英語口語全攻略口語能力21

表達(dá)的連貫性：CohesionConnectyourideastogetherIntroductionCohesionisthemeasureofhowwellyoucanconnectyourideastogetherinawaythatisbothgrammaticallycorrectandeasytoIt'sanessentialskillforawiderangeofsituations,especiallythingslikedebates,exams,speeches,andemails.連貫性指的是我們能不能把??的想法按照?個有邏輯、合語法的?式連接起來。在辯論、考試、演講和寫郵件時，連貫性都很重要。Introductionthisskillisnotalwaystaughtwell,sostudentstakingtheexam,forexample,struggletoimprovetheirscoresbeyonda6or7.遺憾的是，這個技巧在學(xué)校的英語課上常常被忽視，所以很多學(xué)?參加類似于雅思這樣的考試時，?語和寫作很難達(dá)到6或7分以上。Whataretheydoingwrong??Themostseriousproblemismisusingwordsandphrasesthattheyhavememorisedwithoutpractise.Clearlydemonstratingthatyoudon'tunderstandhowtousewhatyou'velearnedismuchworsethanusingsimplelanguage最突出的問題來?于“背單詞”：缺乏練習(xí)、只知道?個表達(dá)的漢語字?意思，常常造成學(xué)習(xí)者亂?、濫??些“?級”表達(dá)?！氨磉_(dá)不當(dāng)”要?“表達(dá)簡單”要嚴(yán)重的多。Whataretheydoingwrong??Evenifyouuseadvancedandappropriateifyouaremisusingcohesivephrases,yourscorewillneverexceeda7attheverymost.ifyoucanusecohesivephrasesyourscorewillnotbelimited.即使?個同學(xué)能夠準(zhǔn)確使??級表達(dá)和詞匯，但是如果他的表達(dá)在整體上不能恰當(dāng)使?連接詞、邏輯詞，那么他的雅思?語不太可能達(dá)到7分或以上。Whataretheydoingwrong??theothermistakemanystudentsmakeisoverusingthem!Inthebeliefthat"themorethetheymemoriselonglistsofphrasesandwordstheycansimplyinsertatthebeginningofalmosteverysentence.Whattheydon'tknowisthatrelyingtooheavilyoncohesivephraseswillalsolimittheirscore,eveniftheyarebeingused連接詞并不是?得“越多越好”，濫?連接詞也會限制?個?的?語分?jǐn)?shù)。Whataretheydoingwrong??Butiftoomuchisbad,andnotenoughisalsodetrimental,thenwhatdoesgoodwritinglooklike?Theansweristhattherearemultipletypesofcohesivedevicestouse,anditisbesttousethemonlyasnecessary.Infact,"lessismore."Thesearethetypesofcohesivedevices:transitionalwords,synonyms,pronouns,andparallels.多了不好，少了不?；只在有必要的時候使?恰當(dāng)類型的連接詞，才能使?段話的連貫性達(dá)到最好。具體的連接詞有：過渡詞，同義詞，代詞，對?或并列結(jié)構(gòu)等。Brainstorming頭腦?暴Brainstormming頭腦?暴First,let'slookataquestiononemightbeexpectedtoanswerinanexamordebatesetting,andlistsomeideastoputThen,wewilladjustitusingvarioustypesofcohesivedevicestoseetheir我們來看?個問題，這種類型的問題就是?語考試中讓考?討論的話題。然后再看看如何把孤?的觀點?各種連接詞（cohesivedevices）連接成?段連貫的話。Brainstormming頭腦?暴Question:Inyourwhatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetoobesity?在你看來，導(dǎo)致肥胖的主要因素有哪些？Brainstormming頭腦?暴Question:Inyourwhatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetoobesity???Thegapbetweentherichandpooriswidenedbyindustrialisation.?業(yè)化?產(chǎn)加?了貧富差距。Thepoorcanonlycheapfood.窮?只負(fù)擔(dān)得起便宜的?物。Brainstormming頭腦?暴Question:Inyourwhatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetoobesity??Industrialisationhasloweredthecostofprocessedfoods.?業(yè)化?產(chǎn)降低了預(yù)加??品的成本。??Nutritionaleducationhasnotspreadwidelyenough.營養(yǎng)學(xué)知識并不普及。Industrialisationhascausedmorepeopletoleadsedentary/?sed?nt?ri/lifestyles.?業(yè)化時代，有久坐習(xí)慣的?激增。Brainstormming頭腦?暴Withoutusinganycohesivedevices,thislistisdisjointedandcannotconstituteaproperanswer.Whileitiseasytoreadandunderstand,itdoesnotdemonstratemasteryoveranywritingskillsotherthanbasicgrammarandappropriatevocabularyusage.ThoughtheEnglishisperfect,itisnotworthagoodscore.沒有任何連接詞，上?的這些觀點只是?些零散的點。每句話的語法、詞匯都很完美，但是整體上并不是?段連貫、完整的論述，所以是不能得到?分的。過渡詞過渡詞?Moststudentsshouldbefamiliarwiththiseveniftheyhavenotmasteredtheirusage.First,let'sseehowamisguidedstudentmightstructuretheiranswertothequestionabove:??多數(shù)學(xué)?對這個類別都不陌?，但是?家不?定能準(zhǔn)確運?。先看?個對過渡詞的使“有誤解”的學(xué)?對上?這個問題的回答：過渡詞Inmyobesityiscausedbyseveralfactors.Firstofall,industrialisationhasloweredthecostofunhealthyprocessedfoods.Furthermore,thegapbetweentherichandpooriswidenedbyindustrialisation.Asaconsequence,thepoorcanonlycheapfood.Nevertheless,nutritionaleducationhasnotspreadwidelyenough.What'smore,industrialisationhascausedmorepeopletoleadsedentarylifestyles.過渡詞Structurally,thisparagraphisstilljustalist.Itreliesentirelyonpluggingintransitionalwordswithoutgivinganyattentiontotheoveralllogicorreadability.Itdoesn'tsoundsmoothatall,andisevensomewhatunpleasanttoread.Thebestwritingdoesnotneedtorelyonthisstyle,soweshouldlookattheothersaswell.實際上，上?這段話雖然?了很多連接詞，但實際上仍然只是簡單地羅列觀點，?沒有考慮觀點之間的邏輯關(guān)系和整體的可讀性。所以通篇讀下來是很累的。Synonyms同義詞Synonyms同義詞Itcanbehelpfultolookatwhichwordsarebeingrepeatedthemostandfindsynonymstoreplacethemwithinordertoavoidtoomuchrepetition.Hereisanexample:為了避免過度重復(fù)，是有必要看看??的表達(dá)中有哪些詞反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，可不可以?同義詞替換?下。下?是?個例?：Synonyms同義詞Inmyopinion(view),severalfactorsarecausingpeopletobecomeseverelyoverweight(obese).Industrialisationisthemainculprit(cause),becauserapideconomicdevelopment(industrialisation)hasgreatlyloweredthecostofunhealthyprocessedfoods.Becausethegapbetweentherichandpooriswidening,workingclasspeople(poorpeople)canonlycheapnourishment(food).Nutritionaleducationhasnotcaughtupwiththegrowingdemandsoftheeconomy(industrialisation),andmoreandmorepeopleareleadingsedentarylifestyles.Synonyms同義詞Thisversionreliesheavilyonavoidinganyrepetitionusingsynonyms,butitisalsonotthebestmethodifusedtoomuch.Itisbetterthanthefirsttwoversions,butstillisn'tverysmooth.上?這段話使?了?量同意表達(dá)避免重復(fù)，但是毫?重復(fù)并不是好事。盡管上?這個版本好過之前的版本，但仍然不是很流暢。Synonyms同義詞Thereisalsoadangerinusingsynonyms:thatis,youmustmasteralotmorevocabularyandavoidusinganyofit?量使?“?級”、?僻的同義詞，有可能導(dǎo)致?錯。Pronouns代詞Pronouns代詞Replacingsomewordswithpronounsappearstobetoosimple,andyetitcanmakeahugeinwritingskill.Itwillforceyoutousemorevariedsentencepatterns,andsavestimeandeffortinbothwritingandreading.Hereisthesampleanswerrelyingmainlyonpronounsforcohesion:代詞看起來簡單，其實?好代詞很重要。使?代詞能夠迫使作者使?多樣的句式，對讀者和作者來說都省時省?。下?是?個主要靠代詞做連接的段落：Pronouns代詞Inmyobesityiscausedbyseveralfactors,allofwhichstemfromindustrialisation.Ithasloweredthecostofunhealthyprocessedfoods,andwidenedthegapbetweentherichandThelattercanonlycheapfood,andtheyhavenotyetreceivednutritionaleducationtodealwiththis.Asidefromthesefactors,industrialisationhasalsocausedustoleadincreasinglysedentarylifestyles.Pronouns代詞Someofthisparagraphisasignificantimprovementovertheothers,merelywithagreaterfocusonincludingmorepronouns.Thesentencesaremorevaried,andnearlyeveryclausereferstopreviousinformation,sothatthelogiciscarriedthroughout.僅僅通過使?代詞，這個段落?前??個版本都有顯著提?。句式更豐富了（定語從句），?乎每句話都通過代詞的使?提到了前?中的信息，所以整個段落連貫性、邏輯性都很強。Pronouns代詞thereisalsoaproblemwithoverusingpronouns.Thefirst"it"intheparagraphisambiguous;isitreferringtoorindustrialisation?Fromthefollowingcontext,itcanbededucedthatitreferstoindustrialisation,butthismomentaryconfusionforthereaderisafailurebythewriterandmustbeavoided.但是這段話仍然有代詞?得過多的問題，?如第?句話的it，究竟是指代?業(yè)化還是肥胖？這就不是很清楚，只能通過上下?推斷是指?業(yè)化；這就給讀者增加了難度。Parallels并列/平?結(jié)構(gòu)Parallels并列/平?結(jié)構(gòu)Usingsentenceparallels(orparallelisms)isagreattechniqueforcreatingsmoothnessandclarityinyourwriting.Thisisawayofrepeatingcertainwordsandstructurestocreateamoreunderstanding.Hereisasimpleexampleofasentencewithandwithoutparallelstructure:并列或者對?結(jié)構(gòu)能夠增強寫作的連貫性和清晰性，通過適當(dāng)重復(fù)某些詞或結(jié)構(gòu)，讓讀者理解更充分：Without:Mydognotonlylikestoplayballbutalsodotricks.With:Mydognotonlylikesplay,buthealsolikestodotricks.同樣是使?notonly…,butalso…，主語重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，讓句?更容易理解。Parallels并列/平?結(jié)構(gòu)Without:It'snotwhatyousaythatmatters,butratherWith:It'snotwhatyousaythatmatters,it'showyousayit.兩個句?同樣語法正確，但是第?個句?使?平?結(jié)構(gòu)，讀者就不需要去??補充出how在句?中表示什么。Parallels并列/平?結(jié)構(gòu)Nowlet'sseehowthesampleanswercouldberestructuredwithafocusonparallels:Parallels并列/平?結(jié)構(gòu)Inmyobesityiscausedbyseveralfactors,andthelargestfactorisindustrialisation.Asthecostofautomatedproductiondecreases,sotoodoesthecostofunhealthyprocessedfood.Themoreproductionincreases,thelargerthegapbetweentherichandpoorbecomes.Thepeoplewhoworkforthericharethesamepeoplewhobuythecheapfood.Notonlydothepoorlacknutritionaleducation,buttheyalsolackopportunitiesforexercise.Parallels并列/平?結(jié)構(gòu)Someofthesesentencesarewell-written,butitisandunnecessarytoattempttoincludetoomanyparallelismsinyourwriting.Theislikethewavesoftheocean,movingupanddownwiththeriseandfallofeachparallelbeingmade.Thiskindofrhythmandvoicecanbeusefulforcreativewriting,especiallypoetryandnovels.在我們的寫作（?語敘述）中，平?結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)也不宜過多，?是應(yīng)該有?定的間隔和節(jié)奏。在?說、詩歌等創(chuàng)作性寫作中，平?結(jié)構(gòu)是很多?的。PuttingItAll串聯(lián)起來PuttingItAll串聯(lián)起來relyingtooheavilyononetypeofcohesivedeviceisaproblem,butincombination,andusedsparingly,theycanmakeanincredibleAsageneralrule,trytousepronounsthemost,afewsynonyms,afewparallels,andasfewtransitionalwordsaspossible.顯然，過于依賴單?的連接?式會有問題，但是如果混合使?，那么效果會?為不同?？偟膩碚f，以代詞為主，輔以少量同義詞、平?結(jié)構(gòu)，盡量少地?銜接詞（過渡詞）會?較好。PuttingItAll串聯(lián)起來Hereisthesampleanswerusingacombinationofcohesivedevises:Inmyopinion,severalfactorsarecausingpeopletobecomeseverelyoverweight,allofwhichstemfromindustrialisation.Asthecostofautomatedproductiondecreases,sotoodoesthecostofunhealthyprocessedfood.Industrialisationalsowidensthegapbetweentherichandclasspeoplecanonlytoeatcheapfood,andtheyhavenotreceivednutritionaleducation.Anotherconsequenceofeconomicdevelopmentisthatmoreofusareleadingsedentarylifestyles.AllofthesefactorscontributetotheincreasingratesofPutting