科普說明文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)022屆高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解專題10

高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)

閱讀理解專題---篇章結(jié)構(gòu)類（2）

科普說明文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)高考英語閱讀常見的文體類型有：記敘文、議論文、說明文和應(yīng)用文。說明文英語說明文的總體結(jié)構(gòu)通常為三部份，說明對象、說明過程和歸納總結(jié)。了解說明文的寫作手法、說明方法，理清短文結(jié)構(gòu)及段落中心思想是答題關(guān)鍵。說明文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)Definition(Introduction)Description(Explanation)Conclusion類型普通說明文科普說明文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)總-分總-分-總總（提出中心思想）分（細節(jié)/過程）總（提出中心思想）分（細節(jié)/過程）總（首尾呼應(yīng)）科普文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)總---提出研究發(fā)現(xiàn)/調(diào)查結(jié)果分---研究/調(diào)查細節(jié)/過程theresearch/study/reportshowed/found/discoveredthat.....例題2019年全國新課標(biāo)卷（C）Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric（生物測量）technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice（裝置）thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence（節(jié)奏）withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.

Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.

Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepressureonkeys.

B.ToimproveaccuracyintypingC.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.

D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly.

B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It'llbemadeofplastics.

D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary.B.Aguidebook

C.Anovel.D.Amagazine.答案28.D29.C30.B31.D學(xué)生錯題：29、3029.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly.

B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It'llbemadeofplastics.

D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.CB做錯這道題的學(xué)生往往是不注意細節(jié)，沒有閱讀到文章最后一句導(dǎo)致丟分注意文中紅色字體兩個劃紅線的句子，是否同一個意思的不同表達方式？說明了什么？課堂專練：說明文（1）（2）Practicemakesperfect!15mins’Passage1：2020年廣西南寧第一次適應(yīng)性考試C

We’veknownthatsittingforlongperiodsoftimeeverydayhascountlesshealthconsequences,likeahigherriskofheartdisease.Butnowanewstudyhasfoundthatsittingisalsobadforyourbrain.

Astudypublishedlastweek,conductedbyDr.PrabhaSiddarthattheUniversityofCalifornia,showedthatsedentary（久坐的）behaviorisassociatedwithreducedthicknessofthemedialtemporallobe（中顳葉）,abrainareathatiscriticaltolearningandmemory.Theresearchersaskedagroupof35healthypeople,ages45to70,abouttheiractivitylevelsandtheaveragenumberofhourseachdayspentsittingandthenscannedtheirbrains.Theyfoundthatthesubjectswhoreportedsittingforlongerperiodshadthethinnestmedialtemporallobes.Itmeansthatthemoretimeyouspendinachairtheworseitisforyourbrainhealth,resultinginpossibledamagetolearningandmemory.

Whatisalsointerestingisthatthisstudydidnotfindasignificantassociationbetweenthelevelofphysicalactivityandthicknessofthisbrainarea,suggestingthatexercise,evensevereexercise,maynotbeenoughtoprotectyoufromtheharmfuleffectsofsitting.

Itthensurprisinglyturnedoutthatyoudon’tevenhavetomovemuchtoenhancecognition（認知）;juststandingwilldothetrick.Forexample,twogroupsofsubjectswereaskedtocompleteatestwhileeithersittingorstanding.Participantsarepresentedwithconflictingstimuli（刺激）,liketheword“green”inblueink,andaskedtonamethecolor.Subjectsthinkingontheirfeetbeatthosewhosatbya3-milicondmargin.

Thecognitiveeffectsofseverephysicalexercisearewellknown.Butthepossibilitythatstandingmoreandsittinglessimprovesbrainhealthcouldlowerthebarforeveryone.

Iknow,thisallrunscountertoreceivedideasaboutdeepthought,fromourgradeschoolteachers,whotoldustositdownandfocus,toRodin’sfamous“Thinker,”seatedwithchinonhand.

Theywerewrong.Youcannowallstandup.1.WhatcanweinferfromParagraphs3and4?

A.Severeexercisecanlessenthedamageofsitting.

B.Severeexercisecangreatlyimproveourbrainhealth.

C.Sedentarybehaviorwillpossiblydamageourbrain.

D.Brainhealthhasnothingtodowithsedentarybehavior.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“margin”inParagraph5mean?

A.blank.

B.edge.

C.decrease.

D.difference.3.Whatisthereceivedideaaboutdeepthought?A.Sittingmoreisgoodforourmentalhealth.B.Sittingisbetterwhenwethink.C.Exercisemorecanimproveourcognition.D.Weshouldstandwhilethinking.4.Thepassagemainlytellsus________.A.peopletendtositwhilethinkingB.standingmorecanmakeourbrainhealthierC.physicalexercisecanimproveourbrainhealthD.sedentarybehaviorleadstocountlesshealthproblemsKeys:CDBB學(xué)生易錯題講解：2、3、42.第五段最后一句：Subjectsthinkingontheirfeetbeatthosewhosatbya3-milicondmargin.“站著思考的受試者比坐著思考的受試者快32毫秒”difference在這里指“差額；差數(shù)”3.題干本意“對于沉思人們公認的想法是什么？”

研究倒數(shù)第二段4.主旨大意題往文章第一第二段找信息Passage2：2021年安徽池州一模D

Wenowareina“goldenage”ofspace-samplecollectionandexploration.Spaceagenciesaroundtheworldarebusycollecting,orplanningtocollect,samplesfromcelestialbodies(天體)likeasteroids(小行星),moonsandplanets.

China’sChang’e5missionisthemostrecentsample-returnmissionthathasbeensuccessfullycompleted.OnDec17,theChang’e5lunarprobe(探測器)returnedhomeandlandedintheInnerMongoliaAutonomousregionafterweeksofspacetravel,ChinaDailyreported.Thiswastheworld’sfirstlunarsample-returnmissionsince1976.Themissionretrievedanincredible1,713gramsofsamplesofrocksanddustwiththehelpofadrill(鉆孔機)andamechanical(機械的)arm.

Anotherspacesample-returnmissionwascompletedonDec6.Japan’sHayabusa2probereturnedacapsuletoEarthcontainingvaluablesamplesfromtheasteroidRyugu.ThiswasthesecondtimeasteroidsampleshaveeverbeencollectedandbroughtbacktoEarth.ThefirstasteroidsampleswerecollectedbytheoriginalHayabusaspacecraftbackin2010.

Therewillbemoresuchmissionsinthenearfuture.NASA’sOSIRIS-RExspacecraft,whichcollectedsamplesfromtheasteroidBennuinOctober,isexpectedtoreturntoEarthin2023.Russia’sLunar-25missionisscheduledtolaunchtothemoonin2021tocollectlunarsamples.“Icannotemphasizeenoughhowvaluablereturnsamplesareforincreasingourunderstandingoftheoriginandevolutionofoursolarsystemandourplaceintheuniverse,andhowwecametobe,”saidAnnNguyen,aNASAplanetaryscientist.

AsfortheChang’e5lunarsamples,scientistswillconductvariousanalyses,testsandexperimentstodeterminethecomposition(構(gòu)成),structureandphysicalcharacteristicsofthesamples.Thisinformationwillhelptodeepenourknowledgeaboutthehistoryofthemoon,aswellasoursolarsystemasawhole.

1.WhatdoweknowabouttheChang’e5lunarprobe?A.ItwaslaunchedonDec17.B.Itcompleted