自動(dòng)化專業(yè)英語教程(王宏文第2版)-英譯漢

PART1電路和電子工程基礎(chǔ)A電路[1]Inthecaseofaresistor,thevoltage-currentrelationshipisgivenbyOhm’slaw,whichstatesthatthevoltageacrosstheresistorisequaltothecurrentthroughtheresistormultipliedbythevalueoftheresistance.就電阻來說，電壓—電流的關(guān)系由歐姆定律決定。歐姆定律指出：電阻兩端的電壓等于電阻上流過的電流乘以電阻值。[2]Itmaybethattheinductorvoltageratherthanthecurrentisthevariableofinterestinthecircuit.或許在電路中，人們感興趣的變量是電感電壓而不是電感電流。B三相電路[1]Viewedinthislight,itwillbefoundthattheanalysisofthree-phasecircuitsislittlemoredifficultthanthatofsingle-phasecircuits.這樣看來，三相電路的分析比單相電路的分析難不了多少。[2]Atunitypowerfactor，thepowerinasingle-phasecircuitiszerotwiceeachcycle．在功率因數(shù)為1時(shí)，單相電路里的功率值每個(gè)周波有兩次為零。[3]ItshouldbenotedthatifthepolarityofpointAwithrespecttoN()isassumedforthepositivehalf-cycle,thenwhenusedinthesamephasordiagramshouldbedrawnoppositeto,or180outofphasewith,.應(yīng)該注意，如果把A點(diǎn)相對于N的極性（）定為正半周，那么在用于同一相量圖中時(shí)就應(yīng)該畫得同相反，即相位差為180。A運(yùn)算放大器[1]Oneproblemwithelectronicdevicescorrespondingtothegeneralizedamplifiersisthatthegains,AUorAI,dependuponinternalpropertiesofthetwo-portsystem.對應(yīng)于像廣義放大器這樣的電子裝置，一個(gè)問題就是增益AU或者AI，它們?nèi)Q于兩輸入端系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部特性。[2]ThisisoneofthekeyfeaturesofOp-Ampdesign—theactionofthecircuitonsignalsdependsonlyupontheexternalelementswhichcanbeeasilyvariedbythedesignerandwhichdonotdependuponthedetailedcharacteroftheOp-Ampitself.這是運(yùn)算放大器設(shè)計(jì)的重要特征之一——在信號(hào)作用下，電路的動(dòng)作僅取決于能夠容易被設(shè)計(jì)者改變的外部元件，而不取決于運(yùn)算放大器本身的細(xì)節(jié)特性。B晶體管[1]Putverysimplyasemiconductormaterialisonewhichcanbe“doped”toproduceapredominanceofelectronsormobilenegativecharges(N-type);or“holes”orpositivecharges(P-type).簡單地說，半導(dǎo)體是這樣一種物質(zhì)，它能夠通過“摻雜”來產(chǎn)生多余的電子，又稱自由電子（N型）；或者產(chǎn)生“空穴”，又稱正電子（P型）。[2]TO1istheoriginaltransistorshape—acylindrical“can”withthethreeleadsemergingintriangularpatternfromthebottom.Lookingatthebase,theupperleadinthe“triangle”isthebase,theonetotheright(markedbyacolorspot)thecollectorandtheonetothelefttheemitter.TO1是最早的一種晶體管形狀——即一個(gè)帶有三個(gè)引腳的圓柱體“外罩”，這三個(gè)引腳在底部形成三角狀。首先要注意的是，“三角形”上面的引腳是基極，其右面的引腳（由一個(gè)彩色點(diǎn)標(biāo)出）為集電極，其左面的引腳為發(fā)射極。A邏輯變量與觸發(fā)器[1]Weshallnowbrieflydiscusstherelevanceofsuchterminology,andinsodoingweshallbringoutthespecialaptnessofthedesignations“true”and“false”toidentifythepossiblevaluesofavariable.現(xiàn)在我們將簡要地討論一下這些術(shù)語之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，并在此過程中闡明用標(biāo)示“真”和“假”來識(shí)別一個(gè)變量的可能值的特殊用途。[2]Justasotheralgebrasdealwithvariableswhichhaveanumericalsignificance,Booleanalgebradealswithpropositionsandisaneffectivetoolforanalyzingtherelationshipsbetweenpropositionswhichallowonlytwomutuallyexclusivealternatives.和其他處理有數(shù)字意義的變量的代數(shù)一樣，布爾代數(shù)處理的是命題，而且布爾代數(shù)對于分析僅有兩個(gè)互反變量命題之間的關(guān)系是一種有效的工具。[3]Thereisagenerallyprevailingattitudeindigitalsystemstoviewlogic0asabasic,undisturbed,unperturbed,quiescentstateandtoviewthelogic1stateastheexcited,active,effectivestate,i.e.,thestatearrivedat“aftersomethinghashappened.”在數(shù)字系統(tǒng)中，普遍的觀點(diǎn)是把邏輯0看成一個(gè)基本的、無干擾的、穩(wěn)定的、靜止的狀態(tài)，把邏輯1看成一個(gè)激勵(lì)的、活躍的、有效的狀態(tài)，也就是說，這種狀態(tài)是發(fā)生在“某種操作動(dòng)作之后”。B二進(jìn)制數(shù)字系統(tǒng)[1]Suchdevicesoperatewellinatwo-stateorbinarysystem,usingconductionandcutoffastheoperatingstates,andasaresultthebinarynumbersystemisgenerallyemployedininternaloperationsindigitalcomputers.將導(dǎo)通和關(guān)斷作為工作狀態(tài)，這樣的裝置可以在兩態(tài)即二進(jìn)制系統(tǒng)中運(yùn)行，因此數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)中的內(nèi)部操作一般采用二進(jìn)制系統(tǒng)。[2]Giventhebasicideaofachainofpositiveandnegative,orpositiveandzero,orzeroandnegativepulsesasrepresentingbinary1sand0s,therearemanypossiblecodesinwhichthepulsesmightbetransmitted.給出一串正脈沖和負(fù)脈沖，或正脈沖和零，或者零和負(fù)脈沖來表示二進(jìn)制的1及0時(shí)，就會(huì)有許多這些脈沖可以傳遞的碼。A功率半導(dǎo)體器件[1]Powerdiodesprovideuncontrolledrectificationofpowerandareusedinapplicationssuchaselectroplating,anodizing,batterycharging,welding,powersupplies(DCandAC),andvariable-frequencydrives.電力二極管提供不可控的整流電源，這些電源有很廣的應(yīng)用，如：電鍍、電極氧化、電池充電、焊接、交直流電源和變頻驅(qū)動(dòng)。[2]Agateturn-offthyristor(GTO),asthenameindicates,isbasicallyathyristor-typedevicethatcanbeturnedonbyasmallpositivegatecurrentpulse,butinaddition，hasthecapabilityofbeingturnedoffbyanegativegatecurrentpulse．門極可關(guān)斷晶閘管，顧名思義，是一種晶閘管類型的器件。同其他晶閘管一樣，它可以由一個(gè)小的正門極電流脈沖觸發(fā)，但除此之外，它還能被負(fù)門極電流脈沖關(guān)斷。[3]Suchagatecurrentpulseofveryshortdurationandverylargedi/dthassmallenergycontentandcanbesuppliedbymultipleMOSFETsinparallelwithultra-lowleakageinductanceinthedrivecircuit.這樣一個(gè)持續(xù)時(shí)間非常短、di/dt非常大、能量又較小的門極電流脈沖可以由多個(gè)并聯(lián)的MOSFET來提供，并且驅(qū)動(dòng)電路中的漏感要特別低。B電力電子變換器[1]Theefficiencyoftherectifiersisveryhigh,typicallyinthevicinityof98%,becausedeviceconductionlossislowandswitchinglossispracticallynegligible.由于器件開通時(shí)損耗低，且其開關(guān)損耗幾乎可忽略不計(jì)，故該類整流器的效率很高，典型值約為98％。[2]Avariablevoltagesourcecanbeconvertedtoavariablecurrentsourcebyconnectionalargeinductanceinseriesandcontrollingthevoltagewithinafeedbackcurrentcontrolloop.通過串聯(lián)大電感，可變電壓源可以在電流反饋控制回路的控制下轉(zhuǎn)換為可變電流源。A直流電機(jī)分類[1]Eachofthesemotorshasdifferentcharacteristicsduetoitsbasiccircuitarrangementandphysicalproperties.每種類型的電動(dòng)機(jī)由于其基本電路的不同而具有不同的特征和物理特性。[2]Theonlydifference,inmostcases,isthatthegeneratoractsasavoltagesourcewhilethemotorfunctionsasamechanicalpowerconversiondevice.很多情況下，二者的唯一區(qū)別在于發(fā)電機(jī)常作為電壓源，而電動(dòng)機(jī)常作為機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換裝置。[3]Adecreaseinfieldcurrentreducesthestrengthoftheelectromagneticfield.Whenthefieldfluxisdecreased,thearmaturewillrotatefaster,duetoreducedmagnetic-fieldinteraction.勵(lì)磁電流的減小會(huì)使磁場減弱。當(dāng)磁通減少時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)子會(huì)由于與減弱的磁場相互作用而加速旋轉(zhuǎn)。B直流傳動(dòng)的閉環(huán)控制[1]Anypositivespeederror,causedbyeitheranincreaseinthespeedcommandoranincreaseintheloadtorque,producesahighercurrentreferenceIa*.由速度給定或負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩的增加所引起的任何正的速度偏差，都會(huì)產(chǎn)生更大的參考電流值Ia*。[2]Thespeederroriscorrectedatthemaximumpermissiblearmaturecurrentuntilthespeederrorbecomessmallandthecurrentlimitercomesoutofsaturation.在最大允許電樞I下糾正速度偏差，直到速度偏差減小且限流裝置退出飽和狀態(tài)。A交流機(jī)[1]Neglectingtheeffectofslotsandspaceharmonicsduetonon-idealwindingdistribution,itcanbeshownthatasinusoidalthree-phasebalancedpowersupplyinthethree-phasestatorwindingcreatesasynchronouslyrotatingmagneticfield.如果忽略槽和由于非理想分布的繞組產(chǎn)生的空間諧波的影響，可以證明，在三相定子繞組中能以三相對稱電源建立一個(gè)同步旋轉(zhuǎn)的旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場。[2]Therotorwindingwillbesubjectedtoasweepingmagneticfield,andhaveinducingcurrentintheshort-circuitedrotor.轉(zhuǎn)子繞組切割磁場，就會(huì)在短路的轉(zhuǎn)子中產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)電流。[3]Thisisincontrasttoamachinewithacylindricalrotorstructurehavingauniformairgap(suchasaninductionmotor),outputcontrollabilityisseparatelydefinedinthesamemanner.因?yàn)闋顟B(tài)完全能控性不一定意味著輸出的完全可控，而且反之亦然，所以輸出完全能控性以類似的方式單獨(dú)定義。[2]Onlylocalasymptoticstabilitywithrespecttotheestablishedequilibriumstatecanbeguaranteedforlinearanalyses.只有相對于（系統(tǒng)）建立的平衡狀態(tài)的局域漸近穩(wěn)定才能保證線性分析（可以應(yīng)用）。B最優(yōu)控制系統(tǒng)[1]Completecontrollabillityinthemathematicalsenseisanecessarybutnotsufficientconditionfortheexistenceofanoptimalcontrol.在數(shù)學(xué)意義上，完全能控是最優(yōu)控制存在的必要條件但非充分條件。[2]…mathematicallythatis.……數(shù)學(xué)上是如此的。[3]Withtheexceptionofsomelinearplants,thevariationalapproachofPontryagin’sminimumprincipleleadstoanonlineartwo-pointboundary-valueproblemthatmustbesolvedbynumericalmethods.除去一些線性控制對象外，龐垂根最小原理的推論引出了一個(gè)必須用以數(shù)字表示的方法求解的問題。A傳統(tǒng)控制與智能控制[1]Theterm“conventional(ortraditional)control”isusedheretorefertothetheoriesandmethodsthatweredevelopedinthepastdecadestocontroldynamicalsystems,thebehaviorofwhichisprimarilydescribedbydifferentialanddifferenceequations.“傳統(tǒng)控制”這個(gè)術(shù)語是指在過去的幾十年里發(fā)展起來的用于控制以微分和差分方程表述的動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)的理論和方法。[2]Becauseintelligentcontroladdressesmoregeneralcontrolproblemsthatalsoincludetheproblemsaddressedbyconventionalcontrol,itisratherdifficulttocomeupwithmeaningfulbenchmarkexamples.由于智能控制解決了包含傳統(tǒng)控制解決的問題在內(nèi)的更多更廣泛的問題，所以提出有代表性的例子相當(dāng)困難。[3]Notethattheprecisedefinitionof“intelligence”hasbeeneludingmankindforthousandsofyears.我們注意到“智能”的精確定義已經(jīng)數(shù)千年不為人類所知了。B人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)[1]Thenumberofhiddenneuronsmustbedeterminedsothatthenetworkperformsitsbest,oneofthemethodsusedoftenistrialanderror.必須確定隱含神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量以使網(wǎng)絡(luò)性能最優(yōu)，一種常用的方法是試湊法。[2]Neuralnetworksareperformingsuccessfullywhereothermethodsdonot,recognizingandmatchingcomplicated,vague,orincompletepatterns.神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)在識(shí)別匹配復(fù)雜、含糊和不完整圖案的問題上得到了成功的應(yīng)用，而其他方法對此問題無能為力。PART3計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)A計(jì)算機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能[1]howtheinstructionexecutioncycleisbrokendownintoitsvariouscomponents.…指令執(zhí)行周期怎樣分解成不同的部分。[2]Onewaytoachievemeaningfulpatternsistodivideupthebitsintofields…一種得到（指令）有效形式的方法是將（這些）位分成段……[3]ThemajorityofcomputertasksinvolvetheALU,butagreatamountofdatamovementisrequiredinordertomakeuseoftheALUinstructions.計(jì)算機(jī)的大多數(shù)工作涉及到ALU(邏輯運(yùn)算單元)，但為了使用ALU指令，需要傳送大量的數(shù)據(jù)。B計(jì)算機(jī)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)[1]SomeINPUTDEVICESallowdirecthuman/machinecommunication,whilesomefirstrequiredatatoberecordedonaninputmediumsuchasamagnetizablematerial.有些輸入設(shè)備允許直接的人機(jī)對話，而有些輸入設(shè)備則需要先將數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在諸如磁性材料等輸入介質(zhì)上。[2]…connecteddirectlyto(orONLINEto)acomputer…online與“直接連接”的概念不同，前者是“聯(lián)機(jī)”，此處是指工作站鍵盤與主機(jī)連在一起工作，后者是指“物理連接”。[3]Similarly,atalocallevelwithin,say,asinglebuilding…句中的say是“比如說”的意思。A外部信號(hào)與設(shè)備的接口[1]Inthisinterface,thereisa“tristate”bufferwhichwhenitisenabledwillforcetheprocessorbustohavethesamebinaryvalueastheexternaldatalines.在這種接口中，有一個(gè)三態(tài)緩沖器，它能迫使處理器總線與外部數(shù)據(jù)線有相同的二進(jìn)制值。[2]UiisthenremovedandaknownnegativeconstantreferencevoltageUisintegratedwhichproducesarampdown.然后去掉Ui，對一個(gè)已知的負(fù)常數(shù)參考電壓U積分以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)下降的斜坡。B計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用[1]Computersimulationasapowerfulanalytictoolwidelyusedinscientificresearchandengineeringdesigndemonstratesunrivalledadvantages.作為一種廣泛應(yīng)用于科學(xué)研究和工程設(shè)計(jì)的有力分析工具，計(jì)算機(jī)仿真顯示出無與倫比的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。[2]Data,diagrams,tables,etc.showingitsshape,dimension,structure,fabricationandthematerialitismadefromareinputasthesoftwarerequires.表示產(chǎn)品形狀、尺寸、結(jié)構(gòu)、組成和制造材料的數(shù)據(jù)、圖形和表格等將按軟件的需求輸入。[3]Thesolutiontothatproblemwasthenbasedonasynchronouslow-speedlinesorganizedineitherastartopologywithalinededicatedtoeachterminal,oratreetopologywithmultidroplines.此問題的解決基于異步低速的傳輸線，其結(jié)構(gòu)可以是每臺(tái)終端單配一線的星狀拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)，也可以是多分支線的樹狀拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。APLC概述[1]OnecanalsoimplementagatewaybymeansofanOPCDXserver,aSCADAapplicationoraspecificcommunicationcardsuchastheAPPLICOMone.句中的OPCDX即OLEforProcessControlDataExchange.OLE(ObjectLinkingandEmbedding)為對象的鏈接與嵌入，SCADA（SupervisoryControlAndDataAcquisition）為數(shù)據(jù)采集與監(jiān)視控制系統(tǒng)。BPAC—新一代工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng),可編程自動(dòng)化控制的未來[1]Sothe“twentypercenters”eitherlivedwithoutfunctionalitynoteasilyaccomplishedwithaPLCorcobbledtogetherasystemthatincludedaPLCforthecontrolportionofthecodeandaPCforthemoreadvancedfunctionality.因此那些要開發(fā)“20%應(yīng)用”的工程師們要么使用一個(gè)PLC，無法輕松實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)所需的功能，要么采用既包含PLC又包含PC的混合系統(tǒng)，他們利用PLC來執(zhí)行代碼的控制部分，用PC來實(shí)現(xiàn)更高級(jí)的功能。[2]Multi-domainfunctionality,Atleast2oflogic,motion,PIDcontrol,drives,andprocessonasingleplatform.多功能性，在一個(gè)平臺(tái)上有邏輯、運(yùn)動(dòng)、PID控制、驅(qū)動(dòng)和處理中的至少兩種以上功能。[3]Singlemulti-disciplinedevelopmentplatformincorporatingcommontaggingandasingledatabaseforaccesstoallparametersandfunctions.單一的多規(guī)程開發(fā)平臺(tái)使用通用標(biāo)簽和單一的數(shù)據(jù)庫來訪問所有的參數(shù)和功能。[4]TheseRTOSsprovidethecapabilitytocontrolallaspectsofthecontrolsystem,fromtheI/Oreadandwriteratestothepriorityofindividualthreadsspawnedonthecontroller.這些RTOS能控制系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)層面，從I/O讀寫速率到控制器上各個(gè)線程的優(yōu)先級(jí)。A單片機(jī)基礎(chǔ)[1]Thesingle-chipmicrocomputeristheculminationofboththedevelopmentofthedigitalcomputerandtheintegratedcircuit,arguablythetwomostsignificantinventionsofthe20thcentury.單片機(jī)是數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)和集成電路發(fā)展中的一個(gè)頂峰，而這二者可以說是20世紀(jì)的兩項(xiàng)最有意義的發(fā)明。[2]on-chipROM譯為“片內(nèi)ROM”。B了解數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器和它的用途[1]Today,thereisinfactablurringbetweentherolesofmicroprocessoranddigitalsignalprocessor.當(dāng)前，微處理器和數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器兩者的任務(wù)界限已經(jīng)變得模糊了。[2]Wearenowintheworldofcomputingandsoftwarewheremanipulationofbinarynumbersisbreadandbutterstuff.我們現(xiàn)在生活在計(jì)算機(jī)和軟件的世界中，在這個(gè)世界中，二進(jìn)制數(shù)字的處理就好比是面包和黃油，不可缺少。[3]Theexactingtolerancesdemandedoffiltersinspeechprocessingsystemssimplycouldnotbemaintainedovertimewithanalogtechniques,subjectastheyaretotemperaturedrift,componenttolerances,andaging.在語音處理系統(tǒng)里使用模擬技術(shù)，濾波器對誤差的苛刻要求就得不到保證，這主要由于模擬技術(shù)存在溫度漂移、元件誤差和老化等問題。[4]Intheprocessofgeneratingthesesymbols,specialalteringisperformedtoshapethemodulatedsignal,sothatasmuchdatacanbepackedintothelimitedbandwidthofthetelephonechannelaspossible.在生成這些符號(hào)的過程中，用專門的濾波器完成已調(diào)信號(hào)的整形，以便讓盡可能多的數(shù)據(jù)能夠壓縮進(jìn)帶寬有限的電話信道。PART4過程控制A過程控制系統(tǒng)[1]…providedtherearenoheatlossestosurroundings…provided：只要，是表示條件關(guān)系的連詞。[2]Thatis,wewanttohaveinstrumentsthatcontrolthevariableswithoutrequiringinterventionfromtheoperator.這就是說，我們需要一些不用操作人員介入就可控制這些變量的設(shè)備。B過程控制的基本要素[1]Thus,themanyprinciplesinautomaticprocesscontrolapplytobothcases.因而，自動(dòng)過程控制中的很多原理對兩者都適用。[3]Theinputsignalmaybe4to20mAandtheoutput3to15psig.輸入信號(hào)在4到20mA之間，輸出信號(hào)在3到15psig之間。A傳感器和變送器[1]Thevaluedoesnothavetobezeroinordertobecalledthezerooftheinstrument.儀表的零點(diǎn)并不一定就是零。[2]gpm=gallonsperminute每分鐘加侖數(shù)。[3]Thisexpressionshowsthatthegainisnotconstantbutratherafunctionofflow此表達(dá)式說明增益不是常量，而是一個(gè)時(shí)間的函數(shù)。B終端控制元件和控制器[1]Throttlingflowiswhatcontrolvalvesareallabout.控制閥的作用就是調(diào)節(jié)流量。[2]Thismaynotnecessarilybethesafestoveralloperation;thatis,theengineerneedstolookatthecompleteplantratherthanonlyonepieceofequipment.這并不一定是最安全的全局操作，也就是說，工程師應(yīng)從整個(gè)工廠著眼，而不是僅注意某一臺(tái)設(shè)備。AP控制器和PI控制器[1]Proportionalonlycontrollershavetheadvantageofonlyonetuningparameter,Kc.純比例控制器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是只需整定一個(gè)參數(shù)Kc。[2]Also,fromEq.(5-3A-6)wenotethataslongastheerrortermispresent,thecontrollerwillkeepchangingitsoutput,therebyintegratingtheerror,toremovetheerror.從式(5-3A-6)中，我們注意到只要誤差項(xiàng)存在，控制器就會(huì)不斷改變其輸出，從而通過對誤差積分來消除誤差。BPID控制器和其它控制器[1]PIDcontrollersarerecommendedforlongtimeconstantloopswhicharefreeofnoise.PID控制器適用于不易受噪聲干擾的具有長時(shí)間常數(shù)的環(huán)路系統(tǒng)。[2]Afewothercommentsoncontrollersareinorderbeforeclosingthissection.在結(jié)束這節(jié)之前，有必要再對控制器作一些說明。[3]Theslopeoftherampispredeterminedbytheoperatingpersonnel.斜坡函數(shù)的斜率要由操作人員預(yù)先設(shè)定。A指示性儀表[1]Inadditiontoprecisiondigital-typeindicators,alarmsandannunicatorsalsooperateonapseudodigitalprinciple,inthattheyonlyindicatecertainGo/No-Gotypesofsituationsasintheuseofcoloredlightsorhornsandbellstoindicatelimitsthathavebeenexceeded.除了精確數(shù)字式儀表外，報(bào)警器和指示器同樣根據(jù)近似于數(shù)字式的原理工作，因?yàn)樗鼈儍H指示某些運(yùn)行或停止的狀態(tài)，比如使用彩色指示燈、喇叭和電鈴來指示某些超出界限的情況。[2]Indicatinginstrumentsalsocanbeclassifiedintermsofspeedwhich,unlessassociatedwitharapid-recordingmeans,mustfallwithinthecapabilitiesofhumanidentificationandresolution.指示性儀表也可以根據(jù)速度來分類，除了一些同快速記錄有關(guān)的儀表以外，所有的儀表，其速度都必須在人的辨別力和分辨力以內(nèi)。[3]…,thuswillnotoverengineerorunderdesignthemodeofindication.……，因而顯示的模式既不會(huì)過分復(fù)雜，也不會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)欠周。B控制盤[1]Thecontrolpanel,whetherasinglepanelofsimplifieddesignforlocalmountingorpartofanextensivecontrolcenter,literallyistheinterfacebetweentheoperatorandtheprocess.不論是作為局部安裝簡化設(shè)計(jì)的單塊屏，還是作為大范圍控制中心的一部分，控制盤實(shí)際上就是操作人員與控制過程之間的界面。[2]Alltheforegoingobjectivesandmorearesubject,ofcourse,totrade-offswhereincostmustbeweighedagainstprojectedgains.所有前面提到的目標(biāo)和其他問題當(dāng)然要經(jīng)過比較，其中，投資花費(fèi)和預(yù)期收益必須經(jīng)過權(quán)衡。PART5基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)和信息的控制A自動(dòng)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域[1]Forexample,factoryautomationandprocessautomationareoftenusedinharshandhazardousenvironmentswherepeople,nature,andexpensivemachineryareatstakeorwhereaproductioninterruptioniscostly.Theserequirementscontrastsignificantlywithbuildingautomation,forexample,wherekeepingcostslowisamaindrivingforce.舉例而言，工廠自動(dòng)化與過程自動(dòng)化通常應(yīng)用在苛刻和危險(xiǎn)的場合。而在這些場合，人員、環(huán)境及昂貴的機(jī)器設(shè)備處于危險(xiǎn)之中，或者生產(chǎn)的中斷會(huì)造成巨大損失。這些需求同追逐低成本的樓宇自動(dòng)化相比，有明顯的差異。[2]ThenetworktypesidealforsimplediscreteI/Ofocusonlowoverheadandsmalldatapackets,buttheyareunsuitableforlargermessageslikeconfigurationdownloadandthelike.對簡單的離散I/O較為理想的網(wǎng)絡(luò)類型注重低開銷及小的數(shù)據(jù)包，但它們不適用于組態(tài)下載等較大的報(bào)文。B控制系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的演變[1]Inthepneumaticerathecontrollerwastypicallysituatedinthefieldandthereoperatedlocally.Therewasthereforenosystemtospeakof.在氣動(dòng)時(shí)代，控制器一般位于現(xiàn)場并就地進(jìn)行操作，因此毫無系統(tǒng)可言。[2]Whenintroduced,theDCSwaschristened“distributed”becauseitwaslesscentralizedthantheDDCarchitecture.Bytoday’sstandards,however,theDCSisconsideredcentralized.DCS之所以一開始被冠名為“分散”的，是因?yàn)樗鼪]有DDC體系結(jié)構(gòu)那么集中。但是，如按今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，DCS應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是集中的。[3]Oneofthepossibilitiesthatastandardprogramminglanguageandpowerfulcommunicationsfeaturesenableistheabilitytoperformcontrolthatisdistributedintothefielddevicesratherthanacentralcontroller.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的編程語言同強(qiáng)有力的通信功能相結(jié)合的結(jié)果之一是將控制分散到現(xiàn)場設(shè)備中，而不集中在一個(gè)控制器上。A網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制系統(tǒng)中的基本問題[1]EthernetemploysaCSMAwithcollisiondetection(CSMA/CD)protocol.Whenthereisacollision,alloftheaffectednodeswillbackoff,waitarandomtime(usuallydecidedbythebinaryexponentialbackoffalgorithm),andretransmit,asshowninCase3ofFig.5-1A-2.以太網(wǎng)采用CSMA/CD協(xié)議，當(dāng)產(chǎn)生沖突時(shí)，所有沖突節(jié)點(diǎn)都將避讓等待一段時(shí)間（所等待的時(shí)長是由二進(jìn)制指數(shù)避讓算法決定的），然后重新發(fā)送，如圖5-2A-2中所示的第三種情況。B帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)延時(shí)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性[1]wecanusethestabilitytriangletoexplicitlycalculatetherelationbetweenand.我們可以采用穩(wěn)定三角形精確地計(jì)算出和之間的關(guān)系。[2]Itmaybeanalyticallyinfeasibletoderivetheexactstabilityregionforgeneralsystems;however,stabilityregionsforsuchsystemscanstillbedeterminedbysimulation.A自動(dòng)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域[1]Forexample,factoryautomationandprocessautomationareoftenusedinharshandhazardousenvironmentswherepeople,nature,andexpensivemachineryareatstakeorwhereaproductioninterruptioniscostly.Theserequirementscontrastsignificantlywithbuildingautomation,forexample,wherekeepingcostslowisamaindrivingforce.舉例而言，工廠自動(dòng)化與過程自動(dòng)化通常應(yīng)用在苛刻和危險(xiǎn)的場合。而在這些場合，人員、環(huán)境及昂貴的機(jī)器設(shè)備處于危險(xiǎn)之中，或者生產(chǎn)的中斷會(huì)造成巨大損失。這些需求同追逐低成本的樓宇自動(dòng)化相比，有明顯的差異。[2]ThenetworktypesidealforsimplediscreteI/Ofocusonlowoverheadandsmalldatapackets,buttheyareunsuitableforlargermessageslikeconfigurationdownloadandthelike.對簡單的離散I/O較為理想的網(wǎng)絡(luò)類型注重低開銷及小的數(shù)據(jù)包，但它們不適用于組態(tài)下載等較大的報(bào)文。B控制系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的演變[1]Inthepneumaticerathecontrollerwastypicallysituatedinthefieldandthereoperatedlocally.Therewasthereforenosystemtospeakof.在氣動(dòng)時(shí)代，控制器一般位于現(xiàn)場并就地進(jìn)行操作，因此毫無系統(tǒng)可言。[2]Whenintroduced,theDCSwaschristened“distributed”becauseitwaslesscentralizedthantheDDCarchitecture.Bytoday’sstandards,however,theDCSisconsideredcentralized.DCS之所以一開始被冠名為“分散”的，是因?yàn)樗鼪]有DDC體系結(jié)構(gòu)那么集中。但是，如按今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，DCS應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是集中的。[3]Oneofthepossibilitiesthatastandardprogramminglanguageandpowerfulcommunicationsfeaturesenableistheabilitytoperformcontrolthatisdistributedintothefielddevicesratherthanacentralcontroller.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的編程語言同強(qiáng)有力的通信功能相結(jié)合的結(jié)果之一是將控制分散到現(xiàn)場設(shè)備中，而不集中在一個(gè)控制器上。A網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制系統(tǒng)中的基本問題[1]EthernetemploysaCSMAwithcollisiondetection(CSMA/CD)protocol.Whenthereisacollision,alloftheaffectednodeswillbackoff,waitarandomtime(usuallydecidedbythebinaryexponentialbackoffalgorithm),andretransmit,asshowninCase3ofFig.5-1A-2.以太網(wǎng)采用CSMA/CD協(xié)議，當(dāng)產(chǎn)生沖突時(shí)，所有沖突節(jié)點(diǎn)都將避讓等待一段時(shí)間（所等待的時(shí)長是由二進(jìn)制指數(shù)避讓算法決定的），然后重新發(fā)送，如圖5-2A-2中所示的第三種情況。B帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)延時(shí)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性[1]wecanusethestabilitytriangletoexplicitlycalculatetherelationbetweenand.我們可以采用穩(wěn)定三角形精確地計(jì)算出和之間的關(guān)系。[2]Itmaybeanalyticallyinfeasibletoderivetheexactstabilityregionforgeneralsystems;however,stabilityregionsforsuchsystemscanstillbedeterminedbysimulation.對于一般的系統(tǒng)不太可能推導(dǎo)出精確的穩(wěn)定區(qū)域，然而卻可以通過仿真的方法來確定。A計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造的概念[1]TheComputerandAutomationSystemAssociation(CASA)oftheSocietyofManufacturingEngineers(SME)definedCIMasfollows:CIMistheintegrationofthetotalmanufacturingenterprisethroughtheuseofintegratedsystemsanddatacommunicationscoupledwithnewmanagerialphilosophiesthatimproveorganizationalandpersonnelefficiency.制造業(yè)工程師協(xié)會(huì)下的計(jì)算機(jī)與自動(dòng)化協(xié)會(huì)對計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造定義如下：計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造就是通過利用集成的計(jì)算機(jī)與數(shù)據(jù)通信系統(tǒng)并融合管理哲學(xué)，將整個(gè)生產(chǎn)制造企業(yè)集成為一體，從而提高組織運(yùn)作效率及員工的工作效率。[2]Thesecondprocesssegmentrequiredforproductdevelopment,labeledmanufacturingplanningandcontrol(MPC)inFigure5-4A-2,includesalltheprocessplanning,productionscheduling,inventorymanagement,andcapacityplanningrequiredforefficientmanufacturing.產(chǎn)品開發(fā)所需的第二個(gè)過程環(huán)節(jié)在圖5-4A-2被指為制造計(jì)劃與控制，它包括所有實(shí)現(xiàn)有效制造所需的過程計(jì)劃、產(chǎn)品調(diào)度、庫存管理和能力計(jì)劃。B企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃及其外延[1]Ifthereeverwasanareainmanufacturingthatwillrequirelifelonglearning,thestudyoftheevolvingsystemforenterprisecontrolisit.如果曾經(jīng)在制造業(yè)中存在一個(gè)需要終生學(xué)習(xí)的領(lǐng)域，那么它就是對于企業(yè)控制的演化系統(tǒng)的研究。[2]EnterpriseResourcesPlanningAmethodfortheeffectiveplanningandcontrolofallresourcesneededtotake,make,ship,andaccountforcustomerordersinamanufacturing,distribution,orservicecompany.企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃一種用于實(shí)現(xiàn)對所有資源進(jìn)行高效計(jì)劃與控制的方法，這些資源是一個(gè)制造、銷售或服務(wù)公司接受、安排、運(yùn)載及解決客戶訂單所需要的。[3]CustomerRelationshipManagement(CRM)Amarketingphilosophybasedonputtingthecustomerfirst.Thecollectionandanalysisofinformationdesignedforsalesandmarketingdecisionsupport(ascontrastedtoenterpriseresourcesplanninginformation)tounderstandandsupportexistingandpotentialcustomerneeds.Itincludesaccountmanagement,catalogandorderentry,paymentprocessing,creditsandadjustments,andotherfunctions.客戶關(guān)系管理一種基于客戶至上的市場哲學(xué)。銷售和市場決策支持信息（和企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃信息形成對照）的收集和分析是為理解和支持現(xiàn)有及潛在客戶的需求?？蛻絷P(guān)系管理包括賬目管理、目錄和訂單輸入、支付處理、信用及調(diào)整和其他功能。[4]SupplyChainManagementThedesign,planning,execution,control,andmonitoringofsupplychainactivitieswiththeobjectiveofcreatingnetvalue,buildingacompetitiveinfrastructure,leveragingworldwidelogistics,synchronizingsupplywithdemand,andmeasuringperformanceglobally.供應(yīng)鏈管理以產(chǎn)生凈價(jià)值、構(gòu)建有競爭力的基礎(chǔ)、調(diào)控全球化的物流、按需同步供應(yīng)及從全局角度測量性能為目標(biāo)，對供應(yīng)鏈活動(dòng)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)劃、執(zhí)行、控制和監(jiān)視。PART6自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的綜合應(yīng)用A電機(jī)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的最新進(jìn)展和未來趨勢[1]Althoughmanydifferenttypesofscalarandvectorcontrolmethodshavebeenproposedintheliterature,theindustryissettlingwithsimpleopenloopvolts/Hzcontrolforeconomicallowperformanceapplicationsandvectorcontrolforhighperformanceapplications.盡管在文獻(xiàn)中提出了很多標(biāo)量和矢量控制方法，但在工業(yè)應(yīng)用中，仍立足于在成本低、性能要求不高時(shí)采用簡單的開環(huán)變壓–變頻控制，而在對性能要求較高時(shí)采用矢量控制。[2]ASIC’swithmicroprocessorcoreappeartobethecontrolleroffuturewherethedriveperipheralcontrolhardwareandfrozencontrolfunctionwillbeimplementedinhardwarewhereastheprogrammablecontrolandestimationthatadaptstoplantparametervariationwillbeimplementedintheprocessorcore.帶有微處理器內(nèi)核的ASIC芯片可能會(huì)成為未來的控制器，傳動(dòng)所需的外圍控制硬件和固定的控制功能均由其硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)，而適應(yīng)現(xiàn)場參數(shù)變化的可編程的控制和