英語(yǔ)二作文總結(jié)

PAGEPAGE4圖表作文（一）第一節(jié)圖表作文的類型圖表作文可分為兩大類：表作文和圖作文。表作文表格(Table)可以使大量數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)化，便于閱讀、比較。表格常由標(biāo)題(Title)、表頭(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、側(cè)目(Stub)(表格左邊的第一列)和主體(Body)部分(表格的其余部分)等部分組成。如下表：用表格表達(dá)的信息具體準(zhǔn)確，而且表格中的各項(xiàng)均按一定規(guī)律排列。閱讀表格時(shí)要注意找出表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的相互關(guān)系，表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的變化規(guī)律。例如，上面的表格中的數(shù)字說(shuō)明，和1978年相比，1983年大學(xué)入學(xué)的人數(shù)在增加，而小學(xué)的入學(xué)人數(shù)在減少。搞清楚這些變化規(guī)律也就讀懂了表格的內(nèi)容。圖作文圖作文又可分為三種：圓形圖作文、曲線圖作文和條狀圖作文。(1)圓形圖作文圓形圖(Piechart)也稱為餅狀圖或圓面分割圖。圓形圖因?yàn)楸容^形象和直觀，各部分空間大小差別容易分辨，所以常用來(lái)表示總量和各分量之間的百分比關(guān)系。整個(gè)圓表示總量，楔形塊表示分量。有時(shí)圓形圖還有數(shù)值表，兩者結(jié)合可把各分量表示得更準(zhǔn)確、清楚。例如：ThisisapiechartoftheaverageweeklyexpenditureofafamilyinGreatBritain.Ascanbeseefromthechart,themainexpenditureofanaverageBritishfamilyisspentonfood,whichaccountsfor25%ofitstotalexpenditure.Thenexttwosignificantexpendingitemsaretransportandhousing,whichare15%and12%respectively.Ifwetakeintoaccountclothingandfootwear,whichmakesup10%,thefouressentialsoflife,thatis,food,transport,housing,andclothingandfootwear,amountto62%ofthetotalexpenditure.(2)曲線圖作文曲線圖(Linegraph)也稱為線性圖或坐標(biāo)圖。曲線圖最適合表示兩個(gè)變量之間關(guān)系的發(fā)展過(guò)程和趨勢(shì)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，曲線所呈現(xiàn)的形狀比某一點(diǎn)所代表的變量的值更有意義。曲線圖有橫軸和縱軸。一般先看橫軸所代表的數(shù)量或時(shí)間等，然后再看縱軸所顯示的意義。同時(shí)必須找出線條所反映的最高或最低的變化。例如：這個(gè)曲線圖的橫軸代表1990年的不同的月份，縱軸代表交通事故的數(shù)量。從交通事故曲線圖上可知，前八個(gè)月的交通事故的數(shù)量有升有降。曲線圖在八月份升到了最高點(diǎn)(39)，此后一直呈下降的趨勢(shì)，十二月份降到了最低點(diǎn)(16)?？梢?jiàn)，1990年的交通事故的數(shù)量總體上呈下降的趨勢(shì)。(3)條形圖作文條形圖(Bargraph)也稱為立柱圖或圓柱圖。條形圖由寬度相同但長(zhǎng)度不同的條塊代表不同的量。當(dāng)要比較幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目或量時(shí)，常用不同顏色來(lái)區(qū)分。條形圖主要用來(lái)表示：1)同一項(xiàng)目在不同時(shí)間的量;2)同一時(shí)間不同項(xiàng)目的量。閱讀條形圖時(shí)，要先看圖例，再看橫軸、縱橫各代表什么量，每一個(gè)刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出圖中各長(zhǎng)條所表示的數(shù)據(jù)及各長(zhǎng)條間的相互關(guān)系。例如：左邊的條形圖的橫軸代表時(shí)間，縱軸代表期望壽命(LifeExpectancy)，這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的是同一項(xiàng)目(期望壽命)在不同時(shí)間的量。右邊的條形圖的橫軸也是代表時(shí)間，縱軸是代表嬰兒的死亡率(InfantMortality)，這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的也是同一項(xiàng)目(嬰兒的死亡率)在不同時(shí)間的量。左邊的條形圖表明1990年的人均期望壽命比1960年的人均期望壽命長(zhǎng)20歲，而1990年的嬰兒死亡率比1960年的嬰兒死亡率下降了50%。第二節(jié)圖表作文的出題形式例1題目：ChangesinPeople’sDietStudythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:1.statethechangesinpeople’sdiet(飲食)inthepastfiveyears;2.givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;3.drawyourownconclusions.Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.例2題目：CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCityRememberthatyourcompositionmustbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline;1.Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph;2.Possiblereason(s)forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity;3.Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.例3Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHealthGaininDevelopingCountries.Yourcompositionmustbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveninChinese):1.以下圖為依據(jù)描述發(fā)展中國(guó)家的期望壽命(lifeexpectancy)和嬰兒死亡率(infantmortality)的變化情況2.說(shuō)明引起變化的各種原因從以上例子可見(jiàn)，圖表作文一般在題目中給出作文的標(biāo)題和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表格、圓形圖、曲線圖或條形圖，有時(shí)還用英文或中文提綱的形式給出提示，要求我們：1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢(shì);2)就圖表中所反映的某種趨勢(shì)或問(wèn)題分析其原因或后果。第三節(jié)圖表作文的寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)圖表作文著重說(shuō)明事實(shí)，常常是通過(guò)對(duì)圖表中所反映的具體數(shù)據(jù)的說(shuō)明、分析、比較，對(duì)某種事物或現(xiàn)象的事實(shí)或變化情況等加以說(shuō)明，并提出結(jié)論或看法。因此，圖表作文常常采用議論文體的寫(xiě)作方法。寫(xiě)好圖表作文，關(guān)鍵在于能否讀懂圖表中所提供的信息，把握各信息間的聯(lián)系，用準(zhǔn)確流暢的語(yǔ)言把這一信息表達(dá)出來(lái)，并就這一信息發(fā)表自己的看法。圖表作文的寫(xiě)作步驟寫(xiě)圖表作文時(shí)，要注意遵循以下步驟：1)認(rèn)真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關(guān)系;流程圖或過(guò)程圖：flowchart/sequencediagram程序圖：processing/proceduresdiagram2、常用的描述用法Thetable/chartdiagram/graphshows（that）Accordingtothetable/chartdiagram/graphAs（is）showninthetable/chartdiagram/graphAscanbeseenfromthetable/chart/diagram/graph/figures，figures/statisticsshows（that）……Itcanbeseenfromthefigures/statisticsWecanseefromthefigures/statisticsItisclearfromthefigures/statisticsItisapparentfromthefigures/statisticstable/chart/diagram/graphfigures（that）……table/chart/diagram/graphshows/describes/illustrateshow……3、圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)（Data）具體表達(dá)法數(shù)據(jù)（Data）在某一個(gè)時(shí)間段固定不變：fixedintime在一系列的時(shí)間段中轉(zhuǎn)變：changesovertime持續(xù)變化的data在不同情況下：增加：increase/raise/rise/goup……減少：decrease/growdown/drop/fall……波動(dòng)：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave……穩(wěn)定：remainstable/stabilize/leveloff……最常用的兩種表達(dá)法：動(dòng)詞+副詞形式（Verb+Adverbform）形容詞+名詞形式（Adjective+Nounform）二、相關(guān)常用詞組1、主章開(kāi)頭圖表類型：table、chart、diagramgraph、columnchart、piegraph描述：show、describe、illustrate、canbeseenfrom、clear、apparent、reveal、represent內(nèi)容：figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion2、表示數(shù)據(jù)變化的單詞或者詞組rapid/rapidly迅速的，飛快的，險(xiǎn)峻的dramatic/dramatically戲劇性的，生動(dòng)的significant/significantly有意義的，重大的，重要的sharp/sharply銳利的，明顯的，急劇的steep/steeply急劇升降的steady/steadily穩(wěn)固的，堅(jiān)定不移的gradual/gradually漸進(jìn)的，逐漸的slow/slowly緩慢的，不活躍的slight/slightly輕微的、略微地stable/stably穩(wěn)定的3、其它在描述中的常用到的詞significantchanges圖中一些較大變化noticeabletrend明顯趨勢(shì)duringthesameperiod在同一時(shí)期grow/grew增長(zhǎng)distribute分布，區(qū)別unequally不相等地inthecaseofadv.在……的情況下intermsof/inrespectof/regarding在……方面incontrast相反，大不相同governmentpolicy政府政策marketforces市場(chǎng)規(guī)率measuren.尺寸，方法，措施v.估量，調(diào)節(jié)forecastn.先見(jiàn)，預(yù)見(jiàn)v.預(yù)測(cè)考研英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文模板祝賀信[105words]AletterofCongratulationDear______,Goodnewstravelsfast!IknowhowhardyouhavebeenworkingandIamveryproudofyouforyourachievement.Pleaseacceptmysincerecongratulationstoyour______.YoumaycannotimaginehowexcitedIwaswhenIgotthegoodnews.Owingtoyourpersistenceandhardworkandyourdreamfinallycomestrue.Wearejustasproudasyouareandsendourcongratulationstoyouonthisimportantmilestoneinyourlife,amilestonemanyfailedtocross.Hopethatthefutureeachyearbringyougreaterhappinessandluckiness.Don’tforgetmeandkeepcontactwithme.Yourssincerely,LiMing推薦信[85words]AletterofRecommendationDear______,Iamwritingtoyoutorecommend______for______.Itakegreatpleasureinrecommendingtoyou_______as_______.Iwanttorecommendittoyouforthefollowingreasons.Firstofall,______.Whatismore,______.Finally,______.Withreferencetoyourrequirements,Ishall,withoutreservation,recommend_____asanidealcandidate.Therefore,Iwon’thesitatetorecommendittoyou.Iamconfidentthat_____.Iamsureyouwillbepleasedwithit.Lookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing感謝信[89words]AletterofThanksDear______,Iamwritingthislettertoexpressmygratitudetoyoufor______.Weappreciategreatlyyouraidinnotonly______,butalso______.Iamreferringto______.Everyoneagreesthatitwasyouwho______.Ifithadnotbeenforyourassistanceingivingmeaid,Ifearthattheconsequencesmighthavebeenmuchmoreserious.Again,Iwouldliketoexpressmywarmthankstoyou!Pleaseacceptmythanksforyourfamilyhelp,whichIwillneverforget.Withpersonalregards.Yourssincerely,LiMing道歉信[86words]AletterofApologyDear______,Iamwritingthislettertoapologizetoyouformyfailingto______.Thereasonsisthat______yesterday.IamsorrythatIcannotfinishintime,butisitpossiblethatImakeupthelossby______?Ifso,Iwillputeverythingelseasidetodoit.Iamsorryagainfortheinconvenience.Idohopethatyoucanunderstandmysituationandacceptmyapology.Finally,Ifeelmostobligedtothankyouoncemore.Lookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing請(qǐng)求信[102words]AletterofRequestDear______,Mynameis______,andIam______.Ihavemadeupmymindtowritetoyouinthehopethatyoucanfurnishmewiththeinformationregarding______.Thereasonsformyurgentneedof______areasfollows:1)_______;2)_______;3)______.AtthepresentIampreparing______,andaminlackof______thatiscrucialforthework.Therefore,Iwillbemuchobligedifyoucanhelpme______.Pleasefeelfreetocallmeat______forfurtherquestions.Thankyouforyourtimeandpatience,andIlookforwardtoyourpromptreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing詢問(wèn)信[84words]ALetterofInquiryDear______,Mynameis_____,andIam_____.Iamwritingtoseeifitispossibleforyoutoprovidesomeinformationregarding______.Atthepresent,Iamplanning______,andaminurgentneedofthefollowingthings.Firstofall,______.Secondly,______.Thirdly,______.Iwouldalsoliketoinquireif______.Ifso,couldyouplease______.Yourpromptattentionwouldbehighlyappreciated,andthankyouforyourconsideration.Iamexpectingyourreplywithheartfeltappreciation.Yourssincerely,LiMing建議信[100words]ALetterofSuggestionDear______,Iamwritingtoexpressmyviewsconcerning______.Inthefirstplace,Iwouldliketosaythankyouforthehelpandeverythingelseyouhavebeenofferingtous.Meanwhile,Ialsowanttomakesomeadvicetobetter______.Frommypointofview,______.Also,toyou,Ihighlyrecommendthat______.Ontheonehand,______.Ontheotherhand,_______.Besides,itisunnecessaryforyouto______.Consequently,Ibelievethat______.Ihopethatmyopinionsareofhelptoyou,andpleasefeelfreetocontactmeformorequestions.Yourssincerely,LiMing投訴信[84words]ALetterofComplaintDear______,Iam______.IfeelbadtotroubleyoubutIamafraidthatIhavetomakeacomplaintabout_____.Thereasonsformydissatisfactionlieuponthreepointsasfollows.Inthefirstplace,______.Inaddition,______.Underthesecircumstances,Ifinditdifficultto______.Iamsurethatyouareabletothoroughlyunderstandmydiscontent,whichyouareboundtoreplacewithasatisfactorysolution.Iwouldbegratefulifyoucould_____assoonaspossible.Yourssincerely,LiMing申請(qǐng)信[99words]ALetterofApplicationDear______,IamaseniorstudentintheDepartmentof______,Universityof______.Iwouldliketoapplyforthemaster’sprogramin______departmentofyouruniversity,anopportunitythatIhavedreamedsince______.DuringmyundergraduatestudyIhavedemonstratedexcellentacademicability,whichisreflectedinmygradesandaccomplishment.Ihaveattachedtothislettermyresume,acompletetranscript,andthreerecommendationletters.Iwouldgreatlyappreciateitifyoucouldkindlyconsidermyapplication.Ifyourequiremoreinformation,pleasefeelfreetocontactmeat______.Lookingforwardstoyourreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing求職信[111words]ALetterofJobApplicationDear______,Ihavelearntfromyesterday’snewspaperthatyouareemploying______.Iwishtobeconsideredasanapplicantfortheposition,andbegtostatemyqualificationsasfollows:Iam______yearsold,a______majorstudentof______University.Duringmyacademicyears,Ihaveshownexcellentperformanceandhavebeenawardedfirst-classscholarshipeachyear.Inadditiontomyeducationalbackground,Ihavetherichworkexperienceinthefieldsof______.Therefore,IbelieveIcanbeofvaluetoyourcompany.Enclosedismyresumeforyourreference,andIshallbegladtocallaty