工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4課件

作者：南開(kāi)大學(xué)商學(xué)院李桂華UnitFourDevelopingQualityandCompetitiveAdvantage工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4Glossaryinnovative:adj.Markedbyorgiventoinnovations.革新的，創(chuàng)新的optimize:v.Tomakeasperfectoreffectiveaspossible.使最優(yōu)化使盡可能地完善或有效usher:v.Toprecedeandintroduce;inaugurate:宣告，展示介紹；開(kāi)始，開(kāi)創(chuàng)：exotic:adj.Intriguinglyunusualordifferent;excitinglystrange:異乎尋常的；奇異的：strenuous:adj.Requiringgreateffort,energy,orexertion:艱巨的需要巨大努力，能量或投入的：hazardous:adj.Markedbydanger;perilous.帶有危險(xiǎn)性的；危險(xiǎn)的navigational:adj.Theactorpracticeofsailing,orofpilotinganaircraft.導(dǎo)航的artificialintelligence:Theabilityofamachinetoperformthoseactivitiesthatarenormallythoughttorequireintelligence.人工智能工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4Glossaryprototype:n.Anoriginaltype,form,orinstancethatservesasamodelonwhichlaterstagesarebasedorjudged.原型chassis:n.Therectangularsteelframe,supportedonspringsandattachedtotheaxles,thatholdsthebodyandmotorofanautomotivevehicle.底盤(pán)carousel:n.

Acircularconveyoronwhichobjectsaredisplayedorrotated旋轉(zhuǎn)式傳送帶

profitable:adj.Yieldingprofit;advantageousorlucrative.有利可圖的outmaneuver:v.Toovercome(anopponent)byartful,clevermaneuvering.智勝在機(jī)智、謀略上勝過(guò)（對(duì)手）tenant:n.Onethatpaysrenttouseoroccupyland,abuilding,orotherpropertyownedbyanother.佃戶(hù)medieval:adj.RelatingorbelongingtotheMiddleAges.中世紀(jì)的CEO:ChiefExecutiveOfficer執(zhí)行總裁工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4KeyTermsandConceptsProductionandoperationsmanagement[(POM)生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)作管理]isthecoordinationofanorganization’sresourcesformanufacturinggoodsorproducingservices.Likeothertypesofmanagement,POMinvolvesthebasicfunction,ofplanning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling.Italsorequirescarefulconsiderationofthecompany’sgoals,thestrategiesforattainingthosegoals,andthestandardsagainstwhichresultswillbemeasured.masscustomization

大規(guī)模定制（生產(chǎn)）—usingmassproductiontechniquestoproducecustomizedgoods.Thecompany’snextgoalistousebatch-of-onemanufacturing,inwhicheveryproductismadetoorderfromscratchandvirtuallynostandardinventoryiskeptonhand.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4KeyTermsandConceptsComputer-AidedDesignandEngineering

計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和施工computer-aideddesign(CAD)istheapplicationofcomputergraphicsandmathematicalmodelinginthedesignofproducts.Arelatedprocessiscomputer-aidedengineering(CAE)istheuseofcomputer-generatedthree-dimensionalimagesandcomputerizedcalculationsthatallowengineerstotestproducts.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4KeyTermsandConceptsComputer-AidedManufacturing

計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造---Theuseofcomputerstocontrolproductionequipmentiscalledcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).InaCAD/CAMsystem,computer-aideddesigndataareconvertedautomaticallyintoprocessinginstructionsforproductionequipmenttomanufacturethepart.Thisintegrationofdesignandproductioncanincreasetheoutput,speed,andprecisionofassemblylines,aswellasmakingcustomizedproductionmucheasier.Inaddition,thelatestCAD/CAMsoftwareallowscompanydepartmentstosharedesignsanddataoverintranetsandtheInternet,enablinggeographicallydisperseddepartmentstoworktogetheroncomplexprojects.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4KeyTermsandConceptsFlexibleManufacturingSystem(FMS)

靈活制造系FMSisamanufacturingsystemwhichlinksnumerousprogrammablemachinetoolsbyanautomatedmaterialhandlingsystemofconveyorsorAGVs.Thesystemiscontrolledbyacentralcomputernetwork.Withflexiblemanufacturing,changingfromoneproductdesigntoanotherrequiresonlyafewsignalsfromthecomputer.Eachmachinechangestoolsautomatically,makingappropriateselectionsfrombuilt-instoragecarouselsthatcanholdmorethan100tools.Inaddition,thesequenceofeventsinvolvedinbuildinganitemcanbecompletelyrearranged.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextThemanagersatHarley-Davidsonfacedthesamesituationthatmanagersaroundtheworldarefacingtoday.Theextremelycompetitivenatureoftheglobalbusinessenvironmentrequirescompaniestoproducehigh-qualitygoodsinthemostefficientwaypossibleorelsebeshreddedbythecompetition.Inalmosteveryindustryyoucanname,thisglobalchallengehascausedcompaniestoreexaminetheirdefinitionofquality.Highefficiency,fewdefects,fastproduction,lowcosts,excellentcustomerservice,broadmarketreach,innovativeproductsandprocesses,lesswaste,andhighflexibilityareallobjectivesthatimprovequalitybyaddingvaluetothegoodorservicebeingproduced.Companiespursuetheseobjectivesinordertomaintaincompetitiveadvantage.AndasHarley-Davidson’smanagerslearned,thelevelofqualitythatacompanyaspirestoisastrategicdecisionthataffectstheproductionprocess.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextProductionisthetransformationofresourcesintogoodsorservicesthatpeopleneedorwant.Atthecoreofproductionistheconversionprocess,thesequenceofeventsthatconvertresourcesintoproducts.Theconversionprocesscanbediagrammedsimply:

Inputtransformationoutput工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextThisformulaappliestobothintangibleservicesandtangiblegoods.Forexample,forataxicabcompanytoserveitscustomers,tangibleandintangibleresources—thecab,thedriver’sskill,thefuel,andapassenger—aretransformedintotheintangibleserviceoftransportingthecustomertothedestination.Forashirtmakertoproduceashirt,theresourcesthatareconverted—cloth,thread,andbuttons—aretangibleandsoistheoutput—theshirt.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextConversionisoftwobasictypes.Ananalyticsystembreaksrawmaterialsintooneormoredistinctproducts,whichmayormaynotresembletheoriginalmaterialinformandfunction.Inmeatpacking,forexample,asteerisdividedintohide,bone,steaks,andsoon.Asyntheticsystemcombinestwoormorematerialstoformasingleproduct.Forexample,insteelmanufacturing,ironiscombinedwithsmallquantitiesofothermineralsathightemperaturestomakesteel.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextProductionandoperationsmanagement(POM)

isthecoordinationofanorganization’sresourcesformanufacturinggoodsorproducingservices.Likeothertypesofmanagement,POMinvolvesthebasicfunction,ofplanning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling.Italsorequirescarefulconsiderationofthecompany’sgoals,thestrategiesforattainingthosegoals,andthestandardsagainstwhichresultswillbemeasured.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextPOMisgrowingasoneofthebusinessworld’smostdynamicareasofspecialization.Foronething,itisbecomingthefocusofmanycompanies’effortstoimprovequalityandcompetitiveness.Thefieldischallengingbecause(1)itisundergoingrapidchange;(2)itinvolvesmanyactivities,frominterpretingmarketresearch(determiningwhatkindsofgoodsandservicesshouldbeproduced)toproductionplanningandcontroloftheproductionprocess;and(3)itappliestoallkindsofcompanies,regardlessofsizeorproduct.Asaresult,POMisenjoyingasurgeinpopularityasabusinesscareertrack.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextUnderstandingtheEvolutionofProduction

Throughoutmostofhumanhistory,peoplehavesoughtwaysofimproving

productionefficiency—loweringcostsbyoptimizingoutputfromeachresourceusedintheproductionprocess.Considerthefeudalsystem,thepoliticalandeconomicsystemofmedievalEuropeinwhichlordsrentedlandandgaveprotectiontotheirtenant

farmersinexchangeforaportionoftheiroutput.Productionunderthefeudalsystemprovidedamoreefficientdivisionoflaborthannomadiclifeorsmalltribalsettlements.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextLater,aseriesoftechnologicaladvancesineighteenth-centuryEnglandbroughtaboutevenmoreefficientproductionandusheredinaperiodknownastheIndustrialRevolution.Thefirstofthesetechnologicaladvanceswasmechanization,theuseofmachinestodoworkpreviouslydonebypeople.Addingtomechanization’sefficiencywasstandardization,

ortheproductionofuniform,interchangeableparts.Thisdevelopmenteliminatedtheneedtocraftproductsoneatatime,anditreducedthelevelofskillthatworkersneededtoproducemanygoods.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextIntheearlytwentiethcentury,HenryFordwasabigfanofstandardization.Heoncecommentedthatcustomerscouldhaveanycolorcartheywantedaslongasitwasblack.Fordalsointroducedthetechnologicaladvancewiththemostwide-ranginginfluence,theassemblyline,whichinvolvesputtingaproducttogetherasitprogressespastanumberofworkstationswhereeachemployeeperformsaspecifictask.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextAsmanufacturersbecamemoreadeptatintegrationmechanization,standardization,andtheassemblylineintotheproductionprocess,theyturnedtheirattentiontowardeliminatingasmuchcostlymanuallaboraspossiblethroughautomation,theprocessofper-formingamechanicaloperationwiththeabsoluteminimumofhumanintervention.Inautomatedproduction,peopleputthemachinesintooperation,monitororregulatethem,andinspecttheiroutput.Beyondthat,themachinesdothework.Thesefouradvancesinproductionefficiencyallowedforthedevelopmentofmass

production—manufacturinguniformgoodsingreatquantities.Massproductionreducesproductioncostsandmakesproductsavailabletomorepeople.Someservicecompaniesalsousemassproductiontechniques.Forexample,fast-foodchains,hotels,accountingfirms,car-rentalagencies,andevensomerealestatefirmsmass-producetheirservicesthroughstandardizedandautomatedprocedures.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextEventhoughmassproductionhasseveraladvantages,thecompetitivepressuresoftheglobaleconomyoftenrequireproductiontechniquesthataremoreflexible,customerfocused,andquality-oriented.Sometimesthesetechniquesreplacetraditionalmassproduction,andsometimestheysimplyimproveonit.ConsiderAndersenWindows.Throughoutitslonghistory,Andersenmadearangeofstandardwindowsinlargebatches.However,intheearly1990scustomerdemandsandanincreasingerrorratecausedAndersentorethinkthewayitbuildswindows.Tobettermeetcustomerneeds,thecompanydevelopedaninteractivecomputercatalogthatallowscustomerstoadd,change,andremovefeaturesofAndersen’sstandardwindowsuntilthey’vedesignedthewindowstheywant.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextThecomputerthenautomaticallygeneratesapricequoteandsendstheordertothefactory,wherestandardizedpartsaretailoredtocustomerspecifications.Thecompanynowofferscloseto200,000differentproductsandisvirtuallyerrorfree.Andersen’snewproductionsystemisknownasmass

customization—usingmassproductiontechniquestoproducecustomizedgoods.Thecompany’snextgoalistousebatch-of-onemanufacturing,inwhicheveryproductismadetoorderfromscratchandvirtuallynostandardinventoryiskeptonhand.Andersenisalreadyachievingthisinonefactorythatmakescustomizedreplacementwindows.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextImprovingProductionThroughTechnology

ManagersatAndersenWindowsstriveforqualityproduction.Theyareabletoachievetheirgoalsforflexibilityandcustomerservicepartlyasaresultofrecentadvancesinproductiontechnology.Infact,togetherwithinnovativemanagement,technologyismakingproductionastrategicweaponingainingacompetitiveadvantage.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextTodaymoreandmoreU.S.companiesarerefittingandreorganizingtheirfactoriestoimproveefficiencyandproductivity.Themostvisibleadvancesinproductiontechnologyarecomputersandrobots—programmablemachinesthatworkwithtoolsandmaterialstoperformvarioustasks.Althoughindustrialrobotsmayseemexotic,likesomesciencefictioncreation,theyarequitecommonandarereallynothingmorethansmarttools.Industrialrobotscaneasilyperformprecisionfunctionsaswellasrepetitive,strenuous,orhazardoustasks.Forinstance,Toyotausesrobotstohandlejobsthataredirtyandnoisy(suchassandingcarbodies)aswellasdelicatetasks(suchasaligningcarhoodswithenginecompartments).Infact,morethananyotherindustry,carcompaniesuserobotsforpainting,welding,andmovingobjectsfromonespecificplacetoanothernearby(knownaspickandplacefunctions).Otherusesforrobotsincludetestingelectronicsandevenassistingwithsurgery.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextAnothertypeofrobotistheautomatedguidedvehicle(AGV)—adriverless,computer-controlledvehiclethatmovesmaterialsfromanylocationothefactoryfloortoanyotherlocation.AlthoughanAGV’smovementsmustbepreprogrammed,somerobotsarebeinggivenlimited

artificialintelligence

thatenablesthemtomakecertaindecisions.AGVswillprobablyleadtorobotswithnavigationalcapabilities,whichwillenablethemtomoveundertheirownpowerofdirection.Hospitals,securitycompanieshazardous-material-disposalcompanies,andthemilitaryareallcurrentlyusingmobile-robottechnology.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextComputer-AidedDesignandEngineering

Thestartingpointforallproductionisproductdesign.Widelyusedtodayis

computer-aideddesign(CAD),theapplicationofcomputergraphicsandmathematicalmodelinginthedesignofproducts.Arelatedprocessiscomputer-aidedengineering(CAE),Theuseofcomputer-generatedthree-dimensionalimagesandcomputerizedcalculationsthatallowengineerstotestproducts.WithCAE,engineerscansubjectproposedproductstochangingtemperatures,variousstresses,andevensimulatedaccidents,withouteverbuildingpreliminarymodels.Moreover,thevirtualrealitycapability

oftoday’scomputersevenallowsdesignerstoseeandfeelhowfinishedproductswilllookandoperatebeforephysicalprototypesarebuilt..工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextUsingcomputerstoaiddesignandengineeringsavestimeandmoneybecauserevisingcomputerdesignsismuchfasterthanrevisinghand-drafteddesignsandbuildingphysicalmodels.Inaddition,designscanbeadaptedmoreeasilytootherproducts.Allofthisleadstobetteroverallproductquality.Forexample,whenBoeingengineersdesignedthenew777airplane,theycorrectedproblemsandtriedoutnewideasentirelyontheircomputerscreens.Digitallypre-assemblingthe3millionpartsofthe777allowedBoeingtoexceeditsgoalsforreducingerrors,changes,andrework.Thankstocomputersandothertechnology.Aproductcannowbeperfected—orabadideaabandoned–beforeproductionevenbegins.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextComputer-AidedManufacturingTheuseofcomputerstocontrolproductionequipmentiscalledcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).InaCAD/CAMsystem,computer-aideddesigndataareconvertedautomaticallyintoprocessinginstructionsforproductionequipmenttomanufacturethepart.Thisintegrationofdesignandproductioncanincreasetheoutput,speed,andprecisionofassemblylines,aswellasmakingcustomizedproductionmucheasier.Inaddition,thelatestCAD/CAMsoftwareallowscompanydepartmentstosharedesignsanddataoverintranetsandtheInternet,enablinggeographicallydisperseddepartmentstoworktogetheroncomplexprojects.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextComputer-aidedsystemsareimprovingthequalityofproductioninallsortsofcompanies.Forexample,FordusesaCAD/CAM/CAEsystemitcallsC3Ptodevelopnewvehicleprototypes.Itusedtotake2to3monthstobuild,assemble,andtestacarchassisprototype,butC3Penablesthecompanytocompletetheentireprocessinlessthan2weeks.Althoughtheprogramisstillquitenew,Fordexpectsittoimproveengineeringefficiencyby35percentandreduceprototypecostsbyupto40percent.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextComputer-IntegratedManufacturingThehighestlevelofcomputerizationinoperationsmanagementiscomputer-integratedmanufacturing(CIM),inwhichalltheelementsofdesign,engineering,testing,production,inspection,andmaterialshandlingareintegratedbycomputernetworkslinkedacrossdepartments.CIMisnotaspecifictechnology,butratherastrategythatusertechnologyfororganizingandcontrollingafactory.Itsroleistolinkthepeople,machines,databases,anddecisionsinvolvedineachstepofproducingagood.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextFlexibleManufacturingSystem(FMS)

Advancesindesigntechnologyhavebeenaccompaniedbychangesinthewaytheproductionprocessisorganized.Traditionalautomatedmanufacturingequipmentisfixedorhard-wired,meaningitiscapableofhandlingonlyonespecifictask.Althoughfixedautomationisefficientwhenonetypeormodelofgoodismassproduced,achangeinproductdesignrequiresextensiveequipmentchanges.Suchadjustmentsmayinvolvehighsetupcosts,theexpensesincurredeachtimeamanufacturerbeginsaproductionrunofadifferenttypeoitem.Inaddition,theinitialinvestmentforfixedautomationequipmentishighbecausespecializedequipmentisrequiredforeachoftheoperationsinvolvedinmakingasingleitem.Onlyaftermuchproductiononamassivescalecanacompanyrecoupthecostofthatspecializedequipment.Forexample,Harley-Davidsoninvested$4.8millioninfixedmanufacturingtomakeaparticularmotorcycle-onlytodismantletheoperationwhendemandforthatproductfaded.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextAnalternativeisaflexiblemanufacturingsystem(FMS),whichlinksnumerousprogrammablemachinetoolsbyanautomatedmaterialhandlingsystemofconveyorsorAGVs.Thesystemiscontrolledbyacentralcomputernetwork.Withflexiblemanufacturing,changingfromoneproductdesigntoanotherrequiresonlyafewsignalsfromthecomputer.Eachmachinechangestoolsautomatically,makingappropriateselectionsfrombuilt-instoragecarouselsthatcanholdmorethan100tools.Inaddition,thesequenceofeventsinvolvedinbuildinganitemcanbecompletelyrearranged.Thisflexibilitysavesbothtimeandsetupcosts.Moreover,producerscanoutmaneuverlessagilecompetitorsbymovingswiftlyintoprofitablenewfields.Flexiblemanufacturingalsoallowsproducerstoadapttheirproductsquicklytochangingcustomerneeds.工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit4TextAsa$10millionmanufacturerofprecisionmetalparts,CookSpecialtyisonesmallcompanythatisabletocompetewithlargermanufacturersthroughflexible