研究生英語閱讀教程Unit14公開課一等獎(jiǎng)市優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

UnitFourteen6/27/20231ContentsIntroductionText(A)analysisSomecommentsonwritingText(B)analysisFurtherreadingExercises6/27/20232IntroductionWrittenbyBruceAlberts,editor-in-ChiefofScience,TextAgivessomeadvicetotheyoungwhowishtobecomescientistsinthefuture.TextBexplainswhatmakesascientificpaperandthepopularformat.6/27/20233Textanalysis

TextAOnBecomingaScientist6/27/20234BruceAlbertspresidentemeritus(榮譽(yù)主席)oftheU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencesandchairoftheNationalResearchCouncil(1993-2023),hasbeennamedbytheBoardofDirectorsoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)toserveaseditor-in-chiefofitsjournalSciencebeginning1March2023.6/27/20235TextStructurePartI(para.1—4)Itiscriticalthatbeginningscientistsselecttheirmentorswisely.PartII(para.5—7)Besidestechnicalskills,itiscriticaltobeabletodesignresearchstrategies.6/27/20236Answerthequestions1.WhathastheauthorlearnedatHarvard?(para1)2.Howcanapersonthinkandfunctionasascientist?(para1)3.WhatisthefirstpieceofadvicethatAlbertgivestoprospectscientistsinhelpingthemselecttheirmentors?(para2)6/27/20237Answerthequestions4.AccordingtoAlbert,whatarethecriteriaforagoodadvisor?(para3,4)5.Howimportantisitforscientistbeabletodesignresearchstrategies?(para6)6/27/20238LanguagepointsPara11.apprenticeshipserveone's~withsb.做某人學(xué)徒serveoutone‘s~學(xué)徒期滿,出師2.mentor-awiseandtrustedcounselororteacher賢明和忠實(shí)旳顧問或良師,導(dǎo)師,指導(dǎo)者6/27/20239Para2notnearly-絕不,相差甚遠(yuǎn),遠(yuǎn)非ethicalstandard-道德規(guī)范consultaboutthematter商議此事consultwithcounsel與法律顧問商議consultforalargebuildingfirm為大型建筑企業(yè)做征詢工作6/27/202310Para4empowersb.todosth.-授權(quán)某人做某事innovate-v.tr.tobeginorintroduce(somethingnew)fororasifforthefirsttime革新：第一次或好象第一次開始或簡介（新東西）r.tobeginorintroducesomethingnew創(chuàng)新：開始或簡介新東西6/27/202311WritingBecausesomuchofone’sscientificfutureisshapedbyearlyexperiences,itiscriticalthatbeginningscientistsselecttheirmentorswisely.Butwhatconstitutesa“good”choiceisnotalwaysobvious.Pleasewriteanessayof300wordsonhowtochooseyourmentor/supervisorforgraduatestudents.6/27/202312TextB

WhatIsaScientificPaper?6/27/202313Questionsforcomprehension1.HowdoestheCouncilofBiologyEditors(CBE)defineprimaryliterature?2.Whatkindofprocessispeer-review?3.Whyhasthewriterbelaboredonthedefinitionofscientificpaper?4.Intermsoforganization,whatisthemostpopularorderofascientificpaper?5.DoesIMRADformatapplytoeachresearchfield?Whyorwhynot?6.Whatshouldbethemainconcernsofscientistsandeditorsinreportingdata?6/27/202314NO.1AccordingtotheCBE,anacceptableprimaryscientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosurecontainingthesufficientinformationtoenablepeers(1)toassessobservations,(2)torepeatexperiments,and(3)toevaluateintellectualprocesses;moreover,itmustbesusceptibletosensoryperception,essentiallypermanent,availabletothescientificcommunitywithoutrestriction,andavailableforregularscreeningbyoneormoreofthemajorrecognizedsecondaryservices.6/27/202315NO.2Peer-reviewreferstotheprocessthroughwhicharesearchpaperiscriticallyevaluatedpriortopublication,byscientistswithin-depthknowledgeoftheauthors’areaofresearchorinvestigation,toensurethattheworkunderreviewisaccurate,reliable,well-written,andworthyofpublication;theprocessisgenerallyguidedbyaneditorwhomakesthefinaldecision.6/27/202316NO.3(1)Hediditfortworeasons.First,togetridtheconfusion.Thecommunityofsciencehaslongbeenunableorunwillingtodefineprimarypublication.Asaresult,muchoftheliteratureisburiedinmeetingabstracts,obscureconferencereports,governmentpublications,orinbooksorjournalsofminusculecirculation.Otherpapers,inthesameorslightlyalteredform,arepublishedtwiceormoreoften;occasionally,thisistheresultofpoorethicsonthepartoftheauthor,butmoreoftenitisthelackofdefinitionastowhichconferencereports,books,andcompilationsare(orshouldbe)primarypublicationsandwhicharenotredundancyandconfusionresult.6/27/202317NO.3(2)Second,tohelpgraduatestudentorthebuddingscientist.Ascientificpaperis,bydefinition,aparticularkindofdocumentcontainingcertainspecifiedkindsofinformation.Ascientificpaper“demandsexactlythesamequalitiesofthoughtasareneededfortherestofscience:logic,clarity,andprecision.”Ifthegraduatestudentorthebuddingscientist(andevensomeofthosescientistswhohavealreadypublishedmanypapers)canfullygraspthesignificanceofthisdefinition,thewritingtaskshouldbeagooddealeasier.6/27/202318NO.4IMRAD,anacronymforIntroduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion,isthemostpopularpatternforscientificpaper.6/27/202319NO.5Generallyspeaking,IMRADisthebestchoiceforscientificpapersreportinglaboratorystudies.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Forexample,reportsoffieldstudiesintheearthsciencesandclinicalcasereportsinthemedicalsciencesdonotreadilylendthemselvestothiskindoforganization.Ifanumberofmethodswereusedtoachievedirectlyrelatedresults,itmightbedesirabletocombinetheMaterialsandMethodsandtheResultsintoanintegrated“Experimental”section.Inaddition,manyprimaryjournalspublish“Notes”or“ShortCommunications”,inwhichtheIMRADorganizationisabridged.6/27/202320NO.6Bothscientistsandeditorsshouldworkonasystemofreportingdatathisisuniform,concise,andreadilyunderstandable.Todeterminehowtoorganizeresearchpapers,scientistswillneedtorefertotheInstructionstoAuthorsoftheirtargetjournalandbearinmindthatwithoutpublication,scienceisdead.6/27/202321Furtherreadingimmersionincreased/extendedtenure-trackveteransautonomylabsflexibilityPilot6/27/202322E-C科學(xué)這個(gè)詞似乎具有某種魅力。它一旦被提出，就應(yīng)該立即得到認(rèn)可，而不允許有任何可能旳討論。這種需要人們立即認(rèn)可旳情況出目前廣告中，但是基本上不和情理。要懂得，科學(xué)不是一種信條，也不是神靈向人類旳揭示物。它是人類思維旳產(chǎn)物，所以是能夠討論和修正旳?？茖W(xué)絕無絕對真理，一般只有相對性。6/27/202323E-C它以人旳觀察和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，對人類知識(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯性旳總結(jié)，然而人旳觀察和經(jīng)驗(yàn)總是有限旳而且缺乏一定旳精確性。至于那些用來對經(jīng)驗(yàn)事實(shí)進(jìn)行歸類旳邏輯則完全是我們大腦旳產(chǎn)物。我們選擇我們以為有著邏輯聯(lián)絡(luò)旳試驗(yàn)成果，而忽視許多不符合我們自己“邏輯”旳事實(shí)。這種相當(dāng)人為旳選擇成果是我們自己旳事情。對此，我們非常得意，以至于主張這些人為選擇旳成果應(yīng)該被當(dāng)做“自然規(guī)律”來看待。6/27/202324C-EAbranchofsciencedealswithaclassofthings,thechangesinthemembersoftheclass,andtherelationsbetweenthesemembers.Thustheidealformofanaturalscienceisthesameasthatofmathematics.TheobjectiveinanaturalscienceistodiscoverrelationswhichassertthatwhenaneventPispresentinasituation,thentheeventQisalsopresent.6/27/202325C-EAsabranchofscienceadvancesfromadescriptiveandqualitativestagetoonewheretherelationscanbeexpressedinaquantitativeandexplanatorymanner,thescienceassumesamathemati