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關(guān)于中西方文化差異之動(dòng)物篇第1頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三1.Differentculturalbackgroundspresentthesameorsimilarmeaningsofthesamewordsaboutanimals.
2.Wordswithdifferentculturalloadsmayleadtodifferentassociations.
3.Theconnotativemeaningsofawordmayexistinoneculture,butevaporateinanother
第2頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Englishpeoplewouldsay,“Heisafox.”Similarly,Chinesepeoplecanunderstandthemeaningofthesentence“Heisafox.”inChinese“他是一只狐貍?!?/p>
ThisexampleshowsthatinEnglish“fox”canbeusedtodescribesomebodywhoiscunninganddishonest.Thisexampleindicatesthatdifferentlanguagesandculturesendow“fox’’thesamemeanings.第3頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Wolf(狼)isakindofgreedy,savageandcruelbeast,soinChinesethereexistsuchexpressions:“狼心狗肺”,“豺狼當(dāng)?shù)馈?“如狼似虎”,“狼吞虎咽”,“狼狽為奸”,“狼子野心”.第4頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Similarly,thegreedy,sinister險(xiǎn)惡的,dishonestcharacterofwolfalsodisplaysvividlyandincisivelyinwesternculture,e.g.:“awolfinasheep’sclothingorawolfinlamb’sskin”;“wakeasleepingwolf”;“holdawolfbytheears”;“keepthewolffromthedoor”.披著羊皮的狼自找麻煩騎虎難下,進(jìn)退兩難勉強(qiáng)度日第5頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“Ass(驢)”inEnglishandChinesehasthesameconnotationandfigurativemeaning“foolish,stupid”.InChinesetheexpression“笨驢”isusedtoindicateafooloranidiot.InEnglish,mostofthesetphrases,idiomsandproverbsincludingtheword“ass’’allimplythemeaningof“foolish”,e.g.“assingrain(十足的大傻瓜)”;“anassinalion’sskin(fromAesop’sFables,冒充聰明人的傻瓜)”;“allasseswag搖動(dòng)theirears(諺語(yǔ):驢子搖耳朵,傻瓜裝聰明)”;“asses’bridge(笨人難過(guò)的橋)”;“acttheass(做糊涂事)”;“makeanassofoneself(做蠢事)”;“sellyouass(口語(yǔ):不要這樣呆頭呆腦)”.第6頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“dove”inChineseandEnglishsharesthesamemeaning,andsymbolizesforpeace.Weregardthedoveas“peacedove”.Insomegrandcelebrations,weoftenseethesceneoftakingthedovesaway,standingforcherisheddesireforpeaceworldofallofus.第7頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Thefollowingaresomeotherfamiliarexamples:asfreeasabird(像鳥(niǎo)兒一樣自由);asuglyasatoad(像癩蛤蟆一樣丑);asbusyasabee(像蜜蜂一樣忙碌);asslowasanail(像蝸牛一樣慢).第8頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Thiskindoftermswithsameorsimilarmeaningsshowthatindifferentculturestheredoesexistsomethingincommon,whichreflectsthecommonnessofdifferentnationalcultures.第9頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三英漢語(yǔ)中對(duì)豬的形象和喻義也基本一致,豬給人的印象是臟而丑陋,令人討厭,其喻義是集“懶”、“饞”、“貪”和“笨”于一身。漢語(yǔ)中“豬玀”、“豬頭阿三”、“肥得像頭豬”、“懶得像頭豬”等粗俗的臟話都是以豬為形象的,在英語(yǔ)中,apig意為agreedy,dirtyorbad-manneredperson(貪婪,骯臟或舉止粗魯之人),因此常用以喻指貪婪,懶惰,骯臟的人。英語(yǔ)中有不少含有pig的習(xí)語(yǔ)短語(yǔ),幾乎都含有明顯的貶義,如eatlikeapig(喧鬧而貪婪地大吃大喝),makeapigofoneself(大吃大喝,狼吞虎咽),pigsinclover(行為卑鄙或粗魯?shù)挠绣X(qián)人),buyapiginapoke(未經(jīng)過(guò)目而買(mǎi)下的上當(dāng)之貨)。Next第10頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三1)Someanimalwordswithcommendatory(褒義)meaninginChinese,butwithderogatory(貶義)meaninginEnglish2)SomeanimalwordswithcommendatoryfigurativemeaninginEnglish,butwithderogatoryfigurativemeaninginChinese3)Differentanimalassociationvehiclesandsimilarfigurativemeanings
第11頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“dragon(龍)”iscompletelyoppositeinChineseandEnglish.“Dragon”isnotarealanimalbutanimaginaryone.InChina,dragonisthesymboloftheChinesenation,especiallyintheancienttime,peopleworshipeddragontobegforrain.AndtheChinesefeudalemperorswereoftenreferredtoassonsofdragons(真龍?zhí)熳?,wearingclotheswithdesignsofdragons(龍袍).AndalsotheChineseallcallthemselvesdescendentsofthedragon(龍的傳人)andareveryproudofbeingthedescendentsofthedragon.第12頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三However,inWesternpeople’sminds,thedragonissomeevilmonsterwithalargetailwithwingsandclaws,breathingoutfireandsmoke.Itsymbolizesevil.Soifwewanttosay“望子成龍”inEnglish,wecan’tsaythat“Hisparentsexcepthimtobeadragon”,butwemustexplainitlikethat“Hisparentsexcepthimtobecomeanoutstandingpersonage”or“Hisparentsexcepthimtohaveabrightfuture”。wecan’tsay”亞洲四小龍”likethat“foursmalldragonsofAsia”butthat“foursmalltigersofAsia”。第13頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“Monkey(猴子)”hasdifferentmeaninginChineseandEnglishlanguages.InChinese,“monkey”isoftenlikenedtoasmartandagileperson,withcommendatorysense.TheChinesepeopleoftenjokinglycallcleverandcutechildren“l(fā)ittlemonkey”.But,ifyoupraiseawesternchild“Youarelikealittlemonkey.”,hewillbeangry,thinkingthatyoucursehim.BecauseinEnglish,“l(fā)ittlemonkey,”means“atroublesomeplayfulchild”.And“monkey”isoftenlikenedtoapersonwithawholebagoftricks,e.g.“Themanisastrickyasamonkey.(那人詭計(jì)多端,極為狡猾。)”Therefore,inEnglish,expressionswith“monkey”havederogatorymeanings,e.g.“monkeybusiness(搗鬼,騙人的勾當(dāng))”;“monkeyaround(閑蕩,瞎弄)”;“monkeymeat(美俚:劣等牛肉)”;“suckthemonkey(英俚:酗酒)”.第14頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“petrel(海燕)”.InEnglishthepetrelisconsideredasanomenofdisaster.TheLongmanDictionary(朗文詞典)ofEnglish-Chineseoffersustheexplanations:“Astormypetrelisapersonwhosepresenceexcitesdiscontentment,quarrelling,etc.inasocialgroup.”Thereasonforsuchadislikeisthattheythinkpetrelisthesymbolfordisaster.However,inChinatheword“petrel”isassociatedwithbravinghardshipandadversity,advancingwithperseveranceandcourage.ThespiritiswellreflectedinthepoempetrelwrittenbyGorky(高爾基),afamousRussianwriter.第15頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三magpie(喜鵲),ToEnglishpeople,ifamagpiefliesnearawindow,itisasymbolofbadluck.TherearetwoexplanationsinTheOxfordAdvancedLearner’s(牛津高階)English-ChineseDictionary:(a)personwhocollectsorhoardsthings(愛(ài)收藏或貯藏東西的人),(b)personwhochattersalot(愛(ài)饒舌的人).Alltheseexplanationsarefigurativewithderogatorymeanings.Onthecontrary,amagpieisasymbolofgoodluckinChina.Ifamagpiesingsinatreenearhouses,peoplewouldthinksomehappythingswouldhappen.SoChinesepeopleoftensaythat“Magpiesings,happythingcomes.”第16頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“fish”hasquitedifferentmeaningsinEnglishandChinese.InEnglish“fish”hasderogatorymeaningthatreferstobadthingsandpersons,e.g.:“apoorfish(可憐蟲(chóng))”;“aloosefish(生活放蕩的女人)”;“fishintheair(水中撈月)”.InChinesetheletter“魚(yú)”and“余”arehomophones.Therefore,intheimportantfestivalssuchasSpringFestival,Chinesepeoplewouldliketouse“fish”asanindispensabledishtosymbolize“abundance”.第17頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“elephant(象)”,InChina,“elephant”isamascot(吉祥的東西).ManyplacesinChinaarenamedfortheletter“象”suchas“象山”inZhejiangprovince,“象州”,“象鼻山”inGuangxiprovince,“象河”inTibet,etc.“Elephant”alsosymbolizesstatus.Forexample,inremoteantiquity古代,thenobleladiesworeclotheswithdesignsofelephants(象服);Theemperorsrodeonelephants.The“elephant”isdoted溺愛(ài)byChinesepeoplebecauseoftheBuddhistlegends佛教傳說(shuō).ItissaidthattheBuddhistpatriarch創(chuàng)始人wasthereincarnation化身ofwhiteelephant.第18頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Onthecontrary,inEnglishwhiteelephant(白象)islikenedtothingsthatareuselessandoftenexpensive.TheallusionisoriginatedfromafolkstorythatinSiam(nowThailand),thekingwouldgiveawhiteelephantasapresenttoasubjectthathedidnotlike.Thesubjectwouldhavetospendallhismoneyonlookingaftertherareanimal.Therefore,thereexistsuchexpressionsinEnglish,“elephantine(笨拙)”,“elephanthumor(蹩腳的幽默)”,“elephanttask(累贅的活兒)”.Next第19頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“dog”.Inthewestern,thedogispeople’sbestfriend.Mostofthe“dog”expressionspossessacommendatorysenseoratleastaneutralsenseinEnglish.suchas“bigdog(重要人物)”,“topdog(優(yōu)勝者)”,“l(fā)uckydog(幸運(yùn)兒)”,etc.inEnglish.“Tohelpalamedogoverthestile階梯”means“tohelpsomeoneindifficulty”.“Toletsleepingdogslie”means“tomakenotrouble”or“nottodisturbpeople”.“Everydoghasitsday,”means“everypersonwillsomedaysucceedorbecomefortunate.”凡人皆有得意的意識(shí)時(shí)第20頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Buttheword“dog”inmostChinesephrasesisassociatedwithsomederogatorymeanings,asisreflectedinsayingslike“狗膽包天、狗急跳墻、狗頭軍師、狗腿子、狗血噴頭、狼心狗肺、狗眼看人低、喪家之犬、狗嘴吐不出象牙”,etc.EventhoughmostChinesenowthinkthedogisman’sfaithfulfriend.However,insomecasestheword“dog”mayhavederogatorysenseinEnglish,asisshowninthefollowingexamples:“yellowdog(卑鄙之人)”,“dirtydog(齷齪之人)”,“slydog(陰險(xiǎn)之人)”,“deaddog(無(wú)用的人)”,andsomevulgarlanguages:“sonofbitch(狗雜種)”,“youdog(狗東西)”,“thatcur(小雜種狗)”,etc.第21頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“Owl(貓頭鷹)”isverypopularwiththewestern.TheGreeksuse“owl”tostandforAthens雅典,whichisfamousforitsmanyowls.Andit’ssaidthatAthena,thewomanpatronsaintwasgivenanowlashermark.Itsymbolizeswisdom,calmness,gravityandsteadiness.Indisputeamongbirdsandbeats,itistheowlthattheygotoforadvice,andwecanseesuchidiom“aswiseasanowl”.Ifweuse“owlish”todescribesomebody,wewanttosayheiscleverorserious,e.g.“Patrickpeeredowlishlyatusthroughhisglasses.(帕特里克透過(guò)他的眼鏡嚴(yán)肅而機(jī)智地審視著我們。)”第22頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三ButinChinese,themeaningoftheword“owl”isquitedifferent.“Owl”isdescribedasthedevil,illomen征兆andevil.Peopleareafraidofseeinganowl,especiallyseeingitsenteringthehouse,sothereareproverbswhichgolikethese:“夜貓子進(jìn)宅,無(wú)事不來(lái)”;“夜貓子抖擻翅,大小有點(diǎn)事兒”.Themeresightofanowlorthesoundofitshootingmightcausepeopletodrawbackinfear.第23頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三“bear”.ToChinesepeople“bear”means“cowardlyandtimid”or“stupid”,suchas“笨熊”,“瞧那熊樣”,etc.However,inEnglish,peopleuse“bear”torefertothosepersonshavingspecialability,forinstance,“Heisabearatmusic.(他是音樂(lè)天才。)Next第24頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三agricultureisthefoundationofChina’seconomicdevelopment,sothecattle(牛)playagreatroleinChineseculture.Therearesomanyexpressionswhichuse“cattle”asassociation.However,intheMiddleAges,horsewasnotonlytheinseparablepartofKnights’lives,butalsotheanimalkeptandusedbytheimperialfamilies.SoEnglishpeoplegivehorsemanygoodmeanings.第25頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三asstrongasahorseworklikeahorsetalkhorseeatlikeahorse力大如牛老黃牛精神吹牛食量大如牛第26頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三InEnglish,therearemanyfigurativeexpressionsusingtheword“horse”asassociationvehicles,e.g.“changehorse(換馬)”islikenedto“changegroupsorleaders(換班子或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人)”;“fromthehorse’smouth(第一手的)”etc.Similarly,GreatBritainisanislandcountry,sofisheryisimportant.Therefore,thereexistssuchfigurativeexpression“todrinklikeafish(牛飲)”.第27頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三ToChinesepeople,“tiger”isreferredtoasthekingofanimalsandstandsforpower,vigorandbravery.Sotherearemanyexpressionswiththeletter“虎”:“英雄虎膽”,“龍爭(zhēng)虎斗”,“藏龍臥虎”,“如虎添翼”,“虎將”,etc.ButinEnglish“tiger”symbolizescruelty.Thewesternregards“l(fā)ion”asthekingofanimals.Weuse“asboldasalion”todescribeabraveperson.Thelionenjoyshighprestige.Inaddition,EnglishpeopleregardlionasthenationalemblemofGreatBritain.“Aliterarylion”isreferredtoafamouspersoninthefieldofliterature.第28頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Differentanimalassociationwithsimilarmeaningscanbealsoseenfromsuchexpressions:“astimidasarabbit,chicken-heartedorpigeon-hearted(膽小如鼠)”;“l(fā)ikeacatonhotbricks(熱鍋上的螞蟻)”;“asstubbornasamule(犟得像頭牛)”;“wetasadrownedrat(落湯雞)”;“gooseflesh(雞皮疙瘩)”;etc.Otherassociations:addfueltotheflames火上澆油athunderofapplause雷鳴般的掌聲burnone’sboat(破釜沉舟)。第29頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三比喻“著急”,漢語(yǔ)用“熱鍋上的螞蟻”,英語(yǔ)卻用likeacatonhotbricks(熱磚上的貓)。比喻“頑固”,英語(yǔ)用asstubbornasamule(頑固得像頭騾子),而漢語(yǔ)通常說(shuō)“犟得象頭?!薄V形某S谩柏埧蘩鲜蟆眮?lái)形容虛偽和偽善,英語(yǔ)中相似的表達(dá)法是shedcrocodiletears(鱷魚(yú)的眼淚)。形容一個(gè)人很餓時(shí)漢語(yǔ)中會(huì)描述為“像餓狼一樣”,而在西方文化中會(huì)表示為“asahungryasabear”。形容人膽小怕事時(shí),漢語(yǔ)用“膽小如鼠”來(lái)表示,而西方文化中則用兔子來(lái)表示膽小“astimidasahare”。第30頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Another:表示碎嘴的:Magpie(喜鵲),sparrow(麻雀)表示膽小的:Chicken(小雞),rabbit(兔子),pigeon(鴿子),mouse(鼠)。第31頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Conclusion:喻體相同、喻義不同,如:pullone’sleg不等于“拖后腿”,英語(yǔ)中的pullone’sleg是“開(kāi)某人玩笑”(tomakeafoolofsb/tomakefunofsb.)的意思,而漢語(yǔ)的“拖后腿”意為“成為別人或事物前進(jìn)的障礙”;喻義相同、喻體稍有差異,如:aratinabowl(甕中之鱉)killtwobirdswithonestone(一箭雙雕);喻義相同、喻體完全不同,如:cryupwineandsellvinegar(掛羊頭,賣(mài)狗肉),fishintheair(水中撈月)等等。Next第32頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三InWesternculture,whethercuckoo(布谷鳥(niǎo))issuedbyitselforitssoundhasnospecificmeaning,itisjustanormalbird.WhiletheChinesebelievethathearingthecuckoocalls,drearyfeelingarisesspontaneously.LegendhasitthatamancalledduYu(杜宇)EmperorofancientChina,helosttheirterritorybecauseofthedefeat,deathwasverysad.Sincethen,hissoulonduYu‘sgraveabirdcriesuntilCrow’sbloodanddied.Therefore,cuckoo,alsoknownas“杜鵑”.第33頁(yè),講稿共39頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三silkworm(蠶),madeinChina,isfamousforit’ssilk.The“SilkRoad”haslongbeenknown,Chineseculturehasalonghistoryofsilkworm.“Springsilk
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