattleonHastings

21066,WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandin

WestminsterAbbeybytheArchbishop

ofYork

p261theNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest

knowneventinEnglishhistory.

2WilliamtheConqueror

3theNormanConquest

4themodernnamesofEnglandEnglishderivefromthe

Angles

5WhoweretheVikings?

6WhatdoyouknowaboutStAugustine?

p271underWilliam'ssystem,atthebottomofthefeudal

scalewerethevilleins

orserfs,unfreepeasantswhowerelittlebetterthanslaves.

2WilliamreplacedtheWitan,thecounciloftheAnglo-Saxon

Kings,withtheGrand

Councilofhisnewtenantsinchief

p281DomesdayBook

2DomesdayBookcompletedin1086,wastheresultofa

generalsurveyofEngland

madein1085

p291William,knownasWilliamRufusbecauseofhisred

complexion

2HenryIIwasthefirstkingoftheHouseofPlantagenet.

3HowdidKingHenryIIconsolidatethemonarchy?

p301HowdidHenryIIreformthecourts&law?

2InHenryH'sreignacommonlaw,wasgradually

establishedinplaceofthe

customsofthemanor.

p311WhatwasthequrrelbetweenKingHenryIIand

ThomasBecket?

2exceptionalprivilegesenjoyedbytheclergythatbrought

KingHenryinto

collisionwithThomasBecket

3theGreatCouncilofHenryIIdrewuptheConstitutionsof

Clarendonin1164

p32GeoffreyChaucer

p331WhatwasthecontentsandsignificanceofGreat

Charter?

2theBaron'scharter

3MagnaCarta

4withtheutmostreluctance,thekingwasforcedtoputhis

sealtotheGreat

CharteronJune19,1215

5MagnaCartahadaltogether63clauses

6acommitteeof24baronsplustheMayorofLondonwas

chosentohelpthekingcarry

outtheGreatCharter

p341WhyandhowdidtheEnglishParliamentcomeinto

being?

2in1242HenrylllundertookanexpensivewarwithFrance

whichendedwiththeloss

ofthewholeofPoitou.

3SimondeMontfort

4ProvisionsofOxford

5SimondeMontfortsummonedin1265theGreatCouncilto

meetatWestminster.

p361handredsyearswarbetweenEnglandandFrance

lastedfrom1337—1453

2WhatwerethecausesofHandredsYearsWar?

3BattleofArgencourt

4JoandeArc

5By1453,CalaiswastheonlypartofFrancethatwasstillin

thehandsofthe

English.

6WhytheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregarded

asablessingforboth

countries?

p371BlackDeath

2asaresultoftheblackdeath,muchlandwasleftuntended

andtherewasa

terribleshortageoflabour.

3duringtheblackdeathperiod,in1351,thegovernment

issuedaStatuteof

Labourers

p381WhatdoyouknowaboutWatTyler'sUprising?

2thePeasantUprising

3theLollards

p39duringthepeasantuprising,manyhundredsofrebels

wereputtodeathby

KingRichard.

p401WarsoftheRoses

2theinstablilitywascausedbythetwobranchesofthe

Plantagenetfamily,the

HouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkbetween1455and

1485.

p411onAug22,1458atBosworthFieldinLeicstershirethe

lastbattleofWars

oftheRoseswasfoughtbetweenRichardIIIandHenry

Tudor,HenryTudorwon.

2althoughtheWarsoftheRoseswerewagedintermittently

forthirtyyears,ordinary

peoplewerelittleaffected.

p421WhatwastheeffectofWarsofRoses?

2theEnglishReformationbeganwithHenryVIII

3HenryVIII

p43WhyandhowdidReformationhappeninEngland?and

Whatwastheeffect?

p44BloodyMary

p451ElizabethI

2Elizabeth'sreligiousreformwasacompremiseofview.

ShebrokeMary'sties

withRomeandrestoredherfather'sindependentChurchof

England

3HowdidQueenElizabethdealwiththereligiousproblem

aftershebecameQueen

ofthecountry?

p46tellElizabeth'sforeignpolicy

p471Renassancewasthetransitionalperiodbetweenthe

MiddleAgesandmoderntimes,

coveringtheyearsC1350-C1650

2inEngland,theRenaissancewasusuallythoughtofas

beginningwiththeaccession

oftheHouseofTudortothethronein1485.

3tellthecharacteristicsoftheEnglishRenaissance.

p491ChristopherMarlowe

2BenJonson

3WilliamShakespeare

p501EdmundSpenser

2FrancisBacon

p511GunpowderPlot

2onNov.51605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblow

KingJamesandhis

ministersupintheHousesofParliament.

p521in1620asmallgroupofthePuritans,calledthe

PilgrimFathers,sailedfrom

PlymouthintheMayflower.

2CharlesIwasthesonofJamesI

3CharlesIrsrelationswiththeParliamentwerefromthe

startdisastrous.

p53PetitionofRight

p551Cavaliers

2Roundheads

p561WhatweretheconsequencesoftheCivilWars?

2theEnglishCivilWarisalsocalledthePuritanRevolution

3PuritanRevolution

p571afterKingCharles'sexecutionin1649,therewas

publicoutrageinEngland

2the"Rump"

p581whenOliverCromwelldiedin1685,andwas

succeededbyhisson,Richard.

2Parliamentpassedaseriesofseverelawscalledthe

ClarendonCodeagainstthe

Puritans,nowknownasNonconformists

p591tellthe2ofthemostfamousliteraryworksofthelate

17thcentury

2JohnBunyan'sPilgrim'sProgress

3JohnMilton'sParadiseLost

4Howdidthe''gloriousRevolution“breakout?Whatwasthe

significanceofit?

p60BillofRights(1689)

p611WhatwastheabsoluteruleofJamesIofEngland?

2GiveabriefaccountofHenryVII

p621theWhigs

2theTories

3theToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.

p63theToriesweregreatlyinfluencedbyJeremyBentham's

idealsknownas

"Utilitarianism”

p651EnclosureActs

2inEngland,the18thcenturyalsosawselectivebreedingof

cattle,sheepand

horsesbyRobertBakewell

3What'syourcommentonlandenclosuresinEngland?

p661Whatwastheindustrialrevolution?

2tellwhyBritainsisthe1stcountrytostarttheindustrial

revolution?

p681HowdidtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionproceed?

2JohnKay'sflyingshuttle

3JamesHargreaves'spinningjenny

4JamesWatt

p691asaresultoftheindustrialrevolution,Britainwasby

1830the''workshop

oftheworld”

2''workshopoftheworld”

3Luddites

4Whatdoyouknowaboutparliamentaryreforms?

5theWhigsunderLordGreywerereturnedtopowerafter

morethanhalfacentury

p70WhyshouldParliamentbereformedinEngland?

p711aPeople'sCharterin1838

2WhatdoyouknowaboutthechartistMovementand

People'sCharter?What'syour

commentonthem?

p74TradeUnionActof1871

p751telltheColonialExpansionoftheEnglish

2Englishcolonialexpansionbeganwiththecolonizationof

Newfoundlandin1583

3CanadawascededtoBritainbythe1763TreatyofParis.

41763TreatyofParis

p791bytheTreatyofNanking1842,ChinacedeHongKong

toBritain

2by1900Britainhadbuiltupabigempirewhichincluded

25%oftheworld's

populationandarea

p811DuringWWIBritainlostoveramillionpeople,mostof

themundertheageof

25.

2Outofthewarsettlementcametheestablishmentofthe

LeagueofNations

p82in1936EdwardVIIIsucceededhisfatherGeorgeVbut

abdicated.

p83WinstonChurchill

p841oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesofthewar

wasthatithastened

theendofBritain'sempire

2theLabourPartywontheelectionafterWWII,but

Conservativescamebackto

powerin1951.

p85inJan,1973,Britainfinallybecameafullmemberofthe

EuropeanEconomic

Community.

p861theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativeParty

2Thatcherism

p87WhatweretheParliamentarypoliticslikeinthelate

18thandearly19th

centuries?

p881soonaftertheSecondWorldWar,Britainnotnolygave

upitsecnomichegemony

butalsosugfferedadeeplossofitspositionofindustrial

leadership

2Between1950and1973,Britain'sGDPgrewatanaverage

annualrateof3.0%

3Britishdisease

p891Whatarethe3periodsasfarastheevolutionof

Britisheconomyisconcerned?

2in1950,Britain'sGDPanditsforeigntraderankedsecond

anditspercapita

incomethirdintheworld

3JohnM.Keynes

p901inthe1970samongthedevelopedcountriesBritain

maintainedthelowestgrowth

rateandthehighestinflation.

2in1979,thenewgovernmentadoptedaneconomic

programmeknownasMedium-term

FinancialStrategy

3Privatiztion,deregulationandmarketliberalizationreplace

pricesandincomes

controlandstateinterventionism.（排除型選擇）

p91anoutstandingfeatureoftheeconomicrecoveryinthe

80swasitslength,by

1988,therecoveryhadlastedsevenyears.

p921justasthe1940sdecadeisrememberedinBritainas

theeraofnationalization,

the1980swillberememberedasthedecadeofprivatization.

2Duringthepasdecadealmost40%oftheBritishstate

enterpriseswereprivatized.

p94richdepositsofironorewerefoundincentralEngland.

p981intheearly20thcenturythemotorvehicleindustryin

Britainwasdeveloped

intheWestMidlandsandSouth-EastofEngland

2telltheareasinEnglandwherewecanseesomehigh-tech

industrialgrowth

p991inBritainonly3%ofthepopulationarefarmersbut

theymanage70%ofthe

landarea.

2agribusiness

plOO1insomeareasfactoryfamingmethodsareused,

particularlyforrearingpoultry

ofpigs.

2WheatandPotatoesarestaplefoodoftheBritish.

pl031Britainisthe5thlargesttradingnationintheworld.

2nationofshopkeepers

3tellthetradepatternthatBritain'tradehas

4WhathasBritaintraditionallybeenintermsofforeign

trade?

pl041theCityofLondon

2Lloyd's

pl051WhereareoilandnaturalgasfoundinBritain?

2WherearethemaintextileproducingregionsinBritain?

3WhatarenewindustriesinEngland?

4HowhasBritain'stradepatternchangedinrecentyears?

pl061constitutionalmonarchy

2theheadoftheUKisakingoraqueen

3theBritishconstitutionismadeupstatutelaw,common

lawandconventions

（排除型選擇）

4themonarchyistheoldestinstitutionofgovernment,

goingbacktoatleastthe

9thcentury.

pl07thepresentSovereign,QueenElizabethII,wasborn

onApril21,1926,she

cametothethroneonFeb.6,1952,andshewascrownedon

Jun2,1953.

pl08theQueenofBritainisthesymbolofthewholenation

pllO1WhatdoyouknowtheParliamentinBritain?

2aParliamenthasamaximumdurationof5years.

pillinBritain,theHouseofLordsispresidedoverbythe

LordChancellor

pll21theHouseofCommonsiselectedbyuniversaladult

suffrageandconsistsof

651MembersofParliament

2itisintheHouseofCommonsthattheultimateauthority

forlaw-makingresides.

3aGeneralElectionmustbeheldeveryfiveyearsandis

oftenheldatmorefrequent

intervals

4BlackRod

pll4shadowcabinet

pll5thegreatmajorityoftheseareGovernmentmeasures

introducedbyaMinister

pll6inBritain,thePrimeMinisterisappointedbythe

Queen,andalwayssitsin

theHouseofCommons,receives￡78,292.

pll71MinistersareappointedbytheQueenonthe

recommendationofthePrime

Minister

2thePrivyCouncil

3thePrivyCouncilispresidedoverbytheLordPresident

pll8thegovernmentdepartmentsarestaffedbymembers

oftheCivilService

pl21LocalauthoritiesinGreatBritainraiserevenuethrough

thecounciltax.

pl221WhendidaconstitutionalmonarchybegininBritain?

2WhatdoestheCabinetconsistof?

3WhoarethemembersoftheHouseofLords?

4WhatisthefunctionoftheHouseofLords?

5WhatarethetwomajorpartiesinBritaintoday?

6HowmanyconstituenciesarethereinBritaintoday?

7HowmanymembersarethereintheHouseofCommons?

8Howoftendoesageneralelectiontakeplace?

9GiveabriefaccountofBritishParliament.

pl231criminallaw

2civillaw

pl24theCrownProsecutionServiceassumescontrolofthe

caseandindependently

reviewstheevidencetodecidewhethertoprosecute

pl251Magistrates'Courtstrysummaryoffences

2eitherway

3in1994therewere79stipendiarymagistratesinEngland

andWales.

pl261theCrownCourttriesthemostseriousoffences

2EnglandandWalesaredividedinsixcircuitsforthe

purposeofhearingcriminal

cases.

3tellthethreecriminalcourtsinScotland

4tellthetwotypesofcriminalprocedureinScotland

pl27appealsincriminalcasesinEnglandandWalesmaybe

heardbytheCrown

Court,theHighCourt,theCourtofAppeal（排除型選擇）

pl281themaincourtsofciviljurisdictioninEnglandand

WalesareCounty

Courtsofwhichthereare270

2alljudgesoftheSupremeCourtandallcircuitjudgesand

recordershavethe

powertositinthecountycourt

pl29intheUK,CentralresponsibilitylieswiththeLord

ChancellootheHome

SecretaryandtheAttorneyGeneral（排除型選擇）

pl301inNorthernIreland,courtadministrationisthe

responsibilityoftheLord

Chancellor

2London'sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthe

controloftheHome

Secretary.

pl311inEnglandandWalesaMagistrates'courtcannot

imposeatermofmorethan

sixmonth'simprisonmentforanindividualoffencetried

summarily

2Capitalpunishmentremainsthepenaltyfortreasonand

piracy

pl32