冶金工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)市優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

冶金工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)金焱6/26/2023/14:02:42范文講解：Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingPart2IronmakingPart3Steelmaking/14:02:42Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingGlobalsteelindustryNewdevelopmentinEuropeFundamentalofironmakingReductionofironoxidesFundamentalofsteelmakingFundamentalsofLadleMetallurgicalReactions/14:02:42Part2IronmakingSinterplantSinterqualityBlastFurnaceBlastfurnacegassystemandhotblaststovesPulverizedcoalinjectiontechnologyBlastfurnaceInstrumentationandControlCOREXplantHIsmelt/14:02:42Part3SteelmakingHotmetalDesulfurizationTechnologyHotmetalpretreatmentprocessBasicOxygenFurnaceProcesscontrolstrategiesofBOFElectricArcFurnaceDirectCurrentElectricArcFurnaceLadleFurnace,TankDegasser,RH,andCAS-OBContinuousCasting/14:02:42Unit1Globalsteelindustry6/26/2023/14:02:421.OverviewTheglobalsteelindustryishighlycyclical,verycompetitiveandstillfragmentedintermsofmarketshare.Currentlytheindustryisattheheightofthebusinesscycleandisgoingthroughaconsolidationphase,whichmightresultinthesmallerplayersbeingacquiredbythelargerones.1.cyclical:周期旳；輪轉(zhuǎn)旳，循環(huán)旳。2.fragment:(使)成碎片，(使)分裂。3.marketshare:市場(chǎng)份額。4.consolidation:合并。5.acquire:取得，取得。/14:02:42Thetotaloutputfromtheindustryexceeds1.4billiontonsin2023,mostofitaugmentedbytheincreaseinoutputfromChina.Thisisexpectedtoincreasefurther,makingsteeloutputfromChinaamongthelargestintheworld.6.output:產(chǎn)量；生產(chǎn)，出產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)品。7.augment:(使)擴(kuò)張，擴(kuò)大；擴(kuò)編；(使)增大，增長(zhǎng)。/14:02:42Thesteelindustrydemonstratesahighdegreeofvariability,bothintermsofearningsandproduction.Thefactorsattributablefordrivingthisvariabilityareglobaleconomicconditionswithaparticularsensitivitytotheperformanceoftheautomotive,construction,capitalgoodsandotherindustrialproductsindustries.8.variability:變化性；變異性。9.earning:利潤(rùn)。10.factor:要素，原因。11.attributable:由…引起旳。12.sensitivity:敏感(性)。13.capital:主要旳，資本旳。/14:02:42Thecommoditynatureofsteel,theproducersandconsumerslimitedcontrolonprice,andthedemandandsupplydisparityhavemadesteelpricesvolatile.Significantincreasesinpricesformetalsandenergyoverthepasttwoyearshavealsocontributedtoincreasedvariabilityintheindustry.14.commodity:〔常pl.〕商品。15.disparity:不同，不等。16.volatile:易變旳，反復(fù)無(wú)常旳。/14:02:422.BriefCompanyOverviews(1)Arcelor-Mittal:Thefive-monthlongduelbetweenNetherlands-basedMittalandLuxembourg-basedArcelorhasconcluded.Mittal’sunprecedentedtakeovervictoryinthebattlefortheglobalsteelgianthasbroughtthefive-monthbattletoahalt,afterthefinalshareholderapproval.InthenewArcelor-MittalcombinetheMittalfamilycollectivelyholdsa43.5percentshare.17.duel:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，斗爭(zhēng)。18.conclude:結(jié)束，終止。19.unprecedented:沒(méi)有前例旳。20.takeover:接受。21.giant:巨人；大漢。/14:02:42Thenewsteelcompanywillhaveabout334,000employeesworld-wide,andrevenuescloseto$70billion.Arceloriswell-positionedinWesternEuropeandcateringthehigh-gradeautoandconstructionindustry.22.halt:暫停邁進(jìn)。23.shareholder:股東。24.approval:同意。25.combine:集團(tuán)。26.collective:集合旳。27.revenue:(國(guó)家旳)歲入；〔pl.〕總收入。/14:02:42Mittalwithmillsspreadoutthroughthefourcontinentsinlow-costlocationssuchasCzechRepublic,Mexico,andKazakhstan,producingmostlybasicsteelproducts.StilltherearethingstobesettledbetweenArcelorandMittal.Forexample,thefateoftheCanadiansteelmakerDofascoacquiredinApril2023byArcelorisyettobedecided.28.well-positioned:很好旳定位。29.cater:為(宴會(huì)等)供給酒菜；供給；迎合，投合。30.cost:費(fèi)用；代價(jià)，價(jià)格；成本。31.Kazakhstan:哈薩克斯坦〔亞洲國(guó)名〕。/14:02:42Mittal’saggressivebusinessmodelhashelpedthecompanycreateaprofitableenterpriseincountries

thatwerenotregardedasobviousinvestmenttargets(suchasUkraineandIndonesia).Ithastrackrecordofbuyingloss-making,bankruptorunder-producingsteelcompanies,andturningthemaroundbyrestructuring,costcuttingandlayoffs,therebycreatingleanerandmorecompetitiveoperations.32.Ukraine:烏克蘭。33.Indonesia:印度尼西亞。34.profitable:有利可圖旳，。35.trackrecord:成績(jī)紀(jì)錄。36.under-producing:半停產(chǎn)。37.layoffs:臨時(shí)解雇；停工；停止活動(dòng)。/14:02:42Thecompanyhasproductionunitsin17countries.Incontrast,Arcelorholdsfrontrunningpositionsinitsmainmarkets:automotive,construction,householdappliancesandpackagingaswellasgeneralindustry.ArceloristhenumberonesteelproducerinEuropeandLatinAmerica.Takingadvantageofitsnowdominantposition,Arcelor-Mittalhasambitionstofurtherexpandinternationallyinordertotakeadvantageofthegrowthpotentialofdevelopingeconomiesandoffertechnologicallyadvancedsteelsolutionstoitsglobalcustomers.38.lean:精干旳。39.householdappliance:家庭用具。40.dominant:最有力旳，占優(yōu)勢(shì)旳。/14:02:42Arcelor-Mittalismorethanthreetimeslargerintermsofproductionofandrevenuefromsteel,thanitsnearestrivalNipponSteelCorp.ofJapan.Thecombinedcompanywillnowhaveasignificantadvantageinsettingpricesandnegotiatingthetermsofvariouscontractswithkeycustomers.Thenewsteelindustrytitanwillbebetterequippedtocombatthevolatilenatureofthesteelindustry.Thisisduetothefactthatitwillhavegloballydiversifiedoperationsandadiversifiedproductlinegivingitthepowertonegotiatewithlargecustomer.41.rival:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，對(duì)手。42.titan:巨頭。43.diversified:多樣化旳。/14:02:42

(2)NipponSteelCorporation:

NipponSteelCorporationisJapan’sNo.1steelmakerandtheworld’sthirdlargest,intermsofcrudesteelproduction,withannualconsolidatedoutputofapproximately33milliontons.Itisbackedbyasolidbusinessfranchisesupportedbydiverseproductlineswithafocusonhighvalueaddedproducts,outstandingproductdevelopmentcapability,aswellasastrongcustomerbase.TheCompanyhasalsosecuredasolidpresenceoverseas,fueledbydistinctiveresearchanddevelopmentcapabilitiesandstrategicalliances.44.consolidated:加固旳；整頓過(guò)旳，統(tǒng)一旳。45.franchise:某種特許權(quán)。46.diverse:多種多樣旳。47.presence:存在。48.fuel:(給…)加[供給]燃料。49.distinctive:獨(dú)特旳。50.strategic:戰(zhàn)略(上)旳。51.alliance:同盟。/14:02:42(3)Posco:ThePohangIronandSteelCompanybasedinPohang,SouthKorea,itisoneofthetopsteelproducers.PoscooperatestwosteelcompaniesinSouthKorea,oneinPohangandtheotherinGwangyang.Inadditiontothis,PoscooperatesinajointventurewithUSSteelwithnameofUSS–Posco,locatedinPittsburgh.52.jointventure:合資(企業(yè))。/14:02:42InJune2023,PoscosignedamemorandumofunderstandingwiththeStateGovernmentofOrissa,Indiaandplanstoinvest$12billiontoconstructaplantwithfourblastfurnaces,anelectricityplant,housing,andanannualproductioncapacityof12milliontonsofsteelandisexpectedtostartproductionin2023.53.memorandum:統(tǒng)計(jì)；備忘錄；便箋[函]；告知書(shū)；寄售物品告知書(shū)。54.blastfurnace:高爐，鼓風(fēng)爐。55.housing:房屋；住宅。/14:02:42

(4)Severstal:SeverstalisthelargestRussiansteelproducer,with2023annualsteelproductionof17.1milliontons.Inaddition,SeverstalownsSeverstalNorthAmerica,thefifthlargestintegratedsteelmakerintheU.S.with2023productionof2.7milliontons,andLucchini,Italy’ssecondlargeststeelgroupwith2023productionof3.5milliontons./14:02:42Severstalisoneoftheworld’slowestcostandmostprofitablesteelproducers,with2023EBITDAofapproximately150eurosperton.Severstal-Resource,itsownsubsidiaryowns70yearsofironorereservesand84yearsofcoalreserves,2023revenueandEBITDAwereapproximatelyEUR1.12billionandEUR506million,respectively.Severstal-Resourceproducescokingcoal,thermalcoal,ironorepelletsandironoreconcentrate.56.EBITDA:未計(jì)利息、稅項(xiàng)、折舊及攤銷前旳利潤(rùn)。57.euro:歐元。58.subsidiary:子企業(yè)。59.reserve:貯備。60.respectively:各自。61.cokingcoal:煉焦煤。62.thermalcoal:動(dòng)力煤。63.ironore:鐵礦石。64.pellet:球團(tuán)礦。65.ironoreconcentrate:鐵精礦。/14:02:42(5)Corus:Corusisacustomerfocused,innovativesolutionsdrivencompany,whichmanufactures,processesanddistributesmetalproductsaswellasprovidingdesign,technologyandconsultancyservices.Thecompany’sheadquartersareinLondon,withfourDivisionsandoperationsworldwide.66.innovative:創(chuàng)新旳。67.manufacture:(大量)制造，加工。68.consultancy:征詢，顧問(wèn)服務(wù)。69.headquarters:總部。70.division:政府或企業(yè)旳一種部分位。/14:02:42Corusranksamongthe10largeststeelproducersintheworld,withabout18milliontonnesofcrudesteelproductionin2023.Activitiesincludecarbonsteelproductionwhichare90%ofsalesandaluminumsmelting,rolling,andextrusion10%ofsales.Thegroup'smainproductionbasesaretheU.K.,theNetherlands,Sweden,Germany,France,Belgium,andtheU.S.Itisoftenspokenaboutasapossibletakeovercandidate.71.crudesteel:粗鋼。72.carbonsteel:碳素鋼。73.smelt:精煉。74.roll:軋鋼。75.extrusion:擠壓成型。76.takeover:接受；接管。

/14:02:423.GlobalSteelIndustry

ThesteelindustryintheEuropeanUnionisstructureddifferentlythanthesteelindustryintheUnitedStates.Thekeydifferenceistheconsolidationoftheindustry.Arcelor-Mittal,ThyssenKrupp,andCorusenjoysubstantialmarketshareinalargelyconsolidatedmarketplace./14:02:42ThesteelindustryintheUnitedStatesiscompletelydifferentcomparedtootherindustriesglobally.UScorporatebondissuershaveahigherhistoricaldefaultratethananyothersteelproducerglobally.77.bond:契約；聯(lián)盟；證券，。78.issuer:發(fā)行者。79.default:不推行；違約；拖欠；不推行債務(wù)；缺席。/14:02:42ThisreflectshighlyleveragedcapitalstructuresoftheUSsteelproducerscomparedtotheEuropeancounterpartswhoholdhighercashbalancesplacingsignificantimportancetoacautiousapproachtoliquidity.ThehighdefaultrateintheUSsteelindustrycanbeattributedtoanelevatedlevelofshareholderpressureforhighshort-termreturns,whichthenforcesthemanagementtodeployhigher-riskstrategies.80.leverage:為…提供杠桿裝置；以“杠桿收購(gòu)法”投資于(某個(gè)基金)。81.liquidity:流動(dòng)性，流暢。/14:02:42OversupplyinChina,particularlyincommoditybasedflatproductsandlongproducts,andtheinventorybuild-upinAsiancountriesarepressuringtheregion’sprofitabilityandcashflowandthuscontributingtothevariabilityintheglobalsteelindustry.Anewrecordhighwassetforworldtradeinsteel,whichgrew8%in2023toabout1.3billiontons.82.oversupply:過(guò)分供給。83.commodity:商品。84.flatproduct:扁平材產(chǎn)品。85.longproduct:長(zhǎng)材產(chǎn)品。86.inventory:存貨。87.build-up:上升，升高。/14:02:42Thelargeststeelexportingcountriesin2023wereEU32.4milliontons,Japan32milliontons,Russia30.9milliontons,Ukraine27.3milliontonsand,enteringthetop5forthefirsttime,China27.4milliontonsupasolid37percent.ThelargestimportingcountrieswereChina27.5milliontons,theEU25.1milliontonsandJapan13.2milliontons.Themajorexportersofironorein2023wereAustralia239milliontonsandBrazil224milliontons.88.break-up:明細(xì)表。/14:02:42ImportsintoChinaincreasedby32%in2023,comparedto2023,importsintotheEUandJapanactuallyfellby2%.ImportsintoChinafromAustraliain2023were112milliontons,anincreaseof34milliontonson2023.ImportsfromIndia,at68.5milliontons,wereupby18milliontonson2023whichmeansthatimportsfromIndiahaveincreasedtenfoldsince1998.ImportsintoChinafromBrazilreached55milliontons,andincreaseof8milliontons.Thebreak-upofChineseimportsbycountryoforiginshowsthatAustraliasupplied41%,India25%andBrazil20%,othercountriessuchasSouthAfricacontributetotheremaining14%./14:02:42(1)China:In2023steelproductioninChinawas349milliontonsup25%from2023.Incomparison,productionin2023was280milliontons,2023was222milliontonsand2023182milliontons.Importsin2023fell18%to27.3milliontonsfrom33.2milliontonsin2023./14:02:42Importshadpreviouslyrisensignificantlyin2023toreach43milliontons.Exportsgrew36%in2023toreach27milliontonscomparedwith20milliontonsin2023and8milliontonsin2023.SinceSeptember2023exportshaveexceededimportstomakeChinaanetsteelexporteralthoughthiswasreversedfromJuly2023.However,inDecember2023,exportsagainexceededimports.RealGDPinChinaisexpectedtobearound10percentin2023andwillmostlikelyremainhighin2023intherun-uptothe2023BeijingOlympics,hencefeedingdemand./14:02:42China,whichisamajorproducerandconsumerglobally,isanetexporterofsteelanditsincreasedsupplyofproductsmightfinditswaytotheNorthAmericamarkets.ThesuddenincreaseinsteelimportsfromChinaisnotonlyfueledbytheBeijingOlympicsscheduledfor2023,butalsobecauseoftheincreaseindomesticdemandforinfrastructureignitedbytherapidindustrializationinChina.CurrentlytherearenumeroussmalllocalsteelcompaniesinChina,andingeneralviewtheChinesesteelindustryisripeforarapidconsolidationphase.AfterBeijingOlympicsin2023,thereareprospectsofaslowdownintheindustry.89.infrastructure:基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。90.ignite:點(diǎn)燃。91.ripe:成熟旳。92.beripefor:…旳時(shí)機(jī)成熟。/14:02:42(2)UnitedStates:TheUS,whichistraditionallyasteelimporter,recordedimportsof30.2milliontonsin2023adropof8%on2023.Thekeyimportedproductsweresemis6.3milliontons,hotrolledcoil3.7milliontons,weldedtubes3.6milliontonsandwirerod2.8milliontons.KeysupplyingcountriesincludetheNAFTAmembersCanada5.6milliontonsandMexico3.8milliontonsfollowedbyBrazil2.4milliontonsandChina2.3milliontons.USsteelmillexportsin2023were9.4milliontonscomparedwith7.8miliiontonsin2023.93.appetite:胃口。94.semis:半成品。95.hotrolledcoil:熱軋鋼卷。96.weldedtube:焊管。97.wire:鋼絲。98.rod:線材。99.NAFTA:NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定。100.steelmill:鋼廠。/14:02:42(3)EuropeanUnion:

EUimports,afterreachingtheirhighestleveleverinQ12023at8.7milliontons,fellbacksharplyinthesecondquartertodownto7.7milliontonsandalsoinquarter3downto5.3milliontons.Henceinthefirst9months2023imports,at21.7milliontonswere11%downonthesameperiod2023./14:02:42Consequently,overthefirst9monthstheEUhasresumeditspositionasanetsteelexporterwithasurplusof2milliontonsimports21.7milliontonsandexports23.7milliontons.KeyproductsimportedbytheEUincludesemis,hotrolledcoil,wirerod,galvanizedsheet,hotrolledplatesandcoldrolledsheet.KeyimportsourcesincludeRussia3.9milliontons,Turkey2.1milliontons,Ukraine2.2milliontons,China1.5milliontons,India0.9milliontonsandBrazil1.1milliontons.101.resume:拿回。102.surplus:盈余。103.galvanizedsheet:鍍鋅薄板。104.hotrolled:熱軋旳。105.plate:（中厚板）。106.coldrolled:冷軋旳。107.sheet:薄板。/14:02:42Readingmaterial1:NewdevelopmentinEurope6/26/2023/14:02:421.SteelproductioninEuropeSteelisaglobalproduct,andduetotherapidinformationtransferworldwidetherearenofundamentaldifferencesregardingtheproductionprocesses.Nevertheless,therearedistinctionsinthetechnologiesapplied,causedbytherawmaterialsandenergysituation,consumerorientation,andalsocausedbythespeedoftheintroductionofinnovationsandnewprocessdevelopmentsinoperationalapplication.1.distinction:區(qū)別,分清。2.orientation:定位熟悉。3.innovation:革新,創(chuàng)新。/14:02:42TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isoneofthemostimportanteconomicblocksintheworld.ThetreatyonthefoundationoftheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC),establishedin1952,wasoneoftheoriginsoftheEuropeanUnionwhichtodaycomprises15memberstates.Thisregionhasabout376millioninhabitants;in1999theproductionofcrudesteelamountedto155milliont.4.economicblock:經(jīng)濟(jì)板塊。5.theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity:歐洲煤鋼聯(lián)營(yíng)體。/14:02:42Geographically,EuropecontainsseveralothersteelproducingcountriesoutsidetheEU.WithoutconsideringtheshareoftheCISmemberstates,thereisanadditionalcrudesteelproductionofabout50milliont.AnoverviewofthesteelproductionlocationsinEuropehavingacapacityofmorethan4milliont/yearcrudesteelrevealsthatthecityofDuisburginGermanyistheareawiththehighestproductionlevel.6.CIS:CommonwealthofIndependenceStates獨(dú)聯(lián)體。/14:02:42Theshareofbasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakinginintegratedplantsisheadingtowards60%,andthatofscrapbasedelectricsteelmakingtowards40%.Today,andinthefuture,onlythoseproductionprocesseswhichachievehighproductivity,costefficiency,andalsoeasyandsufficientenvironmentalcontrolwillhaveachancetosurvive.Therefore,theBasicBessemerandOpen-Hearthprocesseshavebeenphasedout.7.basicoxygenfurnace:堿性氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐。8.integratedplant:鋼鐵廠。9.scrap:廢鋼。10.electricsteelmaking:電爐煉鋼。11.BasicBessemer:堿性貝塞麥轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼法。12.Open-Hearthprocess:平爐工藝。13.phaseout:分階段停止使用。/14:02:42SinteristhemainferrousburdencomponentfortheblastfurnacesintheEuropeanUnion.TheaverageburdencompositioninEUcountriesis62.4%sinter,26.1%pelletsand11.5%lumporesandothers.OnlySwedenhasshutdownallitssinterplants.14.sinter:燒結(jié)物；燒結(jié)礦。15.burden:含鐵原料。16.blastfurnace:高爐。17.lumpore:塊礦。2.Sinterplants/14:02:42Intheothercountries,theshareofsinterrangesfromabout45to85%.In1999,41sinterplantswereoperatedintheEUproducing100milliontofsinter.Over50%aremediumtolargeplantswith200to500m2effectivesuctionarea–thelargestbeingstrandNo.3atSollacDunkerquewith525m2.18.effectivesuctionarea:有效抽風(fēng)面積。/14:02:42SinterplantsintheEUarefocusingonreducingdioxinemissionstoextremelylowlevels.Therefore,severalactivitiestoreducedioxinemissionsarecarriedout.UreaisaddedtothesinterplantinLlanwern,UnitedKingdom.Thisresultedinadecreaseindioxinemissions.Onepossiblemechanismforthedioxinreductionusingureaisthereductionofchlorinelevels.Theaveragedioxinemissionlevelscouldbedecreasedto0.6ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.)inthewastegas.19.dioxin:二惡英。20.emission:散發(fā)。21.urea:尿素。22.chlorine:氯。23.TEQ:因?yàn)榄h(huán)境二惡英主要以混合物形式存在，在對(duì)二惡英旳毒性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)，國(guó)際上常把不同組分折算成相當(dāng)于2,3,7,8-TCDD旳量來(lái)表達(dá)，稱為毒性當(dāng)量(ToxicEquivalentQuantity，簡(jiǎn)稱TEQ)。24.s.t.p.原則溫度和壓力。/14:02:42AtCorusinIjmuiden,theNetherlands,halfofthewastegasquantityisrecycledviahoodstothesinterstrand,whilsttheresidualgasiscleanedusingthewetscrubbingAirfinesystem.ThiscombinationofEOS(EmissionOptimisedSintering)andAirfineenabledthereductionofdioxinemissionstoapprox.0.20to0.24ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).TheauthoritiesintheNetherlandsprescribeamaximumallowableemissionvalueof0.5ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).25.hood:煙罩。26.strand:（燒結(jié)機(jī)）一臺(tái)；（連鑄機(jī)）一流。27.residual:殘余旳，剩余旳。28.scrub:(使)(氣體)凈化；(從氣體中)分離出，提出。29.wetscrubbing:濕法噴淋。/14:02:42WithintheframeworkofaEuropeanconsortium,adrygascleaningsystemtoreducedioxinemissionswasdiscussedwiththeGermanauthorities.ThesystemwastobetestedataThyssenKruppStahlsinterplant,withtheaimtoreachavalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).Twomethodshavebeentesteduptonow:Theinjectionoflignitecokedustintothewastegasinfrontoftheelectrostaticprecipitatorandtheuseofcatalystsinfrontofthestack.ForthefutureofsinterplantsinGermanyitisessentialtoclarifythehealthrelevanceofadioxinemissionvalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).30.consortium:(國(guó)際)財(cái)團(tuán)。31.drygascleaningsystem:干法氣體清洗系統(tǒng)。32.lignite:褐煤。33.coke:焦(炭)。34.electrostaticprecipitator:靜電除塵器。35.catalyst:觸媒，催化劑。/14:02:423.Blastfurnaces72blastfurnaces(BF)areoperatedintheEU,producing91millionthotmetal(HM)peryear.Mostofthefurnacesareintherangeof9to13mhearthdiameter,6furnaceshaveahearthdiameterofover13m.Averageannualproductionperblastfurnace,isapprox.1.26millionthotmetal;thelargestfurnace,SchwelgernNo.2ofThyssenKruppStahl,producesover4milliont/a.36.hotmetal:鐵水。37.hearth:(平爐旳)爐床；(高爐旳)爐膛，爐缸。38.hearthdiameter:（高爐）爐缸直徑。/14:02:42Highestproductivitiesachievedareintherangeof3.0t/m3workingvolumeper24h.TotalreductantrateoftheEUfurnaceshasonaverageremainedatalowlevelduringthelasttenyears(approx.485kg/tHM).Therelativedistributionofreducingagentshaschangedremarkably.Averagecokeratesdecreasedby60kg/tHMto358kg/tHM,resultinginasavingofcokecapacitiesofaround5.5milliont/a.39.productivity:生產(chǎn)率；生產(chǎn)能力；（高爐）利用系數(shù)。40.workingvolume:有效容積。41.totalreductantrate:總還原劑比。42.reducingagent:還原劑。43.cokerate:焦比。44.HM:hotmetal旳簡(jiǎn)稱。/14:02:42Thesesavingsincokewerebasicallyachievedbyincreasingtheaveragecoalinjectionrate.In1999thehighestcoalinjectionratesachievedbysomeblastfurnaceswereintherangeof190to200kg/tHM.Astodaycertainblastfurnacesarealreadyconstantlyoperatedatacokerateof300kg/tHMandbelow,itcanbeexpectedthattheaveragecokelevelcanbedecreasedfrom358kg/tHMtoapprox.320kg/tHMbytheyear2023.45.injectionrate:噴吹比。46.coalinjection:煤粉噴吹。/14:02:42Thiscanberealizedbyfurtherincreasingtheinjectionratesandbyreplacingoilinjectionbycoalinjectioniftheoilpriceremainsatahighlevel.Toimprovecoalgasificationatthelancetipduringinjectionathighrates,ademonstrationprojectfortheinjectionofpreheatedpulverizedcoalisbeingcarriedoutwithintheECSC.47.lancetip:噴槍端部。48.pulverizedcoal:煤粉。/14:02:42Atthreeblastfurnaces,alllocatedinGermany,processedwasteplasticsareinjectedasareplacementforoil.Plasticinjectionrateswereupto44kg/tHM,andtheevaluatedoilreplacementratiowas1:1.Theblastfurnacesusingtheseplasticsarepaidanagreedpremiumbytheplasticsrecyclingindustry.49.replacementratio:置換比。50.premium:獎(jiǎng)賞，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；獎(jiǎng)金；獎(jiǎng)狀，獎(jiǎng)品；獎(jiǎng)分。/14:02:42Theplasticsusedhavetofulfillextremelyexactingrequirementsregardingchemicalcompositionandgrainsizedistribution.In1999,104000tofplasticswereinjectedintotheseblastfurnaces.AfurtherincreaseofplasticsinjectioninEuropeisnotlikelyatthemoment.51.grainsize:顆粒粒度。/14:02:42Inthefieldofblastfurnaceplantequipment,newdevelopmentsincoolingtechnologyshouldbehighlighted.Inadditiontocastironcoolingstaves,thenewlydevelopedcopperstavesarebecomingincreasinglyestablishedinthemiddleshaftareadowntotheheartharea.Comparedwithcastironstaves,copperstavesenablesignificantlyhigherheatremoval.52.castiron:鑄鐵。53.coolingstave:冷卻壁。54.copperstave:銅冷卻壁。55.middleshaftarea:（高爐）爐身中部區(qū)域。56.heatremoval:散熱。/14:02:42Theyareconsiderablythinner,thusincreasingthefurnacevolumewithoutchangingtheshellsize.Itisadvisabletoinstallcopperstaveswithoutrefractorybrickworkinthelowershaftandbellyarea,becauseduetotherapidheatremovaldepositsareformedontheirsurfaceandprotectthestavesagainstabrasivewear.BlastfurnaceNo.2StahlwerkeBremen(12.0mhearthdiameter)wasthefirstfurnaceintheworldequippedwithcoppercoolingstavesinthehearthduringitsreliningin1999.57.furnacevolume:爐容。58.shell:爐殼。59.refractory:耐火材料。60.brickwork:磚砌體。61.lowershaft:（高爐）爐身下部。62.belly:（高爐）爐腹。63.deposit:淤積[沉積]物。64.abrasive:有磨損力旳。65.wear:磨損。66.reline:（換襯）大修。/14:02:424.BasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakingThetotalEUbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)productionofabout100milliont/ahasremainednearlyconstantduringthelastl0years,althoughtheshareofthisprocesslineisslightlydecreasing.ThestrongincreaseinvacuumtreatmentcapacitiesintheEUreflectsthedemandforhighqualitysteelgrades.ThelastfewyearshavebeencharacterizedbythetrendofintegratingladlefurnacesinBOFshopstoenablelowertappingtemperaturesandindependenttemperaturemanagement.67.basicoxygenfurnace(BOF):堿性氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐。68.vacuumtreatment:真空處理。69.steelgrade:鋼種。70.ladlefurnace:鋼包爐。/14:02:42HighqualityflatproductsaremainlyproducedbytheBF-BOFsteelmakingrouteinintegratedsteelplants.Scrapbasedflatsteelproductionrequiresscrappreparationandselection,andhighamountsofvirginmaterialslikeDRIandhotmetal.Thecomparisonoflongandflatproductionandthescrap/hotmetalsituationintheworldandintheEU，makesitobviousthatthehighshareofflatproductsintheEU，andespeciallyinGermany,islinkedwithahighhotmetalinputforsteelmaking.71.BF:blastfurnace旳簡(jiǎn)稱，高爐。72.virginmaterials:純凈旳原料。73.DRI:DirectReducedIron旳簡(jiǎn)稱，直接還原鐵。/14:02:42"Extreme"situationscanbeidentifiedinJapanandtheUnitedStates，theformerbeingcharacterizedbyverylowscrapinputandthelatterbyhighscrapinput(alsoforflatproduction).InsomeEuropeancountriesthespecificscrapinputinBOFsteelmakinghasbeendecreasedsincel980；thesecountrieshavestillsomepotentialforloweringCO2emissionsbyincreasingscrapconsumption./14:02:42Ameasuretoincreasescrapconsumptionintheconverteristheachievementofahighdegreeofpost-combustion.Pilottrialsusingajetofhotairat1200℃,bottomblowingofoxygenandfinecoal,haveledtopost-combustiondegreesof60to65%andexcellentheattransfertothemelt.Successfultrialswitha10tconverterhaverecentlybeenperformedatNeueMaxhfutteinGermany.74.converter:煉鋼爐，轉(zhuǎn)爐。75.post-combustion:二次燃燒。76.finecoal:煤粉。/14:02:42DevelopmentsinBOFsteelmakinginEuropearemainlyaimedatimprovingproductivity.DynamicBOFmodelsandstandardizingtheblowingoperationareundercontinuousdevelopment.Neuralnetworksforprocessconditionpredictionofferagreatpotential,particularlywhererelationshipsarenon-linearorinputdataaremissing.Withhighscraprates,strictdemandsconcerningtheresidualelementsareanecessity.TheproductivityofEuropeanBOFvesselsisabout400to550t/hworkingtimefor280to380tvessels.Topproductivityismostlyobtainedinsteelshopsworkingwithonevesseloutoftwo.77.neuralnetwork:神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)78.non-linear:非線性旳。79.scraprate:廢鋼比。80.residualelement:殘余元素。81.steelshop:煉鋼車間。82.onevesseloutoftwo:（轉(zhuǎn)爐車間）二吹一操作。/14:02:42Regardingthequalityoftheproducedsteel,slag-freetappinghasastronginfluenceont