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USurinary HigherFrequency–betterresolution,lesspenetration(depth) LowerFrequency–betterpenetration(depth),less Dogs5‐7.5MHz犬—5‐7.5MayneedtosupplementwithhigherfrequencyCats–7.5MHzorNormalKidneyUS:RLIndorsalRLcaudaltoribsNormalKidneyAlwaysimageinsagittalandtransverseMayhavetoimagein Especiallyrightkidney–mayneedtolookbetweenribsNormalKidneyUS:Toseerightkidney,mayneedtoimageinanebetweentheNormalKidneyUS:SeeCortexandMedullaNormalKidneyUS:Sagittal,midlineofkidneyNormalKidneyUS:NormalKidneyUS: :LeftKidney,錄NormalKidneyUS:RightkidneyisdeeperandsitsatNormalKidneyUS:Rightkidneyisdeeperandsitsatangle;canalmostperpendiculartoNormalKidneyUS:RightkidneysitsinrenalfossaofcaudateliverNormalItismuchhardertogetagoodimageoftherightkidney!!NormalKidneyRight Left :LeftNormalKidneyEchogenicityofcortex:=orslightly<MedullahypoechoictoRenalsinusandperipelvicfatGeneralUltrasound SpleenLiver>=Renal >Renal>=腎皮質(zhì)>Whiter Blacker Most

LeastLiver:leftSamedog‐All3similar **Catsare Catrenalcortexcanbehyperechoicandbenormal–canhavemorefatinparenchyma—Kidneysize:Cancomparetosizeofdog,butlargestandarddeviationIusethisasaroughFJBarretal,1990,JSmAnimLookforsymmetryrighttoKidneysizechart:BarrBarrKidneysize:Normalkidneylength:range=3.0–4.3正常腎臟長度:范圍3.04.33.66+/‐0.46cmmean(Walteretal,平均3.660.46cm(Walteretal10normal ORNormallength3.8–4.4cmlistedinNylandandMattoon:directanatomicmeasurement(NickelRetal.)或正常長度3.84.4cm數(shù)據(jù)來自NylandandMattoon的直接解剖測量(NickelRetal.)Kidneysize:Iuse3.0‐4.3cmfornormalLookforsymmetryrighttoCatkidney:RenalUsuallydonot 1‐3mmwidthmaybeRenalPelvis:RenalCrestThemedullathatisclosesttotherenalsinus;itprojectsintotherenalpelvisNormalPeripelvicfatNormalPeripelvicfat Abnormalrenalsagittal:anechoic,KidneyShouldbesmoothandregularKidneymargins:Kidneymargins:abnormalChronicrenalfailureUsuallyNOTseenonWillseewhenuretergetsdilatedfromobstructionorinfl UseDopplerto lureterfromvessels(renalarteriesandveins)Ureterimage:useUreterimage: UrinaryImageinsagittalandInsagittal–ovalandelongated,tapersIntransverse‐roundtoBestevaluatedwhen yBladder壁Walllayershardto Wallthicknessdependsondegreeof WallshouldhaveasmoothmucosalWall MinimalDistension:2.3+/‐0.43MildDistension:1.6+/‐0.29ModerateDistension:1.4+/‐0.28ThicknessalsoIncrwithweightGeisseandLowry,VetRadandUS1997,38(2),132‐7Iuseupto4mmifminimallydistended,especiallyifwallis貓

WallNormalwall1.3–1.7Finn‐Bodner,獸醫(yī)超聲UBwall:UrinaryBladder: Mayseeurethralpapillaandjetsof Papillaaresmallsofttissue structureswithsmoothmarginsintheregionofthetrigone UBtrigone: Urinary 頸Bladdershouldtapercaudallyasit Urinary 頸頸UBartifactsReverberation–nearAdjustgainorusestandoffSliceUBUBwall:cystitis‐thickOnlyseesmallportionofurethranear NormallyHypoechoicand<3mmin低回聲的,寬度3NOdefinitiveNormalUrethra: Urethral(and Cantrytoimagemidurethramales可嘗試檢查公犬 Questions?Isthisbladder?

5yearoldmixedbreeddog,urina

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