機(jī)械技術(shù)在橡膠工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用概述

PAGE13原文：MechanicalTechnologyintherubberindustryoutlinedintheapplicationAuthor:BryanFerryJoannPriceClassified：number：TH18ISBN：0-202-34212-2Inthedevelopmentofhumansocietyisthemodernprocess.RubberIndustriesisanindispensableEconomy,TradeandIndustry.Intherubberindustryinthedevelopmentofrubbertechnologyandrubbermachinery(orelectromechanical)totheprogressanddevelopmentoftechnologyplayedanimportantroleinpromotingthis.Thedevelopmentofrubberindustry,rubberandrubbermachineryindustrytechnologyconstitutesoftechnicalrubberproductsallthetechnicalprocessandindustrialtechnologysystem.In1820bytheBritishmadethehuman-drivensingle-rollerrubbermixingmachine.1826twin-rollDrumopenrubbermixingmachineintoproductionbeginningofthehumanrubbermachineryproductionprelude.Sofar,humansocietyhasbeentheapplicationofrubbermachinery180yearsofhistory.

Since1839.Aseriesofrubbermachineryandequipmentwillcomeout,inadditiontotheapplicationofvulcanizedrubbervulcanizationfacilities,andotherrubbermachinery,suchasplungerhoseextrusionmachine(1858),screwextruder(1879),rubberrollingmill(1843~1900),Closedrubbermixingmachine(1916)rubbermachineryandequipment.Atthattime,hasspenttherubberindustryproductionprocess,thepromotionofthedevelopmentofrubberindustryhasplayedafacilitatingrole.1904,leadoxide,magnesiumoxide,suchasthediscoveryofinorganiccuringagent,inparticular1919organictofideD,thediscoveryanduseofM,andfurtherpromotetheimprovementofproductionefficiencyhasgreatlyimprovedtheperformanceoftheuseofrubberproducts,expandeduse.1920accessionthecarbonblacktorubber,makesrubberproductswouldbeanoverallimprovementinperformanceandimprovement.Therefore,theapplicationofcarbonblackinrubberisimprovetheindustryandpromotingtheprogressandall-rounddevelopment.Intheearly20thcenturyandthemiddleoftheSovietUnion,theUnitedStates,Britain,Germany,Franceandothercountries,hasinventedasyntheticrubberindustrialtechnologies,andtheestablishmentofaseriesofsyntheticrubberproductionequipmentandfactories.Coupledwiththeregion'snaturalrubberproductionoflarge-scaleresourcesforthemankindmodernrubberindustryopenedupthecomprehensivedevelopmentofthematerialresourcebase.Isahighlyflexiblerubbertypicalmaterials,itsphysicalpropertiesareverycomplicated.Mostoftheprocessingofrubbermoldingprocessaresimilartothemeltflowanddeformationprocess,butalsointheprocessingofrubberproducts,theHealthandplastictogothroughplasticnecklace,mixing,pressure-type,shape,curingprocessprocedures,inordertobecomeproducts.Inthemodernchemicalproducts,suchasrubber,plastics,paints,fibers,lubricants,ceramics,andothersimilarmaterialproductionandengineeringapplications,thecomplexityofitsmechanicalproperties.Purelybasedontheelasticity,viscosityorplasticitytheorycannotmeetthesematerialsprocessingrequirementsofthedeformationprocess.Sobasedonthenatureofthecomplexmechanicsoftheresearchtopic-theologicaltheorywillbereferredtothenewhumanresearchsubjectsontheagenda.1928,theUnitedStatessetupthe"EvolutionSociety",1940,theBritishsetupthetheologicalClub(laterrenamedtheInstituteofEvolution).Inaddition,theNetherlands,WestGermany,France,JapanandothercountrieshavealsosetupacorrespondingflowInstitute.1948convenetheInternationalSocietyofTheology.In1953theestablishmentoftheInternationalAssociationoftheologyishold.Sincethenoneinvolvingappliedmathematics,physics,elasticity,thematerialmechanics,fluidmechanics,geology,engineeringandothersubjectsonthevergeofdisciplines-haveemergedtheology,andgraduallyhasbeenextensivelyapplied.Theologynotonlyintherubber,plastics,coatings,printing,Portland,foodstuffs,andotherindustrialproductionhasbeenextensivelyapplied,butalsotoinfrastructure,machinery,transport,irrigation,chemicalindustryandmanyotherindustrialsectors:involvesmanysubstancesfromsolidtoliquidprocesses.Theologymadeintherubberindustry.Widelyusedintheprocessingofrubbermoldingproductsresearchandapplication.Suchasrubbermixing、rolling、extrusion、injectionmoldingandotherprocesses.Becauseofitsmacromolecularpolymerchainstructureandmovementcharacteristicsofthephysicalstategatheredonshowingfourkindsofphysicalstate:acrystallineandnon-crystalline3crystalline(glassstate,high-elasticstate,viscousflowstate).Rubberinnormalcircumstancesistheuseofhigh-elasticstate.Inthecourseofprocessingmoldingviscousflowstate,inthevulcanizedonlybasictreatmentbeforelosingmobility,andahighflexibilitybasedelasticmaterial.

Becauseofthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,thetheoryofrubberisexplorationandtheprinciplesoftheinvention.Especiallytheologyandapplicationofthetheoreticalstudyofthedevelopmentofrubberindustrymakes,whetherinthefiller,vulcanizationaccelerator,orintheprocessprincipleaspectshaveundergoneprofoundchanges.Onthedevelopmentoftherubberindustryisaqualitativechange.Atthesametime,allkindsofrubbermachineryalsomadegreatprogressanddevelopment.Atthattime,notonlythenamesmanyrubbermachinery,anditsstructure,specifications,varieties,andsohadbeenreachedacertainlevelofthescale,fine,andthedegreeofautomationandlinkage.Ifrubbermechanicaltransmissionpowertohundredsoftothousandsofkilowattsstemwatts,whichweightmachinestoafewhundredtons.Rubberproductsintheprocessofproductionplasticnecklace,mixing,rolling,extrusion,molding,intheprocessofcuringsixhaveacompletematchingofmechanicaldevices.Compoundrubbermachineryindustryisoneofthebasicequipment.Atpresentproductionmachinerytoopendozensofrubbermixing.Healthglueusedplasticnecklace,plasticmaterialmixing;pressedforthecompressionmachineforplastic,decorticatingmachinecompoundmainlyusedforpreheatingandplastic;crusherforcrushingsuchasnaturalrubber,removeplasticwashingmachineforHealthandplasticwastecompoundimpurities;millmainlyusedforwasteplasticblockgrinding;refiningmachineusedtoremovethehardplasticrenewableimpurities;reclaimedrubbermixingmachine,mainlyforthereclaimedrubberpinch;breathingmachineforplasticpressurebreathingFilmcompression;crepe-pressuremachine,mainlyforcrepe-compression;experimentalrubbermixingmachine,themaincompoundusedinasmallnumberofexperiments,etc..

Rubberrollingmill,whichisrubberproductsprocessingintheprocessofoneofthebasicequipment.Since1843three-rollcalendarapplication,wehave160yearsofdevelopmenthistory.Fromthemoderntomodernspecificationsandvariousnewcalendarwillcontinuetoemerge,itsspecifications,speed,semiproductofhighaccuracy,ahighdegreeofautomationmachinery,themachineryhasbecomethemoderncalendarofthemainstructuralfeatures.Atpresentproductionlargestcalendarhasreachedmorethanφ1055×3000(mm),rollerlinespeedofupto120(m/min)above,thesemi-finishedcalendarhasreacheditsthicknesserrorwithin±0.0025(mm).Andachievefullelectroniccontrolofthecomputerandautomationlevel.TheClosedCompound(mixer),rubberandplasticmixingrefiningisoneofthemainequipment.Thedevelopmentofmodernmixer,ahigh-speed,high-pressureandhigh-performancecharacteristics,andisdividedintolow-speed(20totherotorspeed/min),thevelocity(speedof30to40~/min)andhigh-speed(60tospeed/min)3.Inrecentyearsalsoappeartospeedinthe80/mixerathighspeedoverarmed

Rubberextruder(screwextruder),theworld'sfirstsince1879-screwextruderSincethebirthofallkindsofscrewextrudermachineryinalargenumberofdifferentvarietieshavebeensupportingcompletespecificationhasbeenadaptedtodifferentproductperformancecharacteristicsoftherequest.Ifpressureextrusionmachine,mainlyfortheshapeofthesemi-finishedproduction;filterplasticextrusionmachineforremovingplasticmixandtheHealthandtheimpurity;plasticextrusionmachineforthecontinuousplasticglueHealth:granulationextrudersforplasticcompoundandtheHealthandthegranulation;compressionextruder.Tocompoundthepressureplate;desulfurizationrenewableplasticextruderforthedesulfurization:extrusiondehydrationmixingrubberextruderfordehydrationandregenerationplasticdry:Cableextruderforthecablecoatedmolding;rowGasextruder.Themixingcompoundgotoutoftheairandwaterandvolatilecompounds,suchaslow-molecular-weight.Thesespecificationscompleteextrusionmachinery,thedevelopmentoftherubberindustryandwascredited.Ithasbecomethedrivingforceoftherubberproductsprocessingandoptimizationoftheequipment.InjectionMoldingMachine,alsoknownastheNotePress,mainlyfortheproductionofrubbermoldedproducts.Notepressuremachinery,itsstructure,isdividedintohorizontalinjectionpress,verticalinjectionpress,injectionmachineandtheMulti-PositionPressNote4.Presseachnoteisdividedintomanydifferentsizesofthespecifications.Tirerubberindustryisthelargestnumberoneproduct.Whetherrawmaterialsfromtheuseofrubberandrubberproducts,putoutofrubberproductswhichoccupythelion'sshareofthemarket,consumeabout80%ofthevolumeofrubberresources.Therefore,thetiremoldingmachineryisalsoimportant.Sincetheinventionofpneumatictirein1888,withthedevelopmentoftheautomobileindustry,variousspecifications,thevariouspropertiesofalargenumberofrubbertires.Ahigh-performance,high-qualitycar,ifthereisnocorrespondingperformanceandqualityofthetiresupportisequivalenttoscrapgeneral.Andthedevelopmentoftireindustrytiremoldingmachineryparticipationiscrucial.Tubelesstireorwhethertheywouldhavetobecertaintodiemoldingmachinerystereotypes.Formingparticulartire,tireproductionisintheprocessofcoreprocesses,tirevarious"parts"oftheassemblyprocess,willsooncord,bead,wrapper,tread,andothercomponentsofprocessedintopastecompositiontireembryo.Thereforetiremoldingmachinerydeterminestoalargeextenttheperformanceandqualityoftires.Ashumansocio-economicandculturalprogressanddevelopment,awiderangeofalargenumberofvehicles.Thereforethevarioustypesandspecificationisendless.Suchascars,buses,trucks,constructionvehiclesandotherspecialvehiclesandaircraft,whichhavetheirowndedicatedtirevarietiesandspecifications.Inrecentyearstherehashighstrengthandhighwearresistanceofthesteelskeletonradialtire,makingautomobiletires,performanceandthestructureandqualitytoanewlevel.Thisconstanttiremoldingmachineryputoutahigherdemand.

Tiremoldingmachinemanyofthetypes,accordingtothemethodofforming:sleeve-lawandtwokindsofstickers;byshapingthecontoursofthedrum:drum,semi-drum,andthecore-wheeledfour-wheel-core.Inaddition,allotherusesofdifferentshapesandrubberproducts,thereisabasicmoldingprocess.Thereforeavarietyofrubbermoldingmachinesandevenoffersadazzling.Onlyawidevarietyofringistensofthousandsofspeciesonthenumber.Thisshowsthattherubbermoldingmachineryindustryisalsoverycomplicatedandveryimportant.Vulcanizationmachinery,avarietyofrubberproductsofthefinalstepsintheprocessingmachinery,mainlyforthevariousrubberproducts,plastic,rubberproducts,suchassulfideprocessing.Themainstructureofthreekindsofforms:oneisflatvulcanize,andtheautoclave(includingpressureautoclave)andthedrummachinesulfide.Flat-curingtheuseofbroaderismorevariety.Inadditiontodirectuseofvulcanizedrubberproductsprocessing,canalsobeusedintheplasticsindustrythermoplasticorthermosettingplasticplasticsprocessingrepression.Becauseoftheirbodystructureandworkingprincipleisbasicallythesame.Thetypesandformsaremany.Accordingtothepurpose,hasthevulcanizedrubbermodelofflatproducts,withflat-curingmachine,V-beltplatecuringmachine,sheetplatecuringmachine.Vulcanizedrubberproductstankisthefirstproductionapplicationofcuringequipment,mainlyforthevulcanizationofrubberproductswork.Canalsobeusedtoautoclavethecuringsoles,adhesivetapeandmodelproducts.Therefore,"omnipotent"saidcuringmachine.Drumcuringmachine,"belt"andthe"V-belt"twocategories.Mainlyusedforcuringsurfaceshapeandsurfacequalityofthespecialrequirementsofthinstripofrubberproducts,suchastreadrubberandplasticsheetprintinganddyeing,suchastheconductionband.Ifaccompaniedbythenecessaryaccessoriesdevicecanbeusedtotransportsulfidezone,beltsandothersimilarproductsvulcanizedrubberprocessing.DrumMachinecontinuousvulcanizationsulfide,easyassemblyandtheformationofautomatedproductionlines.Substantiallyreducelaborintensityandimproveefficiencyandproductquality.Forthedevelopmentofrubberindustry,mechanicalandprocesstechnologyresearchdeterminesitsspeedandlevelofdevelopmentdeterminestheperformanceandqualityofproducts.Generallyspeaking,industrialtechnologyresearchandproductcyclefastersomefrequency.Changesintechnologyandmachinerycycleisslow,itdecidedtochangethecycleofthelifeoftheequipment,workefficiencyandproductquality.Itispreciselybecauseofmachineryandequipmenthasaclearlife,itmakesthecertaininertiaoftheoperation.Thuscreateadifficultchangeordonotneedrapidchangesinthedirectexperience.Thisisarealityformanypeople,thecommunityandevensomescientificresearchanddepartmentsonlyattachesgreatimportancetotechnologyinnovationandignorechangesinmechanicalandtechnologicaladvancesandthedevelopmentofoneofthemainreasons.Themindsetofthepeopleistodetermineawarenessofchangesanddevelopments.Anymaterialproductionoriginatedinthefirstproductionpracticeontherealsocialneedsoftheobjective.ortherubberindustrydevelopment,whichisnotonlythenormalprocessofproductionisrubberproducts.Mechanicaltechnologyandtheincreasingneedin-depthstudyoftechnologyandjointdevelopmentofmoderncommoditymarketcompetitivesituationalsonottoleratesuchpeoplewaitwait-and-seeordelaytime,andinadditiontothesustenanceofmankindgrowingmaterialandculturalwealth,theneedforrapiddevelopmentoftherubberindustry,largepilesofscraprubber,peoplealsoneedtofacetheurgentandeffectivetreatment.Thisisnotonlytherubberresourcesconservationneeds,butalsothelivingenvironmentofhumansecurityrequirements.Tosolvethenormaldevelopmentofrubberindustryandscraprubberrecyclinguseofresources,onlymechanicaltechnologyandthejointdevelopmentoftechnologytoachievetheirgoals.Contemporaryrubberindustrydevelopmentsothatthewasterubberrecyclingofresourcesmusttakemachinesimprovementandprogressinthejointdevelopmentoftheroadistheonlycorrectway.Andtheimprovementofmachinerytechnologyistheessenceofmechanicalworkoftheprogressofchemicalprocesstechnologyisthecorecontentoftheirjointdevelopmentofthemodernrubberindustryisabletoquicklyandefficientlyoptimizeandpromotethedevelopmentofintrinsicmotivation.Ofcoursealsoincludesscientificmanagementtechnologydecision-makingbodyelements.Machinery,physics,chemistry(orchemical),thefourbasicskillsofadevelopmentofthehumansocietysciencetechnologysystem,andscienceandtechnologysystemknownascompulsory,andsocialmanagementtechnologyissoftscienceandtechnologysystem.TakenFlexbecameamorecompletescientificandtechnologicalsystem.Rubberindustryinthedevelopmentofrubberindustryandtechnologyandscientificmanagementtechnologyindustrieswiththeeconomicstructureoftheindustryisrelatedtothedevelopmentofrubberindustry"carrotandstick"scientificmeasures.MechanicalTechnologyisahardattributetechnology,technologyisasoftattributes,whichisa"carrotandstick"formofthetechnology.Inthemechanicaltechnologyofthetechnicalattributesofbothtangibleandintangible.Allofinvestigationandstudy,theworkofdesigntechniquesaresoftattributesthatinthemanufacturingofconstructioninvolvesthetechnicalattributesofhardwaretechnology,theresultsofpre-mainsofttechnologyembodiedinthedesignandconstructiondrawingsandmanuals;afterahardstagetechnicalachievementsonvariousmaterialontheoutputofproducts.Thisisahardandsofttechnologyintotheoutcomeoftheobjectiveprocess.Rubberindustrialdevelopment,wemustattachimportancemechanicaltechnologyandthejointdevelopmentoftechnology.Strengtheningtheroleofrubbermachinerytechnology,mechanicaltechnologytothedevelopmentandapplication,thewholesocialdevelopmentisnotonlytheproductionofthematerialandculturalneeds,butalsotheharmoniousdevelopmentoftheecologicalenvironmentofhumanneeds,butalsotobecherishedrubber,Usingandfrugalbehaviorneeds.譯文：機(jī)械技術(shù)在橡膠工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用概述在人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代進(jìn)程中．橡膠工業(yè)也是一門不可缺少的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)。而在橡膠工業(yè)發(fā)展過(guò)程中，橡膠工藝及橡膠機(jī)械（或機(jī)電）技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展起了重要的推動(dòng)作用。橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展，橡膠工業(yè)技術(shù)及橡膠機(jī)械技術(shù)構(gòu)成了橡膠制品的全部技術(shù)過(guò)程和產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系。1820年英國(guó)制成了由人力驅(qū)動(dòng)的單輥式煉膠機(jī)。1826年雙輥筒式的開放式煉膠機(jī)投入生產(chǎn)，拉開了人類橡膠機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的序幕。至今，人類社會(huì)橡膠機(jī)械的應(yīng)用已有180多年的歷史了。

1839年以來(lái)．一系列的橡膠機(jī)械設(shè)備陸續(xù)問(wèn)世，除適應(yīng)橡膠硫化技術(shù)應(yīng)用的硫化設(shè)備外，其他橡膠機(jī)械,如柱塞式膠管擠出機(jī)（1858年）,螺桿擠出機(jī)（1879年），橡膠壓延機(jī)（1843～1900年），密閉式煉膠機(jī)（1916年）。等橡膠機(jī)械設(shè)備。先后投入當(dāng)時(shí)的橡膠工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，對(duì)推動(dòng)橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展起了一定的促進(jìn)作用。

1904年，氧化鉛、氧化鎂等無(wú)機(jī)硫化劑的發(fā)現(xiàn)，特別是1919年有機(jī)硫化促進(jìn)劑D、M的發(fā)現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)效率的提高，大大改善了橡膠制品的使用性能，擴(kuò)大了使用范圍。1920年把炭黑加入橡膠中，才使得橡膠制品的性能得以全面改善和提高。因此，炭黑的應(yīng)用又促進(jìn)了橡膠工業(yè)進(jìn)步和全面發(fā)展。20世紀(jì)初及中葉，蘇聯(lián)、美國(guó)、英國(guó)、德國(guó)、法國(guó)等國(guó)家，先后發(fā)明了合成橡膠工業(yè)技術(shù)。并建立了一系列橡膠合成生產(chǎn)裝置及工廠。再加上東南亞地區(qū)的天然橡膠資源生產(chǎn)的規(guī)?；?，為人類現(xiàn)代橡膠工業(yè)的全面發(fā)展開辟了物質(zhì)資源基礎(chǔ)。

橡膠是一種高彈性的典型材料，其物理性能十分復(fù)雜。大多數(shù)橡膠的加工成型過(guò)程都有近似熔體的流動(dòng)和變形過(guò)程，而且在橡膠產(chǎn)品的加工過(guò)程中，生膠要經(jīng)過(guò)塑煉、混煉、壓型、成型、硫化的工藝程序，才能成為產(chǎn)品。在現(xiàn)代化工產(chǎn)品中，諸如橡膠、塑料、油漆、纖維、潤(rùn)滑油、陶瓷等一類材料的生產(chǎn)及工程技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，對(duì)其材料的復(fù)雜力學(xué)性質(zhì)．依據(jù)單純的彈性力學(xué)、粘性理論或塑性理論都不能滿足這些材料加工過(guò)程的形變要求。于是一種基于對(duì)復(fù)雜介質(zhì)力學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究課題——流變學(xué)理論便提到了人類新學(xué)科研究的議事日程。1928年，美國(guó)成立了“流變學(xué)會(huì)”，1940年，英國(guó)成立了流變學(xué)俱樂(lè)部（后改為流變學(xué)會(huì)）。此外，荷蘭、西德、法國(guó)、日本等國(guó)家也相應(yīng)成立了流變學(xué)會(huì)。1948年召開了國(guó)際流變學(xué)會(huì)。1953年成立了國(guó)際流變協(xié)會(huì)。從此一門涉及到應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)、物理學(xué)、彈性力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、工程學(xué)及其他學(xué)科的邊緣學(xué)科——流變學(xué)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，并逐漸得到廣泛應(yīng)用。流變學(xué)不僅在橡膠、塑料、涂料、印刷、硅酸鹽、食品等工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用，還涉及到基本建設(shè)、機(jī)械、運(yùn)輸、水利、化學(xué)工業(yè)等眾多工業(yè)部門：涉及到許多物質(zhì)從固體到液體的變化過(guò)程。流變學(xué)在橡膠工業(yè)中。廣泛應(yīng)用于橡膠制品加工成型的研究和應(yīng)用。如對(duì)橡膠的混煉、壓延、擠出、注射成型等加工過(guò)程。高聚物由于它的大分子鏈狀結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)動(dòng)特點(diǎn)，在物理聚集態(tài)上呈現(xiàn)出4種物理狀態(tài)：即1個(gè)結(jié)晶態(tài)和3個(gè)非結(jié)晶態(tài)（玻璃態(tài)、高彈態(tài)、粘流態(tài)）。橡膠在正常使用情況下是高彈態(tài)．而在加工成型過(guò)程中是粘流態(tài)，只有在硫化處理后才基本失去流動(dòng)性，而變成以高彈性為主的彈性體材料。

由于19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初，對(duì)橡膠工藝?yán)碚摰脑硖剿骱桶l(fā)明。特別是流變學(xué)理論的研究和應(yīng)用使得橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展，無(wú)論是在填充劑、硫化促進(jìn)劑方面，還是在工藝原理方面都發(fā)生了深刻變化。對(duì)橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一次質(zhì)的變化。同時(shí)，各種橡膠機(jī)械也有了很大的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。當(dāng)時(shí)的橡膠機(jī)械不僅名目眾多，而且其結(jié)構(gòu)、規(guī)格、品種等都巳達(dá)到一定水平的規(guī)模化、精細(xì)化、自動(dòng)化和聯(lián)動(dòng)化程度。如有的橡膠機(jī)械傳動(dòng)功率達(dá)到數(shù)百干瓦至數(shù)千千瓦，機(jī)器重量達(dá)到幾百噸。在橡膠制品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的塑煉、混煉、壓延、壓出、成型、硫化六個(gè)工藝過(guò)程中都有了配套齊全的機(jī)械裝置。

煉膠機(jī)械是橡膠工業(yè)的基本設(shè)備之一。目前生產(chǎn)的開放式煉膠機(jī)械達(dá)數(shù)十種。主要用于生膠的塑煉，膠料的混煉；壓片機(jī)用于壓片、供膠；熱煉機(jī)主要用于膠料預(yù)熱和供膠；破碎機(jī)用于天然橡膠的破碎等，洗膠機(jī)用于除去生膠和廢膠中的雜質(zhì)；粉碎機(jī)主要用于廢膠塊的粉碎；精煉機(jī)主要用于除去再生膠中的硬雜質(zhì)；再生膠混煉機(jī)，主要用于再生膠的捏煉；煙膠壓片機(jī)用于煙膠片壓片等；縐片壓片機(jī)，主要用于縐片壓片工作；實(shí)驗(yàn)用煉膠機(jī)，主要用于各種少量膠料的實(shí)驗(yàn)工作等。

橡膠壓延機(jī)，也是橡膠制品加工過(guò)程中的基本設(shè)備之一。自1843年三輥壓延機(jī)應(yīng)用以來(lái)，已有160多年的發(fā)展歷史了。從近代到現(xiàn)代各種不同規(guī)格和新型的壓延機(jī)不斷涌現(xiàn)，其規(guī)格大、速度快、半制品精度高、機(jī)器自動(dòng)化程度高，已成為現(xiàn)代壓延機(jī)械的主要結(jié)構(gòu)特征。目前生產(chǎn)的壓延機(jī)最大規(guī)模已達(dá)到φ1055×3000毫米以上，輥筒線速度高達(dá)120米／分以上，壓延的半成品其厚度誤差已達(dá)到±0.0025毫米以內(nèi)。并達(dá)到采用電子計(jì)算機(jī)和全程控制的自動(dòng)化水平。

密閉式煉膠機(jī)（簡(jiǎn)稱密煉機(jī)），是橡膠的塑煉和混煉的主要設(shè)備之一?，F(xiàn)代密煉機(jī)的發(fā)展，具有高速、高壓和高效能的特點(diǎn)，并分為低速（轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速為20轉(zhuǎn)／分）、中速（轉(zhuǎn)速為30～40轉(zhuǎn)／分）和高速（轉(zhuǎn)速為60轉(zhuǎn)／分）3種。近年來(lái)還出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)速在80轉(zhuǎn)／分以上的高速密煉機(jī)械。

橡膠擠出機(jī)（螺桿擠出機(jī)），自1879年世界第一臺(tái)螺桿擠出機(jī)誕生以來(lái)，各種形式的螺桿擠出機(jī)械大量出現(xiàn)，不同規(guī)格品種已配套齊全，已適應(yīng)不同產(chǎn)品性能特點(diǎn)的要求。如壓型擠出機(jī)，主要用于各種斷面形狀的半成品生產(chǎn)；濾膠擠出機(jī)，用于除去混煉膠和生膠中的雜質(zhì)；塑煉擠出機(jī)，用于生膠的連續(xù)塑煉：造粒擠出機(jī)，用于膠料和生膠的造粒；壓片擠出機(jī)．用于膠料的壓片；脫硫擠出機(jī)用于再生膠的脫硫：擠壓脫水?dāng)D出機(jī)用于合成膠和再生膠的脫水干燥：電纜擠出機(jī)，用于電纜的包覆成型；排氣擠出機(jī)．用于排出混入膠料中的空氣和水分及低分子揮發(fā)物等。這些規(guī)格齊全的擠出機(jī)械，對(duì)橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展立下了汗馬功勞。成為各種橡膠制品加工的動(dòng)力和優(yōu)選設(shè)備之一。注射成型機(jī)，又稱為注壓機(jī)，主要用于生產(chǎn)各種橡膠模壓制品。注壓機(jī)械，按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式，又分為臥式注壓機(jī)、立式注壓機(jī)、角式注機(jī)及多工位注壓機(jī)4種。每種注壓機(jī)又分為許多大小不同的規(guī)格品種。

輪胎是橡膠工業(yè)最為龐大的頭號(hào)產(chǎn)品。無(wú)論從橡膠原料的使用量和橡膠產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)量來(lái)看它都占據(jù)橡膠制品市場(chǎng)的大部分份額，消耗約80％的橡膠資源量。因此，輪胎成型機(jī)械也十分重要。自1888年發(fā)明充氣輪胎后，隨著汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展，各種規(guī)格、各種性能的橡膠輪胎大量涌現(xiàn)。一輛高性能、高質(zhì)量的汽車，要是沒(méi)有相應(yīng)性能和質(zhì)量的輪胎支撐，就等于廢鐵一般。而輪胎工業(yè)的發(fā)展輪胎的成型機(jī)械參與也是至關(guān)重要的。無(wú)論是內(nèi)胎或外胎它們都需要有一定的成型機(jī)械模具來(lái)定型。特別是外胎的成型，是輪胎生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的核心工序，是外胎各種“零部件”的組裝過(guò)程，即將簾布、鋼絲圈、包布、胎面等各種部件組合貼合加工成輪胎胎胚。故輪胎成型機(jī)械在很大程度上決定著輪胎的性能和質(zhì)量。隨著人類社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)文化的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展，各式各樣的車輛大量涌現(xiàn)。因而各種類型和規(guī)格性能的輪胎也層出不窮．諸如小轎車、客車、貨車、工程車和其他各種專用車輛及飛機(jī)等，都有自己的專用輪胎品種和規(guī)格。近年來(lái)又出現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)度和高耐磨性能的鋼絲骨架子午胎，使得汽車輪胎的結(jié)構(gòu)性能及質(zhì)量又上了一個(gè)新臺(tái)階。這都不斷給輪胎成型機(jī)械提出了更高的要求。

輪胎成型機(jī)的種類很多，按成型方法分有：套筒法和層貼法2種；按成型鼓的輪廓分有：鼓式、半鼓式、芯輪式和半芯輪式4種。此外，其他所有不同形狀及用途的橡膠制品，基本都有一個(gè)成型的過(guò)程。因此各種各樣的橡膠制品成型機(jī)具更是千姿百態(tài)和琳瑯滿目。僅各式各樣的密封圈品種就達(dá)數(shù)萬(wàn)種之多?？梢娤鹉z工業(yè)的成型機(jī)械也是十分繁雜和極為重要的。

硫化機(jī)械，是各種橡膠制品的最后一道工序的加工機(jī)械，主要用于各種橡膠制品、膠帶、膠板等制品的硫化加工。其主要結(jié)構(gòu)有3種形式：一種是平板硫化機(jī)，另外是硫化罐（包括水壓硫化罐）和鼓式硫化機(jī)。平板硫化機(jī)的使用范圍較廣，種類也多。除直接用于橡膠制品的硫化加工外，還可用于塑料工業(yè)中的熱固性塑料或熱塑性塑料的壓制加工。因?yàn)樗麄兊墓ぷ髟砗蜋C(jī)體結(jié)構(gòu)都基本相同。其種類及形態(tài)繁多。按用途來(lái)分，大體有橡膠模型制品平板硫化機(jī)、平帶平板硫化機(jī)、三角帶平板硫化機(jī)、膠板平板硫化機(jī)等。硫化罐是橡膠制品生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用最早的硫化設(shè)備之一，主要用于橡膠制品硫化工作。硫化罐還可用來(lái)硫化鞋底、涂膠膠布及模型制品等。故有“萬(wàn)能”硫化機(jī)之稱。鼓式硫化機(jī)，有“平帶”和“三角帶”兩大類。主要用來(lái)硫化表面形狀和表面質(zhì)量有特殊要求的薄型橡膠板帶制品，如花紋膠板、印刷膠板及印染導(dǎo)帶等。若配上必要的配件裝置，還可用于硫化運(yùn)輸帶、傳動(dòng)帶及其他類似橡膠制品的硫化加工。鼓式硫化機(jī)可連續(xù)硫化，容易實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化和形成流水作業(yè)生產(chǎn)線。大大減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高工效和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。

對(duì)于橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展，機(jī)械技術(shù)及工藝研究決定著其發(fā)展速度和水平，決定著產(chǎn)品的性能和質(zhì)量。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，產(chǎn)業(yè)和產(chǎn)品工藝研究的周期變化頻率較快一些。而機(jī)械技術(shù)的變化周期則較慢，它的周期變化決定著機(jī)器設(shè)備的使用壽命、工作效率和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。正因?yàn)闄C(jī)器設(shè)備有一個(gè)明確使用壽命，才使得它具有一定的運(yùn)行慣性。從而給人們一個(gè)不易變化或也不需要較快變化的直接感受。這也是造成現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)的許多人們甚至包括一些科研部門只十分重視工藝技術(shù)的革新變化而忽視機(jī)械技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展的主要原因之一。人們的觀念意識(shí)是決定行為的變化和發(fā)展。任何物質(zhì)性產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)首先起源于對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐的客觀需求。

對(duì)于橡膠工業(yè)發(fā)展來(lái)說(shuō)，不僅正常的橡膠制品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程．越來(lái)越需要機(jī)械技術(shù)與工藝技術(shù)的深入研究及協(xié)同發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代商品市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)態(tài)勢(shì)也容不得人們?cè)僮扔^望或延誤時(shí)機(jī)，而且除人類物質(zhì)文化生活資料的日益豐富，需要橡膠工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展外，大量堆積如山的廢舊橡膠制品，也急待需要人們?nèi)ッ鎸?duì)和有效處理。這不僅是節(jié)約橡膠資源的需要，也是保人類生存環(huán)境的要求。要解決橡膠工業(yè)的正常發(fā)展及廢棄橡膠資源的回收利用問(wèn)題，只有機(jī)械技術(shù)與工藝技術(shù)的協(xié)同發(fā)展才能達(dá)到目的。當(dāng)代橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展，使廢舊橡膠資源的回收利用必須走機(jī)器改良和化學(xué)進(jìn)步聯(lián)合發(fā)展的道路才是唯一正確的途徑。而機(jī)器的改良就是機(jī)械技術(shù)的本質(zhì)工作之一，化學(xué)的進(jìn)步則是工藝技術(shù)的核心內(nèi)容，它們聯(lián)合發(fā)展也正是現(xiàn)代橡膠工業(yè)得以快速高效和優(yōu)化發(fā)展的內(nèi)在促動(dòng)力。當(dāng)然還包括科學(xué)管理技術(shù)的決策組織因素在內(nèi)。

機(jī)械、物理、化學(xué)（或化工）、生物4項(xiàng)基本技術(shù)構(gòu)成了人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的自然科學(xué)技術(shù)體系，并稱為硬性科學(xué)技術(shù)體系，而社會(huì)管理技術(shù)則是軟性科學(xué)技術(shù)體系。兩者軟硬結(jié)合成為一種較為完整的科學(xué)技術(shù)體系。橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展也與橡膠產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)與產(chǎn)業(yè)科學(xué)管理技術(shù)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)相關(guān)是體現(xiàn)橡膠工業(yè)發(fā)展“軟硬兼施”的科學(xué)措施。機(jī)械技術(shù)是屬于硬屬性技術(shù)，工藝技術(shù)是屬于軟屬性技術(shù)，這是一種“軟硬兼施”的技術(shù)形態(tài)。

在機(jī)械技術(shù)中又有軟硬屬性技術(shù)之分。凡是屬于調(diào)查研究、設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)方法的工作，都是軟屬性技術(shù)；凡是涉及施工制造方面的技術(shù)屬于硬屬性技術(shù)，前期軟性技術(shù)的成果主要體現(xiàn)在設(shè)計(jì)施工圖紙及其說(shuō)明書上；后一階段的硬性技術(shù)成果集中在各種物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)出上。這也是一個(gè)軟硬技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化成果的客觀過(guò)程。橡膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展，必須重視機(jī)械技術(shù)與工藝技術(shù)的協(xié)同發(fā)展。強(qiáng)化橡膠機(jī)械技術(shù)的作用，重視機(jī)械技術(shù)的開發(fā)應(yīng)用，不僅是整個(gè)社會(huì)發(fā)展物質(zhì)文化產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的需要，也是人類生態(tài)環(huán)境和諧發(fā)展的需要，更是對(duì)橡膠予以珍惜、巧用和儉用行為的需要。目錄TOC\o"1-2"\h\z\u第一章總論 11.1項(xiàng)目名稱與承辦單位 11.2研究工作的依據(jù)、內(nèi)容及范圍 11.3編制原則 31.4項(xiàng)目概況 31.5技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo) 51.6結(jié)論 6第二章項(xiàng)目背景及建設(shè)必要性 82.1項(xiàng)目背景 82.2建設(shè)的必要性 9第三章建設(shè)條件 113.1項(xiàng)目區(qū)概況 113.2建設(shè)地點(diǎn)選擇 錯(cuò)誤！未定義書簽。3.3項(xiàng)目建設(shè)條件優(yōu)劣勢(shì)分析 錯(cuò)誤！未定義書簽。第四章市場(chǎng)分析與銷售方案 134.1市場(chǎng)分析 134.2營(yíng)銷策略、方案、模式 14第五章建設(shè)方案 155.1建設(shè)規(guī)模和產(chǎn)品方案 155.2建設(shè)規(guī)劃和布局 155.3運(yùn)輸 185.4建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 185.5公用工程 205.6工藝技術(shù)方案 215.7設(shè)備方案 215.8節(jié)能減排措施 24第六章環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià) 256.1環(huán)境影響 256.2環(huán)境保護(hù)與治理措施 266.3評(píng)價(jià)與審批 28第七章項(xiàng)目組織與管理 297.1組織機(jī)構(gòu)與職能劃分 297.2勞動(dòng)定員 PAGEREF_T