轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法

轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法第1頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Instituteprofessorandprofessor

EmeritusoflinguisticsofM.I.T.

NoamChomsky

Dec.7,1928American

linguist第2頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Chomsky’sGBTheory

(管轄和約束理論)2.

MinimalistProgram

（最簡方案）第3頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月GBTheory(管轄與約定理論)BackgroundIn1979,ChomskydeliveredaseriesoflecturesinPisa,Italy,whichwerereviselaterandpublishedin1981underthetitleofLecturesonGovernmentandBinding(管轄與約束理論講座).第4頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月管轄與約束理論講座以《管轄和約束論集》為代表。這本書是根據(jù)喬姆斯基1979年在意大利比薩的一次學(xué)術(shù)會議上提出的“管轄”和“約束”理論整理成的。這一階段的理論有兩個重大變化：一是在原來的規(guī)則系統(tǒng)之外增加了原則系統(tǒng)，二是提出了“虛范疇”。

第5頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月GovernmentandbindingisatheoryofsyntaxinthetraditionoftransformationalgrammardevelopedprincipallybyNoamChomskyinthe1980s.ThistheoryisaradicalrevisionofhisearliertheoriesandwaslaterrevisedinTheMinimalistProgram(1995)andseveralsubsequentpapers,thelatestbeingThreeFactorsinLanguageDesign(2005).

GBTheory(管轄與約定理論)第6頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Thenamereferstotwocentralsub-theoriesofthetheory:government,whichisanabstractsyntacticrelation,andbinding,whichdealswiththereferentsofpronouns,anaphors,andreferentialexpressions.GBwasthefirsttheorytobebasedontheprinciplesandparametersmodeloflanguage,whichalsounderliesthelaterdevelopmentsoftheMinimalistProgram.GBTheory(管轄與約定理論)第7頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Governmentisdefinedasfollows:AgovernsBifandonlyif

AisagovernorandAc-commandBandnobarrierintervenesbetweenAandB.Government(管轄)其定義為:A是管轄語

A統(tǒng)治BA和B之間無障礙第8頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Governorsareheadsofthelexicalcategories(V,N,A,P)andtensedI(T).Ac-commandsBifAdoesnotdominateBandBdoesnotdominateAandthefirstmaximalprojectionofAdominatesB.ThemaximalprojectionofaheadXisXP.Thismeansthatforexampleinastructurelikethefollowing,Ac-commandsB,butBdoesnotc-commandA:Government(管轄)第9頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

APXA’ABPYB

Ac-commandBGovernment(管轄)第10頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月C-command:

(成分統(tǒng)制)constituentcommandtherelationbetweenanelementandanotherofthesamelevelandunderthesamenodeinatreediagram.

ABC

DEF

Government(管轄)第11頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Anotherdefinitionofgovernment:Itreferstoatypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstruction.Forexample:

speakaboutthelanguage

Government(管轄)第12頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

VPVPP

PNPDetNspeakaboutthelanguage

VP:VerbphrasePP:PrepositionalphraseDet:DeterminerGovernment(管轄)第13頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Inthiscase,therearetwogovernmentrelation：

aboutgovernsthelanguage

speakgovernsaboutthelanguage

Government(管轄)Tosummarize,anelementgovernsanotherifthetwoareunderthesamenotiondirectly,andtheformeristheheadoftheconstruction.第14頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

Bindingtheoryprovidesconstraintsonthecoreferencepossibilitiesofnominaltermelements：anaphors(照應(yīng)語),pronouns(代詞)and

referringexpressions（指稱語）.Bindingtheory(約束)第15頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Now,bindingtheorystatesthefollowing:

1.ananaphorisboundinalocaldomain

2.apronominalisfreeinalocaldomain3.anr-expressionisfree(inthedomainoftheheadofhischain)Bindingtheory(約束)第16頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Bindingcanbedefinedasfollows:

AbindsBifandonlyifi.Ac-commandsBii.AandBarecoindexed/co-referent.Bindingtheory(約束)第17頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Localdomainreferstothegoverningcategory,andcanbedefinedas:

aisthegoverningcategoryforXifandonlyifaistheminimalcategory（最小范圍）containingX,agovernorofX,andasubjectaccessibletoX.governingcategory(管轄范圍)第18頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Now,considerthesentence

Johnsawhismother.Inthissentence,Johnc-commandshisbecausehisiswithinthegoverningcategoryofJohn.Johnandhisarealsoco-referent(theyrefertothesameperson),therefore,Johnbindshis.Bindingtheory(約束)第19頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Bindingtheory(約束)第20頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

Ontheotherhand,inthesentence“AfriendofJohnsawhismother”,“John”doesnotc-command“his”,sotheyhavenobindingrelationship,regardlessofwhethertheyareco-referent.Bindingtheory(約束)第21頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Theimportanceofbindingisshowninthegrammaticallyofthefollowingsentences:1.Johnsawhim.(ungrammaticalwithco-reference)2.Johnsawhimself.(unambiguouslyco-referent)3.HimselfsawJohn.(ungrammatical)4.JohnsawJohn.(ungrammatical,unlessitreferstodistinctJohns)Bindingtheory(約束)第22頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月BackgroundIn1992,Chomskywroteanessay“AMinimalistProgramforLanguageTheory”,collectedinhisTheMinimalistProgram(1995),markinganewstageofhisgenerativegrammar.

Minimalistprogram(最簡方案)第23頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Minimalistprogram(最簡方案)ThePrincipleofEconomyBarePhraseStructurePhase第24頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

Thenewresearchdirectioninvolvesthefurtherdevelopmentofideasinvolvingeconomyofderivationandeconomyofrepresentationwhichhadstartedtobecomesignificantintheearly1990s,butwerestillratherperipheralaspectsofTGGtheory.ThePrincipleofEconomy第25頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Economyofderivation：Definitionaprinciplestatingthatmovements(i.e.transformations)onlyoccurinordertomatchinterpretablefeatureswithuninterpretablefeatures.ThePrincipleofEconomy第26頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AnexampleofaninterpretablefeatureisthepluralinflectiononregularEnglishnouns,e.g.dogs.Theworddogscanonlybeusedtorefertoseveraldogs,notasingledog,andsothisinflectioncontributestomeaning,makingitinterpretable.Englishverbsareinflectedaccordingtothenumberoftheirsubject(e.g."Dogsbite"vs"Adogbites"),butthisinformationisonlyinterpretableoncearelationshipisformedbetweenthesubjectandtheverb,somovementofthesubjectisrequired.

ThePrincipleofEconomy第27頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Principlethatgrammaticalstructuresmustexistforapurpose,i.e.thestructureofasentenceshouldbenolargerormorecomplexthanrequiredtosatisfyconstraintsongrammaticality.EconomyofRepresentation第28頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月BarePhraseStructure(BPS),isaminimalisttheoryofphrasestructure(sentencebuildinginsimpleterms).ItwasdevelopedbyNoamChomsky.ThistheorycontrastwiththeX-bartheory:BarePhraseStructure第29頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Contrast:

1.BPSisexplicitlyderivational.2.BPSdoesnothaveapreconceivedphrasalstructure,whileinX-BarTheory,everyphrasehasaspecifier,ahead,andacomplement.3.BPSpermitsonlybinarybranching,whileX-BarTheorypermitsbothbinaryandunarybranching.4.BPSdoesnotdistinguishbetweena“head”anda“terminal”,whilesomeversionsofX-BarTheoryrequiresuchadistinction.第30頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月BPSincorporatestwobasicoperations:Merge(合并)andMove

(移動).Mergeisafunctionthattakestwoobjects(sayαandβ)andmergesthemintoanunorderedsetwithalabel(eitherαorβ,inthiscaseα).Thelabelidentifiesthepropertiesofthephrase.Merge(α,β)→{α,{α,β}}。

BarePhraseStructure第31頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Forexample,Mergecanoperateonthelexicalitems‘drink’and‘water’togive‘drinkwater’.Notethatthephrase‘drinkwater’behavesmoreliketheverb‘drink’thanlikethenoun‘water’.Thatis,whereverwecanputtheverb‘drink’wecanusuallyputthephrase‘drinkwater’.Iliketo_____________(drink)/(drinkwater).

(Drinking/Drinkingwater)__________isfun.BarePhraseStructure第32頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月So,weidentifythephrasewithalabel.Inthecaseof‘drinkwater’,thelabelis'drink'sincethephraseactsasaverb.Forsimplicity,wecallthisphraseaverbphraseorVP.NowifweweretoMerge‘cold’and‘water’toget‘coldwater’,thenwewouldhaveanounphraseorNPwiththelabel'water'.Thereadercanverifythatthephrase‘coldwater’canappearinthesameenvironmentsasthenoun‘water’inthethreetestsentencesabove.So,for'drinkwater'wehavethefollowing:BarePhraseStructureMerge(drink,water)→{drink,{drink,water}}第33頁，課件共38頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

drink/\drinkwater

or,withmoretechnicalterms,as:VP